The whole world knows the four ancient civilizations, the Chinese civilization, the ancient Babylonian civilization, the ancient Egyptian civilization, the ancient Indian civilization, and the only surviving chinese civilization at present has continued.
However, there is a Wuhu era in history, the war lasted for 300 years, the Hu people brutally ruled over the Han people, slaughtered and plundered, and the farmland was abandoned, from about 20 million in the Three Kingdoms period, to about 4 million, at that time, not to mention that the Chinese civilization was forever passed down, and almost the Han people were extinct.
Today, let's talk about this Wuhu era, wuhu refers to the five ethnic minorities of xiongnu, xianbei, karma, krypton, and qiang (for the sake of good memory, it is widely spread that the Xiongnu Xianbei grabbed the land. Wuhu Chaohua refers to the period when many nomadic people outside the Western Jin Dynasty took advantage of the rebellion of the Eight Kings of the Western Jin Dynasty and the weakening of their national strength to establish several non-Han regimes and form a confrontation with the Southern Han regime.
The Sixteen Kingdoms period represents the period between the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty and the unification of Northern China by the Northern Wei Dynasty, when the South was the Eastern Jin Dynasty, in addition to the Sixteen Kingdoms, there were other races and Han people in the North established by other regimes such as Ran Wei, Western Yan, and Dai, totaling more than twenty, from which the Sixteen Kingdoms with a longer time, great influence, and more representative sixteen kingdoms were selected, and it is said that the "Sixteen Kingdoms" is derived from the "Spring and Autumn of the Sixteen Kingdoms" privately written by the historian Cui Hong at the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Therefore, later historians called the period from 304 to 439 the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms.
Many people are not clear about the Sixteen Kingdoms in China's history, and some do not know at all that there is a period of the Sixteen Kingdoms in Chinese history, so in order to facilitate memory, we will roughly sort it out today.
We all know the order of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Song Qi, Liang Chen; these sixteen countries, the simple map can be seen at once a little can not remember, then we come to find a convenient slip of the tongue: five liang, four yan, three Qin, two Zhao, one Han and one summer.
Five cool: front cool, south cool, north cool, west cool, back cool
Four swallows: former yan, southern yan, later yan, northern yan
Three Qins: Former Qin, Later Qin, Western Qin
Erzhao: Former Zhao, Later Zhao
Yi Han: Cheng Han
Yixia: Hu Xia
These sixteen kingdoms did not exist at the same time, not like the Three Kingdoms period, the Cao Wei regime, the Eastern Wu regime, and the Shu Han regime, but there was a successive demise, a magnificent process of expansion and robbery.
Five Cool:
Former Liang, founded by Zhang Yi in 314, was destroyed by Former Qin in 316, lasted 63 years, and passed on seven lords. The capital of Dingdu, Guzang, ruled over present-day western Gansu, eastern Xinjiang, and western Ningxia.
Nanliang, founded in 397 by bald wugu, perished in 414, lasted 18 years, passed on three lords, the capital of Lianchuan Fort, ruled the area of present-day western Gansu and part of Qinghai Province.
Northern Liang, founded by Mengxun in 401, was destroyed by Northern Wei in 439, lasted 43 years, passed on three lords, and ruled in the western part of present-day Gansu.
Xiliang, founded by Li Kuan in 400, was destroyed by Northern Liang in 421, lasted 21 years, passed on three lords, the capital of Dunhuang, ruled in the western part of present-day Gansu, southwestern Inner Mongolia and part of Xinjiang.
Hou Liang, in 386 Lü Guang founded the state, was destroyed in 403, lasted 18 years, passed on three lords, Dingdu Guzang, ruled the area of present-day western Gansu, eastern Xinjiang, and western Ningxia.
Four swallows
Former Yan, founded by Murong Shi in 337, was destroyed by Former Qin in 370, lasted 34 years, passed on three lords, fixed the capital Longcheng, and ruled most of the areas of present-day Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu, and Liaoning.
Southern Yan, founded by Murong De in 398, was destroyed in 410, lasted 13 years, passed on two lords, the capital of Guanggu, the ruling area was east to the sea, south to Surabaya, west to Juye, north of the Yellow River.
Later Yan, founded by Murong Chui in 384, was destroyed by Northern Yan in 407, lasted 24 years, passed on four lords, the capital was Zhongshan, and the ruling areas included Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi provinces, and Parts of Henan and Liaoning.
Northern Yan, founded by Gao Yun in 407, was destroyed by Northern Wei in 436, lasted 10 years, passed on three lords, dingdu Longcheng, and ruled the southwest of present-day Liaoning and northwestern Hebei.
Three Qins
Former Qin, founded by Fu Hong in 350, was destroyed by Later Qin in 394, lasted 44 years, passed on six lords, the capital was Chang'an, and the ruling area was Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Shaanxi, Gansu, Henan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, and most of Liaoning.
Later Qin, yao cang founded the state in 384, destroyed in 417, lasted 34 years, passed on three lords, the capital of Chang'an, was a regime established by the Qiang people, ruling over present-day Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia and part of Shanxi.
Western Qin, in 385, the state of Qifu Guoren was established, destroyed in 431, lasted 47 years, passed on four lords, Dingdu Warrior Chuan, xianbei people established a regime, ruling the area of present-day southwest Gansu.
Erzhao
Former Zhao, liu yuan founded the state in 304, destroyed in 329, lasted 26 years, passed on four lords, the capital was Pingyang, and the ruling area was in the weishui river basin of present-day Shaanxi and parts of Shanxi, Henan, and Gansu.
Later Zhao, founded the state of Shi Le in 319, perished in 351, lasted 33 years, passed on the five lords, fixed the capital of Xiangguo, and ruled the regions of present-day Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi and Jiangsu, Anhui, Gansu, and Liaoning.
One Han
Cheng Han, founded by Li Xiong in 304, was destroyed by Huan Wen of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in 347, lasted 44 years, and set the capital at Chengdu.
A summer
Hu Xia, founded in 407, was destroyed by Tuguhun in 431, lasted 25 years, passed on three lords, fixed the capital of Wantong, and ruled over Shaanxi Province and part of Inner Mongolia.
During the Period of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms, there were frequent changes in political power, there were constant struggles, the countries established by the Five Hus were governed by Hu and Han, and their crossed ruling areas can be known that this is a typical history of ethnic minorities entering the Central Plains, and the policies of ethnic inward migration and emigration during the Han Liu Bang period reached unprecedented chaos and urgency during this period, and the period when ethnic minorities seized the right to rule through military force can be called the darkest era, and the tragic situation of "white bones exposed in the wild, no chickens chirping in thousands of miles, and one hundred lives and one left behind" reappeared in the land of China, known in history as "Wuhu Chaohua". Although there were constant wars between the Han and ethnic minorities during this period, it was a process of great ethnic integration.
During the Wuhu period, especially former Qin Fu Jian, Northern Wei Tuoba Hong, these two emperors are the most representative emperors of Sinicization, Fu Jian's ideal is the Confucian saint king, so he opened the school widely, summoned Han Confucian scholars to teach, Confucianism prevailed, but unfortunately he ruled most of the region in the Battle of Shuishui, and was gradually disintegrated and defeated. Tuoba Hong ordered the prohibition of Hufu and Xianbei languages, and changed the Xianbei surname to a Han surname, such as Changing Tuoba to a Yuan surname. As a result, many ethnic minorities have gradually sinicized, so that Chinese civilization can be passed on.
The Northern Hu regime of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms and the Eastern Jin Dynasty regime in the south were finally pacified by Yang Jian, the founding emperor of the Sui Dynasty, established the Sui Dynasty, and completed the unification of the Sixteen Kingdoms, which also responded to the sentence of the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms": "Unity will be divided for a long time, and it will be united for a long time."