Sun Yat-sen (November 12, 1866 – March 12, 1925), courtesy name Wen, Zi Zaizhi, No. Rixin, also known as Yixian, also known as Emperor Xiang, pseudonym Zhongshan Qiao, was a great national hero, a great patriot, a great pioneer of the Chinese democratic revolution, the founder of the Republic of China and the Kuomintang of China, and an advocate of the Three People's Principles, who founded the Constitution of the Five Powers. He was the first to raise the banner of thorough anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism, "starting a republic and ending with a feudal monarchy for two thousand years."
Sun Yat-sen was born on November 12, 1866 in Cuiheng Village, Xiangshan County (now Zhongshan City), Guangzhou Province, Guangdong Province. Dr. Sun Yat-sen studied medicine in Hong Kong and became a Western physician. After the Opium War, Sun Yat-sen witnessed the danger of the Chinese nation being divided up by the Western powers, and decided to abandon the "medical career" and carry out the "medical cause". Influenced by Zheng Guanying's reformist ideas in the early days, Sun Yat-sen saw the corruption of the Qing government and was determined to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and establish a democratic republic.
On November 24, 1894, Sun Yat-sen founded the Xingzhong Association in Honolulu. In 1905 (the thirty-first year of Guangxu), the Chinese League was established. On October 10, 1911 (three years after the declaration of reunification), the revolutionaries in the New Army secretly contacted and decided to revolt that night. After the Xinhai Revolution, he was elected Provisional President of the Republic of China (1 January 1912 – 1 April 1912). On March 12, 1925, Sun Yat-sen died of cancer in Beijing. On June 1, 1929, according to his last wishes, he was buried in the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum of the Purple Mountain in Nanjing. In 1940, the Nationalist government issued a decree to the whole country and honored him as the "Father of the Republic of China".
Sun Yat-sen is the author of "The Founding Strategy", "The Outline of the Founding of the People's Republic", and "The Three People's Principles". His writings have been collected and published several times since his death, including the eleven-volume Complete Works of Sun Yat-sen published by Zhonghua Book Company in 1986, and the Complete Works of the Founding Father published in Taipei in 1969, 1973 and 1985.
On November 12, 1866 (the sixth day of the first month of October in the fifth year of Tongzhi), Sun Yat-sen was born in Guangdong. He grew up in an ordinary family, and his brother Sun Mei went to Maui to reclaim the land and run a ranch and shop, and the family's fortunes improved. In 1875 (the first year of Guangxu), Sun Yat-sen entered the village school to study and received a traditional education. Sun Yat-sen's father worked as a shoemaker in Macau's Ban Zhang Tang Street in his youth. Sun Yat-sen often traveled with his parents between Macao and his hometown, and the Fusion of Chinese and Western cultures in Macao flourished and developed.
In 1878, at the age of 12, Sun Yat-sen went to Honolulu with his mother. His eldest brother Sun Mei sponsored Sun Yat-sen to receive a more systematic Western-style modern education in Honolulu, Guangzhou, Hong Kong and other places. In 1883, at the age of 17, Sun Yat-sen returned from Honolulu and went to Hong Kong to study in the same year. During the five years that Sun Yat-sen studied medicine in Hong Kong, he formed a small group with Yang Heling, Chen Shaobai and Yu Lie, which was known as the "Four Great Kou". At that time, Yang Heling's "Yang Si Kou Hall" in Macau also became one of the important activities of Sun Yat-sen when he was in Macau. At that time, Sun Yat-sen believed that Li Hongzhang was different from ordinary bureaucrats, but a figure with innovative ideas.
Sun Yat-sen's early thought was heavily influenced by Zheng Guanying's thought. In the spring of 1892, Zheng Guanying compiled a five-volume edition of "Dangerous Words of the Prosperous World" in Macao, and the article "Agricultural Gong" written by Sun Yat-sen at that time was embellished by Zheng Guanying and included in the book. In 1892, Sun Yat-sen graduated from the Hong Kong College of Western Medicine. In September 1892, at the age of 26, Sun Yat-sen came to The Mirror Lake Hospital in Macau and became the first volunteer physician of the newly established Western Medical Bureau, becoming the first Chinese Western medicine doctor in Macau.
At the end of the 19th century, China had degenerated into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and Sun Yat-sen, seeing that the Chinese nation was in danger of being divided up by the Western powers, decided to abandon the "medical career" and carry out the "medical cause", hoping that through Li Hongzhang, the Qing government would implement top-down social reforms. In January 1894, Sun Yat-sen wrote the Book of Li Hongzhang, which concentrated Sun Yat-sen's innovative ideas on emulating the Western political system in order to make China rich and strong. Later, Sun Yat-sen and Lu Haodong went to Shanghai to visit Zheng Guanying, and through the new figure Wang Tao, introduced Sun Yat-sen to Tianjin to meet Li Hongzhang.
In June 1894, Sun Yat-sen and Lu Haodong went from Shanghai to Tianjin, eager to meet Li Hongzhang and confide in his ideas for national salvation. However, Sun Yat-sen did not meet Li Hongzhang during his visit, and at the same time, Sun Yat-sen saw the corruption of Qing government officials in Tianjin, which made his thinking change. Therefore, Sun Yat-sen and Lu Haodong left Tianjin and went to Honolulu via Shanghai.
On November 24, 1894, Sun Yat-sen founded the Xingzhong Association in Honolulu, which means "to revitalize China". Since then, Sun Yat-sen has been determined to "save the people from water and fire, and help the building to fall", and clearly put forward the idea of "expelling the Tartars, restoring China, and establishing a united government". For the first time, the Chinese people were proposed a program for overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and establishing a democratic republic. At the same time, Sun Yat-sen also completed the great transformation from a reformist to a democrat.
Among the high-ranking cadres who followed Sun Yat-sen in their early years, Guangdong people accounted for the largest proportion, such as Deng Yinnan, Lu Haodong, Yang Heling, Chen Shaobai, Yu Lie, Li Jitang, Xie Maotai, Cheng Kuiguang, Shi Jianru, Zheng Shiliang, Feng Free, Wang Pethui, Hu Hanmin, Zhu Zhixin, Liao Zhongkai, He Xiangning, Gao Jianfu, Chen Shuren, Gu Yingfen, Xu Chongzhi, Zou Lu, Deng Zeru, Li Fulin, and so on. Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary funds were donated by overseas Chinese and businessmen, especially Li Yutang, Li Zizhong, Jian Zhaonan, and Jian Yujie as outstanding representatives.
In February 1895 (the twenty-first year of Guangxu), in Hong Kong, the Furen Cultural Society, an organization of local patriotic intellectuals, was united to establish the Hong Kong Xingzhong Association. In October of the same year, the XingzhongHui plotted an uprising in Guangzhou, but the incident failed. Sun Yat-sen was forced to flee overseas.
In October 1896 (the twenty-second year of Guangxu), he was trapped by the Qing legation in London, England, and rescued by his British friend Kang Deli and others. Since then, Sun Yat-sen has made detailed investigations of the economic and political conditions of European and American countries, studied the political theories of various schools, and contacted progressive people in European and American countries, resulting in a distinctive theory of people's livelihood, and the idea of the Three People's Principles has been initially formed. In 1897 (the twenty-third year of Guangxu), Sun Yat-sen went to Japan to befriend his people in the government and the opposition.
In October 1900 (the 26th year of Guangxu), Zheng Shiliang was sent to Sanzhoutian in Huizhou (Huiyang), Guangdong Province, to launch an uprising. The rebels fought for half a month, initially quite successfully, but then failed due to the lack of pay. After the Penghu ReformAtion, due to the activities of friendly People in Japan, Sun Yat-sen discussed cooperation with the reformists represented by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, but because the reformists insisted on defending the emperor and opposing the revolution, cooperation could not be realized.
In 1894, Sun Yat-sen established the Xingzhong Association in Honolulu. Liu Xiang (store manager) and He Kuan (bank manager) were elected as the chairman and vice chairman. Sun Yat-sen drafted the "Statutes of the Xingzhong Association," which emphasized the seriousness of the national crisis caused by imperialist aggression against China and stipulated that "rejuvenating China" should be the main purpose of the association. He also drafted a secret oath of membership and put forward a revolutionary proposition of "expelling the Tartars, restoring China, and establishing a united government." [9] This was China's first program of democratic revolution aimed at establishing a new system. After the establishment of the Xingzhong Association, it established branches in some parts of Hawaii, and its membership increased to more than 100 people. Under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen, the Xingzhong Association organized members to conduct military training and raise funds from patriotic overseas Chinese to prepare for the armed uprising against the Qing Dynasty.
In 1905 (the thirty-first year of Guangxu), revolutionary groups were established among students from Belgium, Germany, France and other countries, and during this period, contacts were also established with domestic revolutionary groups and revolutionary volunteers. In August, Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing, and others, based on revolutionary groups such as the Xingzhong Association and the Huaxing Association, founded a nationwide bourgeois revolutionary party, the China League Association, in Tokyo, Japan. In a speech published by minbao, the organ of the League, Sun Yat-sen first put forward the three major doctrines of nationality, civil rights and people's livelihood. The establishment of the League has effectively promoted the development of the revolutionary movement throughout the country. Sun Yat-sen sent people to various places at home and abroad to develop organizations and publicize the revolution. He himself traveled to southeast Asia from 1905 to 1906 to propagate and raise revolutionary funds for overseas Chinese, and founded branches of the League in some places. He widely disseminated bourgeois democratic and republican ideas, causing more people to devote themselves to the anti-Qing revolution. The criticism of the reformists led by Sun Yat-sen made effective ideological preparations for the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution. From 1906 to 1911, the League organized several armed uprisings throughout Southern China, and Sun Yat-sen formulated strategic guidelines for the uprisings and traveled overseas to raise funds for the uprisings.
In December 1907 (the 33rd year of Guangxu), when the Zhennanguan Uprising was over, Sun Yat-sen also went to the front line to participate in the battle. All uprisings failed due to lack of mass base and lack of organization, but the revolutionaries fought bravely and fought bravely, dealing a heavy blow to the Qing government and greatly encouraging the people of the whole country; in particular, the Huanghuagang Uprising in Guangzhou on April 27, 1911 (three years after the declaration of reunification), caused a huge shock throughout the country.
On October 10, 1911 (the third year of Xuan unification), the Wuchang Uprising broke out, and the provinces responded one after another. After sun Yat-sen learned of the news in the United States, he returned to China in late December and was elected as the provisional president of the Republic of China by the representatives of 17 provinces with 16 votes in favor of 1 vote per province. On January 1, 1912 (the first year of the Republic of China), Sun Yat-sen announced his inauguration in Nanjing and formed the Provisional Government of the Republic of China. On February 12, Emperor Xuantong (Puyi) announced his abdication, and the 267-year Qing Dynasty rule and more than 2,000 years of absolute monarchy were overthrown and a republic was established. Sun Yat-sen formulated and promulgated a series of decrees on reform and progress, and on March 11, promulgated the Provisional Law of the Republic of China, which had the constitutional nature of a bourgeois republic.
Under strong pressure from imperialism and domestic feudalism and the weakness of the revolutionary party itself, Sun Yat-sen was forced to resign as provisional president on February 13, 1912, giving way to Yuan Shikai, after the abdication of the Qing Emperor, and was formally dismissed on April 1. For more than a year after that, Sun Yat-sen actively propagated the doctrine of people's livelihood, called for the implementation of equal land rights, advocated the establishment of industries, and personally served as the national railway supervisor, trying to raise foreign capital to build railway trunk lines. But because the regime fell into the hands of Yuan Shikai, and his 100,000-mile railway plan was far beyond the capacity of the state at that time, Sun Yat-sen's vision did not become a reality.
In August of the same year, the League was reorganized into the Kuomintang, and Sun Yat-sen was elected chairman. In March 1913 (the second year of the Republic of China), Song Jiaoren, acting chairman of the Kuomintang, was assassinated by Wu Shiying, and Sun Yat-sen believed that Yuan Shikai had done it and advocated using force to curry favor with Yuan. In July, he launched a second revolution, and after his defeat, he went into exile in Japan again.
In June 1914 (the third year of the Republic of China), Sun Yat-sen organized the Chinese Revolutionary Party in Tokyo, hoping to restore and carry forward the spirit of the League. Yuan Shikai's restoration of the imperial system failed, and Sun Yat-sen returned to China in early May 1915 (the fourth year of the Republic of China) to continue his struggle to defend the republican system. He returned to Japan and married Song Qingling in Tokyo on October 25.
In July 1917 (the sixth year of the Republic of China), due to the dissolution of the National Assembly and the abolition of the Provisional Covenant Law by the Beiyang warlord headed by Duan Qirui, Sun Yat-sen joined forces with the southwestern warlords to establish a military government in Guangzhou, and was elected as a grand marshal to carry out the War of Protection of France. However, Sun Yat-sen was ostracized by warlords and politicians in the military government, and had to resign as Grand Marshal in May 1918 (the seventh year of the Republic of China). The defeat of the First Protector of France made Sun Yat-sen realize that the warlords of the North and the South were all one and the same. From 1918 to 1920, Sun Yat-sen completed the "Founding Strategy" that he had begun to write in the past, summed up the revolutionary experience of the past, and put forward a grand plan for the transformation and construction of China.
In 1917 (the sixth year of the Republic of China), the victory of the October Revolution in Russia, Sun Yat-sen sent a telegram to Lenin and the Soviet government the following summer to congratulate the Russian Revolution on its great victory. The May Fourth Movement in 1919 (the eighth year of the Republic of China) gave Sun Yat-sen great encouragement, and he highly praised and supported the student movement. In August 1919, Sun Yat-sen appointed Hu Hanmin, Zhu Zhixin, Liao Zhongkai and others to establish the magazine "Construction" in Shanghai to vigorously publicize the theory of democratic revolution. In October, it was announced that the Chinese Revolutionary Party would be reorganized into the Kuomintang of China.
In August 1920 (the ninth year of the Republic of China), Sun Yat-sen instructed the troops stationed in Fujian and Guangdong to return to Guangdong and expelled the Gui warlords. In November, Sun Yat-sen returned to Guangzhou and raised the banner of protector of the Dharma. Sun Yat-sen began to contact Soviet Russians in 1920 (the ninth year of the Republic of China). In May 1921 (the tenth year of the Republic of China), he was inaugurated in Guangzhou as the extraordinary president elected by the Extraordinary National Assembly, and then went to Guangxi to eliminate the forces of the Gui warlord Lu Rongting and prepare for the Northern Expedition based on liangguang. In December, Sun Yat-sen met with Ma Lin, a representative of the Comintern, in Guilin to discuss the establishment of a revolutionary party and revolutionary arming.
In April 1922 (the eleventh year of the Republic of China), he met with the plenipotentiary representatives of Soviet Russia in Guangzhou, and changed from fantasizing about seeking assistance from imperialism to hoping for a coalition of Russia. In June, sun Yat-sen was forced to leave Guangzhou and go to Shanghai after breaking with Chen Jiongming due to political disagreements. After that, Sun Yat-sen accepted the help of the Communist Party of China and Soviet Russia, and put forward three major policies of uniting Russia, uniting with the Communist Party, and supporting peasants and workers.
In January 1923 (the twelfth year of the Republic of China), Sun Yat-sen and the Soviet union representative Yue Fei issued the "Sun Wen Yue Fei Declaration", which laid the foundation for the united Russian policy, and then sent Liao Zhongkai to Japan to negotiate with Yue Fei. At the same time, the Dian and Gui armies that expressed their obedience to Sun Yat-sen expelled Chen Jiongming from Guangzhou, and in February, Sun Yat-sen returned to Guangzhou from Shanghai to rebuild the headquarters of the army and navy, and commanded the armies in the name of the Grand Marshal to take care of administrative affairs. At the same time, preparations for the reorganization of the Chinese Kuomintang were gradually stepped up. In August, a delegation of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, led by Chiang Kai-shek, was sent to the Soviet Union to investigate political, party and military affairs. In October, Borodin, who had been sent from the Soviet Union, was hired as an adviser, and then Liao Zhongkai, Tan Pingshan, and others were appointed to form a new Provisional Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang, which was responsible for preparing for the reorganization of the Kuomintang.
In January 1924 (the thirteenth year of the Republic of China), the First National Congress of the Chinese Kuomintang was held in Guangzhou, which reinterpreted the Three People's Principles through the Party Program and the Party Constitution, and at the same time established the Whampoa Officers School to train revolutionary armed cadres. Chen Jiongming's rebellion put Sun Yat-sen in an extremely difficult situation, and he was determined to accept the help of the Comintern and the Chinese Communist Party, and welcomed Li Dazhao and other Communists to join the Chinese Kuomintang in their personal capacity. In May, Sun Yat-sen founded the Army Officer School on Changzhou Island in Huangpu, Guangzhou, laying the foundation for the establishment of a revolutionary army.
In his early days, Sun Yat-sen tried to enlist the assistance of Japan, Britain, France, the United States and other countries to China's revolution and construction, but to no avail. During the struggle, he realized that in order to win China's independence and prosperity, he must strive to overthrow imperialism. In his later years, he waged a resolute struggle against imperialism.
In October 1924 (the thirteenth year of the Republic of China), Zhang Zuolin, a warlord, and Feng Yuxiang, a general of the immediate family, jointly overthrew the warlord regime of Cao Kun as president. Feng Yuxiang, Duan Qirui, and Zhang Zuolin successively sent a telegram inviting Sun Yat-sen to go north to discuss the state of the country. Sun Yat-sen accepted the invitation and proposed the abolition of unequal treaties and the convening of a National Convention as a solution to the situation. In November, he left Guangzhou and went north, first arriving in Shanghai, and then detouring to Japan to Tianjin. At the end of December, Fu Yi arrived in Beijing.
On March 12, 1925 (the fourteenth year of the Republic of China), he died of cancer in Beijing. The wills signed on the eve of his death include three documents: the State Will, the Family Testament and the Testament to Soviet Russia. In his will on state, he summed up 40 years of revolutionary experience and concluded: "We must arouse the people and unite the peoples of the world who are waiting for us with peace and struggle together." The call was issued that "the revolution has not yet succeeded, and comrades must still work hard."
The will pointed out that it is necessary to continue to work hard in accordance with his "Strategy for the Founding of the People's Republic," "Outline for the Founding of the People's Republic," and "Declaration of the First National Congress," in accordance with his "Strategy for the Founding of the People's Republic," "the Outline for the Founding of the People's Republic," and the "Declaration of the First National Congress." In the family will, it is stated that the books, clothes, residences, etc. left behind will be left to Song Qingling as a memorial, and the children are required to inherit his revolutionary legacy. In his suicide note to Soviet Russia, he stated his firm belief in implementing the three major revolutionary policies and adhering to the anti-imperialist patriotic cause, expressing "the hope that soon dawn will be broken, that the Soviet Union will welcome a strong and independent China with good friends and allies, and that the two countries will go hand in hand in the great war for the freedom of the oppressed nations of the world to achieve victory." In 1929, the remains were moved from Beijing to the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum at the southern foot of the Purple Mountain in Nanjing.
Sun Yat-sen formulated the Three People's Principles theory as the guiding ideology, aiming to establish a republic owned by the people, ruled by the people, and enjoyed by the people, and to build a harmonious society of freedom, equality, and fraternity.
Throughout his life, Sun Yat-sen adhered to the "Three People's Principles" and adhered to the beliefs and ideals of nationality and democracy to save China and the Three People's Principles to save China. The Xinhai Revolution took "nation", "people's rights" and "people's livelihood" as the core of the "Three People's Principles" concept.
Advocate the "distinction between power and ability" - "the people have the right, the government has the ability"; promote the "universal government" - "guangxing welfare, great achievements".
Note "The Rights of the People" - The regime should have four items: "election, recall, creation, and re-determination".
Commentary on "The Power of Government" - "The separation of powers of the legislature, the executive, the judiciary, the examination, and the supervision" is for the "Constitution of the Five Powers".
Clarify the basic training and conditions for the people to exercise political power: the preliminary civil rights, that is, the rules of procedure.
It proposes a "system of equal authority" between the central and local governments, and a "local autonomy" with counties as the unit.
In terms of political modernization, he advocates the three stages of gradualism in military and political affairs, training in government, and constitutional government: "During the military and political period, priority should be given to eliminating warlords and bandits, and military control should be implemented." During the period of political training, priority should be given to infrastructure construction and preliminary training in civil rights, and one-party rule should be implemented. The conditions for the implementation of constitutional government are that more than half of the counties and cities in the country have the conditions for electing and dismissing local chiefs, and citizens have the conditions for initiating a creative re-election, then the National Assembly will be elected to formulate a constitution, and the government will be returned to the people, and a modern political system of multi-party competition will be implemented. "Promote a regional cooperation and political architecture based on the royal path: Greater Asiaism and industrial programs open to international investment."
Sun Yat-sen took "the trend of the world, the mighty and mighty, the good that goes along with it, and the death that goes against it" as his motto, stressing the need to "examine the situation in China internally, observe the trend of the world externally, absorb the strengths of all, and benefit from new creations." Sun Yat-sen paid attention to learning the world's advanced knowledge and beneficial ideological achievements, and hoped to transform China in combination with China's actual conditions. Sun Yat-sen was very concerned about the October Revolution in Russia and the spread of Marxism around the world, keenly aware of the important impact of the May Fourth Movement and the founding of the Communist Party of China on China's reforms, and resolutely implemented the three major policies of uniting with Russia, the United Communist Party, and supporting peasants and workers, giving new connotations to the idea of the Three People's Principles. The three major policies are Sun Yat-sen's important political propositions, and they are the correct path for the national democratic revolution he advocated to turn from repeated setbacks to success and then to remarkable achievements.
Sun Yat-sen was a great man who knew both world culture and Chinese culture. Sun Yat-sen's lifelong pursuit of "the world is just" is derived from the Confucian classic document "Li Ji Li Yun", Confucius said: "The journey of the avenue is also the world for the public". Sun Yat-sen said in his "Three People's Principles": "The true Three People's Principles are the world of unity that Confucius hoped for." Sun Yat-sen must not only develop material civilization but also carry forward spiritual civilization; he must inherit the connotations of old morality that are still useful today, and create new morality. He attached great importance to education and advocated the cultivation of new talents with knowledge and noble personality. Sun Yat-sen's cultural outlook of putting people first, attaching importance to science and developing a new civilization has great practical significance and academic value for the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
Sun Yat-sen believed that culture, nationality and country were strong. Only when the economy is developed can we solve the people's living problems such as food, clothing, shelter, and transportation. Only when the people are rich can culture develop, and only when science and culture are developed can the country be rich and strong. Sun Yat-sen also stressed that "the development of rich sources is not only for the sake of wealth, but more importantly, for the satisfaction and happiness of our people." Therefore, Sun Yat-sen repeatedly pointed out that efforts should be made to develop education and improve the spiritual civilization of the people.
Spiritual civilization, Sun Yat-sen also called "spiritual civilization", he said that material civilization will make human life "comfortable and prosperous", but it can not promote human spiritual civilization, only the use of words, enlightenment education, can "help the development of human mental civilization." He believes that only material civilization, political progress, culture is not advanced, we can not "unite the family and govern the country." Thus he advocated a new morality, "civilized and evolved human beings, enlightened, a new morality." This new morality is that those who are intelligent should serve the multitude. This new morality in the service of all is the new trend of morality in the world."
Sun Yat-sen's new morality truly reflects Sun Yat-sen's view of the progress of human civilization. Sun Yat-sen believed that a new morality is a new spirit. He said: "To save the country and save the people, there is a need for revolution." Revolution must have a spirit. Therefore, Sun Yat-sen stressed that in order to create a new China and transform the new world, "there must be noble ideas and strong perseverance first." The new morality advocated by Sun Yat-sen is to make people determined to strive to improve the country and realize its prosperity and strength. Sun Yat-sen believed that the value of life lies in dedication, not in the struggle for status. Sun Yat-sen transformed the old morality from the pursuit of personal self-interest into dedication and love for mankind, the nation and the country. He stressed that the value of a person's life lies in his thoughts, in his independent will to pursue truth fearlessly, and in his responsibility to contribute to mankind and the country. Therefore, his new morality is a profound revolution in China's old morality, which changes the fundamental outlook on life and values of "what is a person living for and for whom", and points out the direction of individual efforts, goals and successes in society.
Sun Yat-sen stressed that only culture can make a country truly strong, and his cultural outlook is not only a bridge for mutual trust and exchange between Chinese and foreign cultures, but also a guide for the Chinese nation to establish a correct outlook on life and values. He pointed out: The Chinese nation must have a sense of distress and the spirit of struggle to strengthen the country and enrich the people. Sun Yat-sen used his actions and words to promote and promote the integration, interdependence, unification and development of all ethnic groups in China, build common ideals and beliefs, work hard, live in harmony and symbiosis, use culture to extend the Chinese feelings of the people of all ethnic groups, and realize Confucius's "journey of the great road, the world is just" and "the world is one".
From 1917 to 1919, Sun Yat-sen wrote the book "Founding Strategy", which conceived a grand blueprint for China's construction, showing his outstanding views and strong expectations for China's development[17]. Among them, the "Industrial Plan" includes six major plans, the first plan: the development of northern resources, with the northern port as the center, to build the northwest railway system; the second plan: the development of central resources, with the oriental port as the center, the improvement of the Yangtze River waterway; the third plan: the development of southern resources, with the southern port as the center, to build the southwest railway system; the fourth plan: railway construction plan, to build the central, southeast, northeast, expand the northwest, plateau and other five major railway systems; the fifth plan: the original material industry of life; the sixth plan: mining. The main goal of the "Industrial Plan" is to build three major seaports (the Great Port of the North, the Great Port of the East and the Great Port of the South) and many commercial ports of the world equivalent to the Port of New York in 10 to 20 years, of which the Great Port of the South can be selected in Guangzhou, the Great Port of the East can choose Hangzhou Bay or the transformation of the Huangpu River Port of Shanghai, and the Site of the Great Port of the North is located near the mouth of the Luan River east of Tanggu in Tianjin; the construction of five major railway systems up to 160,000 kilometers to connect the coast, the hinterland and the frontier; and the construction of 1.6 million kilometers of roads. Form a road network throughout the country and enter the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to promote commercial prosperity; excavate and renovate waterways and canals across the country, build the Three Gorges Dam, and develop 10 major projects such as inland river transportation and water conservancy and electric power.
Because "without mining, machines cannot be established, and without machines, modern industry ... There is no development", the comprehensive exploitation of coal, iron, oil, non-ferrous metals and other mineral deposits, the production of steel, oil, machinery manufacturing, cement and other "industrial grain" has become the world's urgent need. Sun Yat-sen attaches great importance to the steel industry, he pointed out, "today's steel world, want to stand on the earth, must pay attention to manufacturing", in the country's abundant steel reserves in Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan and other provinces to open factories, for the established factories in Hebei, Shanxi, Hubei, Liaoning and other places of steel industry to increase investment. With regard to agriculture, the "Industrial Plan" should extensively adopt various modern agricultural technologies, realize agricultural mechanization, migrate and reclaim land, and build frontier areas. On this basis, we should develop light industry and enable the processing and manufacturing industries of grain, cotton, oil, textiles, daily necessities, printing, silk, tea, etc., to be exported on the basis of self-sufficiency.
Sun Yat-sen proposed that the use of foreign capital to develop Chinese industries should change from closed-doorism to openness. He believes that China has a vast territory, a large population, rich minerals, and abundant agriculture, but it cannot develop independently, but must cooperate with other countries in the world and develop together. Foreign capital must be entrusted to foreigners, and foreign capital must be opposed to proposing additional conditions that harm China's national rights and interests in the name of investment. Foreign-owned owners join forces with Chinese enterprises to jointly develop Chinese industries. Foreigners provide machines and bear all the expenses of foreign experts in China; Chinese provide raw materials and cheap labor, and both sides win on the basis of equality and reciprocity. Sun Yat-sen knew that China was in need of machinery to cultivate vast farmland, exploit rich minerals, build countless factories and expand transportation networks.
At the same time, the "Industrial Plan" also involves housing and other livelihood issues, Sun Yat-sen believes that to solve the housing needs of 400 million people in China at that time, in the next 50 years, 50 million new houses will be added every year, 1 million houses will be built every year, "prepare cheap rooms for the people", and household water, electric lights, gas, and telephones need to be equipped. "Of China's 40,000,000 people, the poor still live in huts and burrows, and in the north there are people who live in earthen caves. The dwellings of China's upper class are similar to temples. Sun Yat-sen was very worried about the division between the rich and the poor in housing, so "for the housing industry plan, it is necessary to seek the living rooms of the whole of China" and "all the room designs must be made to make the residents comfortable." In Sun Yat-sen's view, the house is one of the symbols of civilization, and the people get a much more happiness from the house than from eating and dressing.
Sun Yat-sen inherited and developed the people-oriented ideology and Datong thought of ancient Chinese society, and at the same time absorbed the french Enlightenment thinkers' natural human rights doctrine, absorbed Lincoln's ideas of rule by the people, the people, and the people,and formed his unique concept of democratic politics.
In 1924, Sun Yat-sen said: "If there is too much freedom in politics, it becomes anarchy; if it is too constrained, it becomes autocracy." The constitution of the five powers must play two roles, one is to reconcile and unify the forces of freedom with the power to maintain order; the other is to break the class division between governing people and governing people, and to implement real "rule by the people." He advocated the balance between the forces of freedom and despotism, not going to extremes. Civil rights are the political power of the people, that is, the people are organized to manage the affairs of the country. Similarly, realizing the role and status of the people as masters of their own affairs is also the core content of the construction of a socialist country ruled by law.
As the first democratic constitutional document in China, the Provisional Law of the Republic of China affirms the principle of "sovereignty lies in the people" in the form of the Fundamental Law of the People. The Provisional Law stipulates that "the Republic of China shall be organized by the Chinese people" and "the sovereignty of the Republic of China shall belong to the whole nation". This is a major innovation in the history of China's state system, and it is also a concentrated embodiment of Sun Yat-sen's idea of combining the rule of law and democracy. Sun Yat-sen believed that in order to change the country ruled by this person, it is necessary to implement the rule of law, and civil rights are the basic conditions of the rule of law. The so-called civil rights are "to use the people to be emperors, and to use 40 million people to be emperors." In the Provisional Law, it is clear that "the people of the Republic of China are equal and there is no distinction between race, class or religion". Everyone can express their different opinions and express their will through different forms such as assembly, association, speech, publication, etc.
In 1906, when Sun Yat-sen spoke of the Three People's Principles at the commemoration of the founding anniversary of the founding of minbao, he pointed out: Civil rights are the foundation of political revolution. Civil rights doctrine means that everyone is equal, that the minority must not be used to suppress the majority, that everyone has natural human rights, and that the monarch cannot be used as a monarch and enslaved to the subjects. He demanded that the people be guaranteed the complete right to freedom of assembly, association, speech, the press and belief. Truly practicing "the people of the country are all within the scope of the law, and there is no special force to worry about." Sun Yat-sen was adamantly opposed to the use of civil rights as the equivalent of freedom. Sun Yat-sen's view is that in a group, to be able to move freely and freely is freedom. He said: A person's freedom, within the scope of not infringing on the freedom of others, is true freedom, and if it infringes on the scope of others, it is not true freedom.
Sun Yat-sen has formed his own unique understanding of science and technology, and Sun Yat-sen once clearly elaborated: "A scientist, the study of system, and the study of organization." Whoever has true knowledge will come from science. The so-called knowledge that abandons science is mostly not true knowledge. Sun Yat-sen called science "the study of system and the study of coherence", that is, he defined science as a systematic system of knowledge, emphasizing the systematicness and orderliness of science. "All true knowledge and special knowledge will come from science" means that science is truthful and practical. "The so-called knowledge that abandons science and is mostly not true knowledge" shows that scientific knowledge is different from the accumulation of ordinary life knowledge experience, but is based on the rich experience gained in practice, using scientific thinking methods to sort out and summarize the laws and systems of knowledge.
Discussion and research on scientific classification. Sun Yat-sen's view of science is also reflected in his study of scientific classification problems. Scientific classification is a study of the relationship between various disciplines. The more disciplines there are, the less specialized research they can be. This not only limits the study of one discipline, but even affects the development of the entire scientific cause. In a large number of his works, Sun Yat-sen actually divided science into a certain degree of categories, for example: "The Book of Li Hongzhang" involves linguistics, political science, humanities, arithmetic, geography, physics, chemistry, agriculture, mineralogy, geology, etc.; "To the Governor of Hong Kong" talks about literature and law; "Socialist Factions and Methods" discusses economics and statistics; "Sun Wenshu" discusses physiology, medicine, health, finance, philology, logic, etc.; The Regulations on the Organization of Examinations are promulgated to make detailed provisions on the geology, meteorology, and forestry of agricultural sciences.
Science has been clearly divided into two categories, namely natural science and personnel science. He said: There are two main categories of world science, one of which is the natural sciences and the other is the science of personnel. Natural sciences, such as as asatogenesis, geology, geology, physics (acousto-optics, thermal power, etc.), biology (animals, plants), and chemistry are also. Personnel scientists such as sociology, psychology, ethics, political science, law, economics, and history are also. In Sun Yat-sen's classification, these scientific disciplines were relatively mature in development at that time and also objectively existed.
Sun Yat-sen's thinking of "education to save the country" placed education in the position of "the foundation of the founding of the country" and the "way to rejuvenation," and stressed that education is a major issue related to the cultivation of talents and the strength of the country. In view of this, Sun Yat-sen emphasized in his "Letter to Zheng Zaoru" that attaching importance to education and cultivating talents can the country change from weak to strong. The dissemination of knowledge depends on education. Throughout the ancient and modern times, education and talent training, the country's prosperity and strength, have a great relationship. Neglecting education will cause a serious situation of national weakness, which deeply pained Sun Yat-sen, so he eagerly proposed to set up wide schools and cultivate talents, because this is the only way for the country to become rich and strong.
In the "Book of Li Hongzhang", Sun Yat-sen called "people can give full play to their talents" as one of the "four things" of "the great scripture of prosperity and strength, and the great foundation of governing the country", and to achieve "those who can make the best use of their talents are in the way of upbringing", that is, the cultivation of talents depends on education. Sun Yat-sen's thesis that "there is no way to distinguish talents without learning" and "there is no use for non-learning" and that talents need to "have schools to cultivate them" recognized the important position and role of education in personnel training, social progress, and national construction. Sun Yat-sen also talked about the great significance of developing education and cultivating talents for the prosperity and strength of the country: "If people do their best, they will do everything; if they do everything, they will not be rich and strong enough."
The embodiment of Sun Yat-sen's scientific education ideas in scientific culture and talent training. Sun Yat-sen put forward the view that the feudal education system was an obstacle to the dissemination of scientific and cultural knowledge. He pointed out that the content represented by the "Four Books" and "Five Classics" was "passed down by the ancients" by the sages and sages of the Chinese dynasties, and today's "scientific knowledge" is far better than this, and scientific knowledge should be taken as the content of education. Sun Yat-sen believed that the development of Western material civilization mostly stemmed from the prosperity of science, and that in order to make China's material civilization develop, it was necessary to learn scientific knowledge.
In August 1924, Sun Yat-sen ordered the promulgation of the University Ordinance in the name of the Grand Marshal of the Army and Navy of the Republic of China. The first article of the Ordinance stipulates that one of the aims of the University is to "instill new doctrines and techniques in The World Day." Sun Yat-sen believed that in university education, education should impart the latest scientific and cultural knowledge, so as to accelerate the development process of China. The main task of primary and secondary education is to impart the basic knowledge of science and culture, and as an educator, only by mastering the basic knowledge of science and culture well can it be possible to further learn and master the "latest inventions" of scientific and cultural knowledge. At the same time, as educators in universities, in order to achieve the purpose of imparting the "new theories and technologies of World Day", they must pay close attention to the new trend of the development of scientific and cultural knowledge education in the world, and must constantly update their own knowledge system. Sun Yat-sen's idea of scientific education has important practical guiding significance for today's university education.
Sun Yat-sen proposed that schools should pay attention to the cultivation of people's productive skills: the purpose of schools, in addition to reading, literacy, learning, and intellect, should pay attention to the omnipotence of the hands and strive for practicality. In Sun Yat-sen's view, school education should not only impart scientific and cultural knowledge and cultivate the intelligence of the educated, but also carry out education in production and labor, so that the educated can master certain productive labor skills. Sun Yat-sen has stressed many times that school education should enable students to be "independent as a nation" and "self-sufficient" after "completion of their studies." In other words, only students with both scientific and cultural knowledge and skills can truly "stand alone as a nation.".
Sun Yat-sen considered the enjoyment of the happiness of fraternity (i.e., love of the same kind) to be a natural human right. He stressed many times that all human beings are equal and that the people have the right to enjoy happiness, which is the desire of the people and cannot be stopped. In 1912, in the name of the President, he promulgated more than 30 laws and decrees on the protection of people's rights and the eradication of social vices, which reflected his thinking. Sun Yat-sen said: "Human rights are sacred, and they are not allowed to be fashionable." These decrees show that Sun Yat-sen believed that no matter who he was, he had the right to be loved and pitied by others as human beings.
To think of "fraternity" is again a good moral concept. Man not only has a right to be loved by his fellow human beings, but also to be regarded as an obligation of life, advocating the protection of man's equal rights and human dignity, and assuming the responsibility of saving mankind from fire and water. Sun Yat-sen said: The essence of "fraternity" lies first of all in dedication, in "seeking happiness" for others, and the ideal form of society lies in "everyone for me, I am for everyone", human beings help each other, the world conspires for happiness, so "fraternity" crosses the family affection and spreads to the world. In this way, fraternity has not only become a goal of struggle and a lofty ideal, but also a means and a practical spirit, which has played an immeasurable role in Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary career and in the revolutionary cause of Chinese people.
"Love" is a very broad and broad concept with many connotations. It can refer to both parent-child love, friendship love, and human love. Sun Yat-sen distinguished love into "private love" and "public love", believing that a woman's parent-child love for her children is only a kind of private love, and only fraternity is a kind of public love, "not the benevolence of women can be compared" . His distinction of love does not end here, combined with the era in which he lived, he further distinguished the "benevolence" of "fraternity and benevolence" into three kinds: "benevolence of salvation", "benevolence of saving people", and "benevolence of saving the country", believing that salvation is the benevolence of religious people, salvation of people is the benevolence of philanthropists, and "salvation of the country is the benevolence of revolutionaries". Judging from the actual needs and practical effects, saving the country was the first at that time. In practice, Sun Yat-sen understood that the suffering of the Chinese people, who did not even have the right to subsistence, could not be liberated by religion or cured by medicine, and that only revolution could fundamentally solve the problem. Therefore, he resolutely gave up the ideal of being a missionary or a famous doctor, and was willing to become a wandering revolutionary. From saving the world and saving people to saving the country, it is precisely the sublimation of his thinking and the progress of his actions that fully embodies this democratic revolutionary's pure feelings of loving the motherland and the people.
Sun Yat-sen explained: "In ancient China, if Yao Shun's love was to help the people, Kong Qiu Shangren, Mo Zhai and love, there are similar love, but they are all narrow sense of fraternity, and their love cannot be popularized by everyone." Socialist fraternity, broad fraternity also. Socialism seeks the happiness of mankind, universally popularizes, covers all five continents, has gone through all generations, steamed and steamed, and cannot be benefited by it. "This socialist fraternity, so the spirit of fraternity also." This spirit of fraternity is embodied in the abolition of the rich and the poor by socialism, and through the development of society, everyone can be happy, so he believes that "the socialist country is truly free, equal, and fraternal." In his interpretation of the Three People's Principles, he called the people's livelihood doctrine socialism socialism and advocated solving the people's sufferings through economic means, so he had a strong desire to realize the ideal of the people's livelihood.
Sun Yat-sen was the forerunner of China's democratic revolution and a pioneer in exploring the path of China's military modernization. Under the challenge of the Western powers, facing the conflict of "new", "old", "middle" and "west", Sun Yat-sen chose the path of China's military modernization. He inherited the ancient Chinese military thinking and seriously studied the Western art of war, especially the modern military ideology and the Soviet Union's experience in army building. In the practice of struggle to explore the road of China's military modernization, China's modern military thinking has been systematically put forward, and many of them are incisively expounded, which are of epoch-making historical significance in China's military history. Breaking through the shackles of the idea of "using chinese bodies and using the West" has opened a new chapter in China's modern military thinking.
In his youth, Sun Yat-sen had a strong desire to transform the old and decaying old China into a country like the West, and to build a strong army in China. In 1894, he expressed this expectation in the "Book of Li Hongzhang", and he advocated taking the West as a model to achieve the goal of enriching the country and strengthening the army. In 1894, Sun Yat-sen founded the Xingzhong Association in Honolulu. Soon after, he put forward the political program of the Three People's Principles and expounded his own concept of war. Before the October Revolution, Sun Yat-sen studied a large number of Western military theories and examples. After the Xinhai Revolution, Sun Yat-sen actively learned from the successful experience of the Soviet Red Army. Many of the military ideas put forward by Sun Yat-sen in his later years and the various military changes he adopted were aimed at building a regular army that could defend and develop the fruits of the victory of the Xinhai Revolution that met the needs of modern warfare.
On the basis of his own experience of the Soviet revolution, Sun Yat-sen made up his mind to set up the Whampoa Military Academy, establish a three-fold leadership system of party representatives, political departments, and party departments in the army, and establish a revolutionary political work system to ensure the leadership of the Kuomintang over the army, and gradually formed Dr. Sun Yat-sen's relatively complete thinking on army building in that period. In order to meet the needs of modern warfare, Sun Yat-sen put forward the idea of comprehensively building the army, navy, and air force. He paid special attention to the construction of modern navies. It is believed that "due to the changes in the general trend of the world, the rise and fall of national strength is always at sea but not on land, and those who have the advantage of maritime power often have the advantage of national strength." He clearly put forward the naval construction goal of "building up the ship administration to expand the navy, so that the Republic of China navy and the great powers go hand in hand, and is called a first-class power in the world." Sun Yat-sen also believed that with the development and progress of weapons and equipment in the modern world, the problem of state airspace rights has become increasingly prominent. In order to defend China's territorial airspace from inviolability, it is necessary to build an air force. It is pointed out that "flying aircraft is the biggest weapon used by the military in recent times", and it should be used to equip the Chinese army and build a modernized aviation team. Later, he issued a call for "aviation to save the country" and asked the Chinese people to work hard to develop China's aviation industry.
In order to achieve the goal of building the army, navy and air force, Sun Yat-sen proposed many measures to develop our navy and air force. We have purchased all kinds of new sea, land, and air weapons from Western countries, such as submarines, airplanes, and tanks; hired foreign military experts to train China's navy, army, and air force students; sent young military cadets to Various European and American countries to learn advanced military technology; organized inspection tours of military construction regiments from all over the world to draw on the experience of foreign military construction; and built military ports, airfields, and fortress forts in accordance with advanced modern standards. The creation of military schools and the formation of a new cradle for the training of modern military cadres have brought about a qualitative leap in China's military education system, which is Sun Yat-sen's major contribution to China's modern and contemporary military history. The Whampoa Military Academy has trained a large number of military talents who are suited to the national conditions of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society and have the ideology of modern warfare and the spirit of the national revolution.
Sun Yat-sen established military diplomacy tactics on the premise of analyzing the international strategic pattern, and Sun Yat-sen's military diplomacy practice was extremely difficult, and it was not easy to know that it was not easy, and this was precisely the greatness of Sun Yat-sen. All countries weighed diplomatic relations between Sun Yat-sen and the revolution he led by virtue of their own national interests, and Sun Yat-sen said: "To cover today's international, there are only powerful forces and powers, and there is no emphasis on morality and benevolence." Throughout his life, Sun Yat-sen advocated world peace, opposed wars of aggression, and opposed hegemonism. In 1912, in the "Program of the Chinese Kuomintang", Sun Yat-sen included "safeguarding international peace". It not only stressed that China will contribute to the maintenance of world peace as a force for peace, but also hopes to unite all peace-loving forces on the basis of maintaining regional peace by establishing friendly relations with other countries or establishing a grand alliance in Asia.
Regarding how to properly use force and diplomacy, Sun Yat-sen advocated the combination of logging and logging. In his view, the idea of attempting to achieve the goal of national survival and development by waging war is very harmful, and that contradictions between countries should first be resolved by resorting to diplomatic means; if diplomatic means have been exhausted, they can reach the war; when the war is over, it will return to the diplomatic process. Regarding the real threats facing China, Sun Yat-sen believed that peaceful means can be used, that is, peaceful means, and strong forces must be used to deal with them. Therefore, Sun Yat-sen attached great importance to the study of advanced science and technology in Europe to revitalize industry, improve weapons, and build a strong military force, but the external use of this force is of an active defensive nature.
Sun Yat-sen has always attached importance to the important role of public opinion in the revolution. The importance he attaches to public opinion in military diplomacy can be reflected in his previous attempts at military diplomacy with the great powers. On the one hand, because of his many years of overseas career, Sun Yat-sen has a good understanding of the role of public opinion in the system of Western countries, so he attaches great importance to the use of foreign media in military diplomacy. Whether it was when the League was founded or when the Kuomintang was established, Sun Yat-sen always transmitted the revolutionary ideas and the concept of nation-building to the Western people as soon as possible, in order to gain the political and public opinion support of various governments. On the other hand, he also used the domestic media to refute the various misdeeds of the Western powers involved in domestic problems in a timely manner, so as to arouse the awakening of the domestic people and support for the Three People's Principles, thus putting public pressure on the Western powers and the governments that colluded with them.
After the failure of the Penghu Restoration, Sun Yat-sen felt that reformism was not feasible in China, so he advocated the violent overthrow of the Qing government in order to achieve the success of the political revolution. For this reason, Sun Yat-sen before the Xinhai Revolution took the Manchu Revolution as his duty, advocated achieving the goal of the national revolution through political manchuization, establishing a republic with the Han nationality as the mainstay, and achieving the goal of protecting the country and protecting the species. In Sun Yat-sen's view, "revitalizing China" and "maintaining the national system" are two sides of the same coin: national rejuvenation must be based on national rejuvenation, while national rejuvenation depends on national revolution and national movements. Sun Yat-sen opposed the Manchu Qing regime, but did not exclude the Manchu common people. He inherited the traditional Chinese concept of all ethnic groups diluting blood relations and racial compatibility, advocating the distinction between the Manchurian royal nobility and the common people, and advocating the revolutionary concept of national equality, so as to achieve the common prosperity of the country and the nation, rather than the mutual exclusion and persecution of races.
After the establishment of the Republic of China, Sun Yat-sen advocated that the Republic of China should be a new multi-ethnic state composed of a large Chinese nation. Sun Yat-sen pointed out in the Manifesto of the Provisional President: "The foundation of the country lies in the people. The Hehan, Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, and Tibetan regions are one country, that is, the Hehan, Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, and Tibetan ethnic groups are one person. It is the unity of the nation. Wuhan was the first righteous, and more than a dozen provinces became independent successively. The so-called independence is a separation from the Qing court and a union for the provinces, and mongolia and Tibet are also like this. Sun Yat-sen also stipulated in the Provisional Law of the Republic of China that "the territory of the Republic of China shall be twenty-two provinces, Inner and Outer Mongolia, Tibet and Qinghai" and that "the people of the Republic of China shall be equal and shall have no distinction between race, class or religion."
In 1919, Sun Yat-sen put forward the idea of integrating all ethnic groups in the country into a Chinese nation, and the goal of national revolution was transformed from the equality and republicanism of the five ethnic groups to the positive goal of a strong and prosperous Chinese nation. He said: "The people of China only have families and clan groups, and there is no national spirit, so although 40 million people have combined into one China, it is really a scattered sand, and today, it is the world's poorest and weakest country, in the lowest position in the world." Man is a knife trick, I am a fish, and our position is the most dangerous at this time. If we do not pay attention to advocating nationalism and combine 40 million people to form a strong nation, China will have the fear of destroying the country and destroying the species. If we want to save this danger, we must promote nationalism and use the national spirit to save the country. ”