The provenance of the "groundbreaking" and the interpretation of doubts: "For fifty years, it has been a waste of man; a thousand miles away, it is a heavenly famine!" ”
Text: Dead wood
"Breaking the sky" is a common modern word, meaning something that has never appeared before, or something that has appeared for the first time; in the old days, the literati often used "breaking the sky" to mean sudden fame. The term comes from Wang Dingbao's Tang Yan (唐摭言) during the Five Dynasties period, Sun Guangxian's Northern Dream Trivia (北梦琐言), and Taiping Guangji (太平廣記).
The Tang Shuyan Vol. II, Haishu Xie Shu In the fourth year of middle school, Liu Sheren thought that he was the first to be the first to solve the problem. When Cui Wei was a town, he was disrepaired with a fortune of 700,000 yuan. The Book of Metamorphosis says, "For fifty years, man has been ruined; a thousand miles away, the heavens are desolate!" ’”。 "Northern Dream Trivia , Volume IV": "Tang Jingzhou is dressed in crowns and crowned, and every year he sends people to lift people, many of them are not famous, and the number is absurd every day." Liu Sheren used Jing Xie and the first as 'Breaking the Heavens'. ”。 The Taiping Guangji Gongju V is also briefly recorded from the Tang Dynasty.
These records are the same thing, that is, in the late Tang Dynasty, the Jingnan region (Jingzhou) participated in the imperial examination, and for many years there was no zhongju, so there was a lack of talents, which was called "Heavenly Desolation", until the fourth year of Tang Dazhong (850), Liu Yuanzhongju broke the "Heavenly Desolation", and later used "Breaking the Heavenly Famine" or "Breaking the Heavenly Famine for the First Time" to describe things that never occurred.
Originally, this allusion ended here, however, the author saw that many materials and articles in the elaboration, as well as in the life accounts of the characters in it, there are many places that are inconsistent with historical reality, which is quite misleading to the reader, so I want to talk about my views here.
The first is the explanation of the record, which is relatively simple, but there are still articles that do not explain it. For example, "Xie Bi", also known as "Xie Biao", is the examination held by the state capital during the Tang and Song Dynasties, which is equivalent to the township examination of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and is the first level in the examination procedure, which is proctored by the local xuezheng, and the examination lasts for three days, a total of three examinations, the first name is "Xie Yuan". After the examination, he participated in the "provincial examination" presided over by the ceremonial department of Shangshu Province, and then participated in the re-examination of the official department. Those selected through the prefecture and county local selection examination are called "township tributes"; those who pass the provincial examination are called "Zhongju", and the candidates personally selected by the emperor are "system lifted". This short story refers to the township tributes selected by the Jingnan region every time through the examination (Fu Xie, Jing Xie is this meaning), which has not been lifted for many years, so it is called "Heavenly Desolation". It does not mean that the Jingnan region has not been selected for many years in the examination, which is one of the things that needs to be explained.
Another is Liu Yuan's reply: "For fifty years, it has been a waste of man; a thousand miles away, it is a heavenly famine!" To the effect that no one in the Jingnan region has been in the middle for more than fifty years, all because of human factors; (a thousand miles away from the capital), it cannot be called "heavenly wilderness" (chaotic and unopened primitive place). The reason is simple, but there are still articles that explain it haphazardly. The author has seen a self-media article explain that "but in this place of more than a thousand miles, it is not called 'heaven', so it cannot be called 'heaven'." ", the difference in the foundation of ancient Chinese is worth worrying about, and we still talk about history on this?
The third is about "Cui Wei Gongzuo Town, with a groundbreaking amount of 700,000 yuan." ", an article believes that it is extremely unreliable, because "seven hundred thousand" is an astronomical number, in fact, this is not very familiar with ancient coins. The ancients' titles for basic coins have "wen", "pattern", "mosquito", "money", "gold" and other titles; for the larger ones, there are "缗", "guan", "hanging", "silver", "gold", etc., 1 two gold = 10 two silver = 10 consecutive = 10000 text, and here it should refer to the text, money, not the silk, the continuous. In today's purchasing power conversion, 1 text is roughly about 1 to 2 yuan (not accurate, just an analogy), 700,000 yuan is about 1 million yuan, more?
We look at the income of officials at that time, which varied from period to period. We take the Zhenguan period as an example, including the officials' fenglu, occupational fields, manpower miscellaneous gifts, etc., converted into today's yuan, the five pin officials a year is about 600,000, and the three pins are about 1 million. In the Middle Tang Dynasty, officials got paid more ways, such as "run pen", etc., Bai Juyi recorded in the "Xiuxiangshan Temple Record" that he wrote an epitaph to his friend Yuan Shu: "Last autumn, Wei Zhi will be Xue, with the epitaph text to see the support. Even if the yuan clan's old form is obtained, the jade horse, the silver saddle of Aya, and the jade belt are worth six or seven hundred thousand, which is xie wen's treasure, to give it to you. Writing an article is 700,000 yuan (equivalent to about 1 million yuan); and earlier Li Bai said to himself in the "Pei ChangShi of Shang'an Prefecture": "In the past, you traveled to Weiyang in the east, and within a year, more than 300,000 yuan of gold were scattered." ", a year costs hundreds of thousands of yuan. Although it cannot be compared with some rich people now, it also shows that the annual income of hundreds of thousands of dollars at that time can be said to exist.
At that time, Jingnan Jiedu rewarded Liu Shu with 700,000 yuan, and from the historical background, it should not be excessive, and the strength of the state capital could also be obtained. And an article does not understand history and coins thoroughly, thinking that "money" refers to "continuous", then it is magnified a thousand times, becoming 1 billion, which is naturally impossible and a joke. I hope that some authors will check more information when writing articles, supplement historical knowledge, and do not arbitrarily draw conclusions.
Fourth, about Liu Metamorphosis' place of origin. Liu Metamorphosis, Zifu Yu, Jingnan ren, late Tang Dynasty essayist, author of "Wenquan Subset". The author has seen that many articles and materials, in Liu She's place of origin, say that they are from Changsha, and that they are the first jinshi in Hunan. For example, "one is Shangzhou, one is Tonglu, and one is also a Changsha person"; some sources are also included in "In 1890, the historian Chen Yinke was born in the former residence of Liu Shu in Changsha." ", don't know what the intention is? Is it to prove the past with the present?
Regarding Liu Degeneration, there are no biographies of liu degeneration in the Old Book of Tang and the New Book of Tang, but it is mentioned that it is recorded in the Old Book of Tang, Volume 122, and the Biography of Ling Fox, the original text is "Left picking up Liu Shu and Qi Ju Lang Zhang Yun, each of them on the pole of The Pole of Yu Yun: 'Father Bingquan, arbitrarily accept bribes.'" To the effect that Liu Mo and Zhang Yun impeached Ling Hulu, the son of the chancellor Ling Hulu, and later degraded, "demoted Yun to Xingyuan Shaoyin and degenerated to Huayin Ling." ”。 It shows that Liu Metamorphosis's official position was zuo shiyi at that time, and he was outspoken and outspoken, but there is no record of Liu Metamorphosis' place of origin.
Therefore, we can only take the "Tang Yan" and "Northern Dream Trivia" as the basis, since Liu Metamorphosis participated in the Jingnan Regional Examination, and in the fourth year of Tang Dynasty (850), in the Tang Dynasty, the management of townships was relatively strict, then although liu Degenerate's specific county is unknown, there is no doubt that he must be a Jingnan person (Jingzhou). So where is the Jingnan area? Where is Changsha again? How can they be mixed together?
In the Tang Dynasty, the administrative regions of Changsha and Jingnan were never together. According to the "New Book of Tang And Geography" and the "Old Book of Tang and Geography", during the Tang Dynasty, there were ten provinces in the whole country, Jingnan belonged to Shannan Province, and Changsha (Tanzhou) belonged to Jiangnan Province; Tang Xuanzong was divided into fifteen provinces, Shannan Province was divided into Shannan East Road and Shannan West Province, Jingnan Belonged to Jiangling Province, Shannan Province; Jiangnan Province was divided into Jiangnan East Province, Jiangnan West Road and Qianzhong Province, and Changsha (Tanzhou) belonged to Jiangnan West Province. In the later period, jiedushi was set up, of which Jingnan Jiedushi had long-term jurisdiction over Jingzhou, Lizhou, Langzhou, Xiazhou, Wanzhou, and Guizhou, and in the first year of Tang Zhaozong's Guanghua (898), Lizhou and Langzhou were assigned to Wuzhenjun Jiedushi (Hunan Lixian), and Liu Yuanzhong was appointed as the fourth year of Dazhong (850), at this time Jingnan and Changsha (Tanzhou) were not involved in any way. Therefore, liu degenerated as a Changsha person, forgive the contempt for being rude, really did not find the relevant historical information, hoping that someone would teach.
However, after all, the "Tang Shuyan" and "Northern Dream Trivia" record only anecdotes, not canonical history, and it is inevitable that there will be discrepancies. For example, Cui Wei Gong ( Cui Wei Gong ) , referring to Cui Xuan ( 崔铉 ) , is a character of Tai Shuo , and the Old Book of Tang records that " In the ninth year , the Inspector Of Fine Arts , the Governor of Yangzhou , was enfeoffed as the Duke of Wei and the Governor of Huainan. "In the eighth year of Xiantong (867), the Xuzhou general Pang Xun returned from Guiguan and plundered the road. Hyun is the Jingnan Festival. However, when Choi Hyun served as the envoy of Jingnan Jiedushi, it was 865-868, while the Jingnan Jiedushi envoy after the fourth year of Dazhong (850) was Lu Shang of Fanyang, and the previous one was Zheng Su of Xingyang, who died in the position of Jingnan Jiedushi. Could it be that choi Hyun, the prime minister at the time, temporarily led jingnan jiedushi on behalf of the envoy? This also needs to be examined, leaving doubts to investigate.
However, no matter what, there is no doubt that Liu Metamorphosis in the "groundbreaking" allusion is definitely not from changsha today, but from Jingnan (Jingzhou), and as for using Chen Yinke to illustrate Liu Yuan's former residence, it feels a bit of a fantasy, and I hope that the scholars who put forward this theory can come up with evidence to speak.
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Although it is only a word of research, as well as the traceability of allusions, may just be a rumor and anecdote, although it is a bit long-winded, but I hope that those writers who write literature and history should be based on evidence, take historical materials as evidence, restore real historical facts, do not speculate, let alone far-fetched, exaggerated and enlarged, mislead readers, this is the basic conscience and attitude that literary and historical authors should uphold.
2020/3/9 Elm Wood Zhai