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This evening's lecture on "Crop Chemical Regulation and Yield Enhancement Techniques"
Outline of this lecture: First, the growth and development characteristics of rhizome crops; second, the germination and sowing of rhizome crops; third, the chemical de-bud removal technology of rhizome crops; fourth, the dwarf growth technology of rhizome crops; fifth, the rooting and strong seedling technology of rhizome crops; sixth, the technology of rhizome expansion and high yield; and the seventh, the preservation technology of rhizome crops
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > First, the growth and development characteristics of rhizome crops</h1>
1. Root vegetables: radish, carrot, burdock.
2, onion and garlic: onion, garlic
3, potatoes: potatoes, ginger, yams, taro, sweet potatoes
Rhizomes are not a family! Make no mistake
Co-growth habits
(1) Use rhizomes as edible organs
(2) Vegetative growth stage
(3) Organ tissue is developed
(4) The amount of seeds used is large and the cost of seeds is high
(5) Potassium-loving crops, of which potatoes are carbon tetra-carbon plants, with great potential for high yield
The difference between a root and a tuber
Root: The root is formed by the expansion of the root of the plant or the side of the seedling that is propagated by nutrients, and multiple roots can be formed on a plant, and its composition does not include the part of the hypocotyl and stem, and is completely composed of roots, sweet potato, cassava, carrot, feed beet, sweet potato, He Shou Wu, dahlia are all root plants.
Tubers: A kind of underground metamorphosis stem, it is a metamorphosis of plant stems, which is lumpy, so it is called a tuber. Since it is a stem, it has the main characteristics of the plant stem, such as buds, leaf marks, etc. The end of the underground stem forms a large and irregular lump, the top is hypertrophied, there is a developed thin-walled tissue, rich in nutrient storage, the root system occurs from the bottom of the tuber, the surface of the tuber has many bud eyes, and the scales and leaves degenerate or fall early, such as half summer, gastrodia, potatoes, etc.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > second, germination and sowing of rhizome crops</h1>
1. GA breaks the potato dormancy and promotes germination:
Potatoes: After treatment with gibberellin, the seed potato can break the dormancy period of the seed potato, and can generally germinate 5-7 days earlier. Select the disease-free seed potato, soak it in gibberellin solution of 0.5 to 1.0ppm for 5-10 min, remove it and put it at a temperature of about 20 degrees Celsius to germinate.
For potatoes sown in late summer and early autumn in the spring, plants in the seed retention area can be sprayed with 8-10 ppm of gibberellin 10-30 days before the summer harvest to shorten the dormancy period without soaking the seeds.
Effects of different concentrations of gibberellin soaking on the fertility of seedlings
Potato: the optimal germination concentration of different varieties of gibberellin is different; gibberellin can break seed dormancy, but also easily lead to a decrease in seedling stress resistance; the use of gibberellin germination can reduce the height of potato plants and promote the growth of the underground part of the plant; the use of gibberellin germination can increase the number of potatoes per plant, which can increase the number of harvested seed potatoes.
The use of gibberellin germination can speed up the growth rate of seedlings. However, if the nutrition at the seedling stage cannot keep up, it is easy to cause the stress resistance of the seedlings to decrease, and if the growth conditions deteriorate at this time, it is easy to cause the seedlings to die. The use of gibberellin germination can increase the number of potatoes per plant in the contemporary generation of seedlings. Increasing the gibberellin soaking concentration within a certain concentration range can increase the number of potatoes per plant, but it is also not possible to blindly increase the gibberellin soaking concentration, and it is recommended to 15-25 ppm.
Prevention of potato blight
Here I would like to mention a formula for the prevention of potato blight, potassium phosphite + methyl cream and xanthoxine + azoxystrobin or pyrazole ether ester
2. GA3 is used for yam sleep-breaking hypnosis
▼ Zero remaining seeds (bead buds), 2-4% hydrogen peroxide promotes early bud emergence of bead buds 60 d after harvest
▼Paclobutrazole acupuncture can promote the germination of bead buds, and 10 mg/L paclobutrazol can significantly break the bud dormancy for 60 days after harvest
▼ Yam section treatment of seed potato cut sections after lying flat in a ventilated place until the cross-sectional wound shrinks, hands touch without sticking to mucus. Do not be too "dry", so as not to lose too much water on the epidermis of the yam segment, which is not conducive to the germination of buds. After the yam section of the wound is dried, soak in 500mg/kg gibberellin solution for 0.5 to 1h, remove and dry, and then add 50% carbendazim. 5g/kg (mass ratio of the agent to the potato pieces) seed mix and set aside.
3. Ethylene is used in ginger to break sleep and germinate
With ethylene to soak seeds, it is necessary to strictly grasp the concentration, 250-300 ppm, can not exceed 400 ppm concentration. In addition, because ethylene has the effect of accelerating leaf aging, so that the plant physiological tendency to premature aging, we should pay attention to the growth of boron, zinc, molybdenum elements, in order to slow down the premature aging process, promote the accumulation of photosynthetic products in the later stage. The ethylene treatment promotes the germination of ginger, but the quality of the ginger is deteriorated and the nutrition is reduced, while the treatment reduces the antioxidant capacity of ginger and accelerates leaf aging.
Therefore, the concentration should not be too high. Generally mastered in the range of 200-300 ppm.
The specific method is to soak in ethylene solution (1:100) for 15 minutes before sowing, and then sow seeds after fishing, and the cultivation management after emergence is the same as that of general ginger fields.
4. Gibberellin and ethylene are used in ginseng to break sleep and promote seed germination
GA200ppm + agonin 20ppm + vinyl 500ppm have different degrees of effect on promoting ginseng seed germination. The photosynthetic time is extended, and the ripening time after the photosynthetic product accumulation is increased by half.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > third, rhizome crop chemical de-bud removal technology</h1>
Ethylene li capable of chemical de-bud removal: directional spray, spray top.
Vinylliga 2,4-D or naphthaleneacetic acid, in the budding stage, a directional spray removes buds
General ethylene 800-2000 ppm, depending on the variety and category of different.
Buddine 2500ppm + Naphthaleneacetic acid &2,4-D30ppm
Small-area trials followed by promotion
Study on the bud inhibition effect of bud suppression on whiteness
How to control yam zero remaining seeds (Ma Dou Bean)
After spraying chloropyrurea and paclobutrazol, the weight of zero remaining seeds in a single plant was significantly reduced, so that more photosynthetic products were turned to tubers, and a new batch of leaves grew in the middle and late stages of growth, so that the yam still had enough photosynthetic products accumulated in the late growth stage.
Chloropyrurea 40-50 ppm + paclobutrazol 200-300 ppm, used twice from the peak flowering period to the early stage of expansion.
Paclobutrazol controls zero remainder
The buds are degenerate and the stems are thick. In the flowering period of yam, 250-350ppm paclobutrazol can be treated more than 2 times continuously, so that zero remaining seeds (yam bean) and flower buds can be degraded, and the stems are thick, the leaves are thicker, the photosynthetic efficiency is significantly improved, and nutrients can be concentrated for underground tubers to expand.
Platycodon chemical de-bud removal technique
After different concentrations of ethyleneil on platycodon sparse flower yield increase fruit test, 1000-1500ppm ethylene yield increase is the highest, compared with the increase of 45%, spraying 1000-1500ppm ethylenil at different stages of the orange stem flowering stage, foliar spraying is the best effect during the full flowering period. Spray 2-3 times at intervals of 7-10 days to continue to increase the concentration, resulting in leaf yellowing and leaf burning.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > iv. Dwarf growth techniques for rhizome crops</h1>
Buzanin The alpotropin is sprayed on the whole plant using a 50-150 ppm of the booster liquid at the potato bud stage to the flowering stage,
Or in the unfinished potato stage, use 200 ppm paclobutrazol foliar spraying,
Or at the flowering stage, foliar spraying using 100-1500 times triacontanol + potassium phosphite can promote the transfer of organic nutrients to the underground, promote tuber hypertrophy and increase yield.
Manifestations of paclobutrazol alone
The use of paclobutrazol 2 to 3 times can effectively inhibit the excessive growth of the aboveground part, and the effect is: plant dwarfing, shortening the pitch. After using 200ppm paclobutrazol for 3 days, the daily increase in plant height was reduced by 45% or more than that of the control, and the daily increase in plant height was reduced by nearly 50% and the internodal decrease by more than 20% after 7 days. Inhibits the growth of middle and lower branches and new lateral branches at the top, ventilates and transmits light.
Paclobutrazol and enoxazole - control of the expansion
Paclobutrazol inhibits the biosynthesis of gibberellin and the corresponding physiological effects controlled by gibberellin.
The effect on gibberellin in plants is to inhibit the oxidase activity of 3-step oxidation from chicitracycin to chicidan during gibberellin biosynthesis, thereby inhibiting the biosynthesis of gibberellin.
Spray once 35 days and 60 days after cuttings, the first 50-100 ppm, the second 200-250 ppm
1. It can significantly inhibit the elongation of the main vine and promote the growth of the side vine
2. It can improve the yield of stems, leaves and roots
3. It can prevent crazy growth, resist drought, and improve stress resistance
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" >5. Rooting and seedling technology of rhizome crops</h1>
Choline chloride: rooting, strong seedlings, high concentration has a weak inhibitory effect. Control up and down.
Paclobutrazol: low ground concentration, 50-100 ppm promotes root development
PBO strong seedling root, 500-800 times spray.
Humic acid is a good biological stimulant, strong seedlings, roots, resistance to heavy stubble, loose soil, spraying, drip irrigation can be.
Chlorphyllum can not only dwarf the seedlings, but also resist stress, promote roots, control up and down. Paclobutrazole can be used without paclobutrazol.
DCPTA - yield increase amine, the effect is good, cost-effective, there is no registration in China. Some foliar fertilizers have some additives.
Mild, strong seedlings, increase chlorophyll, enhance photosynthesis;
Yield increase can be used with paclobutrazol, thiphenyllongol, chlorochonaphthalic acid, low concentration gibberellic acid, chitosan oligosaccharides and so on.
Application of chitosaccharides on rhizome crops
Chitosaccharide oligosaccharides are sprayed at 50-100 ppm, resistant to disease, stress and high yield
Root irrigation and trenching prevent root-knot nematodes
Salicylic acid, anti-glutin, and low concentrations of methyl jasmonate are important signaling substances for inducing roots, also known as root pheromones
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" >6, rhizome expansion and high-yield technology</h1>
Ginger seedling period (June 10), huge period (July 20), huge peak period (August 26)
Thiphenyllong: Promotes cell division, expansion, disease resistance, green leaves, anti-premature aging
5ppm, 27.61% more than CK, safe, no harm!
The effect of thiobenzolyl on potatoes
The yields of the two treatment areas of 1000 times liquid and 1500 times liquid exceeded 3000 kg/mu, and the yield increase was 20.2% and 18.9%.
It is recommended to use a concentration of 3-5 ppm
Efficacy and safety evaluation of thiphenylphenone
The recommended dilution multiple is 1 000 to 1 500 times, the spray liquid amount is 45 kg/mu, and the appropriate period for application is once at the bud stage of potato buds and the expansion stage of potato blocks.
According to field practice, it is necessary to note that the drug should not be administered when the temperature is above 30 °C or below 15 °C.
Field observations showed that compared with the control area, the potato plants in the pharmaceutical treatment area grew more robustly, the leaves were thick and the leaves were thick and green, and with the increase of the concentration of use, the traits were particularly obvious; the incidence of potato early blight and anthrax was also significantly reduced. The application of this growth regulator can enhance the potato's stress resistance such as drought resistance, disease resistance, fertilizer resistance and so on.
At the same time, it can balance the reproductive growth and vegetative growth of potato plants, promote tuber formation and potato block expansion, and improve the intrinsic quality of potato blocks.
Comparison of six plant growth regulators
There are 6 kinds of chlorphyllogen, chlorocholnaphthalic acid, paclobutrazol, ethylene, bijiu, and choline chloride
Comprehensive performance analysis: paclobutrazole control effect is good, the expansion is poor, the yield is reduced, and the growth trend is lower than that of the control.
Chlorphyllum, chlorpyridine naphthaleneacetic acid, yam grows strongly, has a high yield, is thick in size, and has a moderate length
Choline chloride + paclobutrazol compound, yam control and increase production
Carrots are stout with inhibition of twitching
Carrot, paclobutrazol 100-150ppm, the initial use of root formation, can also be used chlorpyridoloneacetic acid, 30g per acre. Mix with water 15-30kg spray.
Controlled extraction: 0.2-0.3% solution of bud suppressor, before moss extraction or early extraction
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" >7, the preservation technology of rhizome crops</h1>
Spray green leaves with 0.2-0.3% cyanosis solution 10-15 days before harvesting;
Potatoes sprayed with 0.25 % -0.3 % cyanosis solution 10-15 days before harvest prevent germination during storage and extend the shelf life.
At present, the potato sprout control agent widely used in Europe is the bud control treasure, which is a compound of carbamate with the effect of a growth regulator, also known as chloroaniline.
The use of 1% liquid 175 to 200g can handle 100 kg of potatoes, generally before potato germination or within 2 to 4 weeks after harvest, soaking and mixing.
In recent years, mixed treatment has been adopted: (1) control bud treasure (1.27%) + aniline (0.07%) mixed preparation, with 1.25 ~ 1.5kg can process 1000kg of potatoes, to be sprinkled evenly.
(2) Control bud treasure (0.74%) + chloraniline (0.25%) + imidamine, process 1000kg of potatoes, with 2kg mixed preparations poured evenly. In China, there are no application reports, China is a big potato producer, and attention should be paid to the development and application of the product.
Fruit and vegetable chaff heart
Bran heart, also known as bran, chaff, hollow, bubble heart, wood fibrosis, etc., is a physiological disease during the growth period and storage period of some fruits and vegetables. The bran heart causes the quality of fruits and vegetables to be reduced, loose and soft, sugar to decrease, fiber to increase, texture to be rough, bland and tasteless, etc., which seriously affects their consumption, processing and commodity value.
At present, it is generally believed that the root growth period is due to excessive root growth, swelling and development exceeds the photosynthetic ability of leaves, resulting in cells can not be filled at the same time, causing the "hunger" phenomenon of parenchymal cells. Boron deficiency, premature sowing, early extraction, low temperature and small temperature difference, weak light, dry soil water shortage, planting is too thin, boron deficiency and potassium deficiency.
Since parenchymal cells have no or lack of available nutrients, parenchymal cells appear bubbles, followed by cell gaps, and finally form hollows or bran hearts. Fruits and vegetables have changed from dense, crisp and juicy to dry and tasteless. The storage period of radish bran heart is due to the lack of physiological dormancy period, when it encounters suitable conditions, it will sprout and pump, so that the water and nutrients in the parenchymal cells are transferred to the growth point, resulting in internal tissue structure changes and flavor deterioration.
Radish bran heart
How to prevent chaff heart
Scientific planting, careful management
Boron fertilizer can promote radish heart solid, large. At the beginning of the growth of 2 to 3 true leaves in the radish, spray 0.2% to 0.3% borax solution every 20 days until the harvest period.
Spray naphthaleneacetic acid 50-80 ppm 30-45 days after emergence, and spray it again at intervals of half a month
It can also be sprayed with 5% sucrose, 0.1% borax and 50-80ppm naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or 2,4-D half a month before the radish harvest, which does not affect the growth of fleshy roots, but also delays maturation, and prevents the effect of bran heart.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > finally shared a technological frontier - ginger shading production technology model</h1>
Reduce production costs and increase production efficiently
The yield of ginger in open-field cultivation without spraying gibberellin was significantly lower than that of the control shade cultivation (CK), and its plant height, stem thickness, root weight, stem weight, leaf weight and rhizome weight were also significantly lower than that of control CK.
Open-field cultivation and spraying of gibberellin can increase the plant height, stem thickness, root fresh weight, stem weight, leaf weight, rhizome fresh weight and yield of ginger, and the yield of gibberellin increased by 1.65% and 8.94% compared with the control CK, respectively.
Author: Ban Yimin