【Editor's Note】The public account and website of the Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences of Peking University officially launched the "Looking at Flowers is a World View - Online Exhibition of Naturalistic Investigations" hosted by Professor Liu Huajie of the Department of Philosophy of Peking University, inviting everyone to rush to a date with flowers and plants. In this exhibition, Professor Liu Huajie, the "naturalist" of Peking University, will enjoy the colorful scenery of Menghai in Yunnan With us, and get to know the plants that we are familiar with but are not familiar with. I hope that this "stay at home" nature tour can allow us to observe the daily life world, feel the beauty of nature, be amazed by the grass and trees, and maintain awe of life!
Let's follow the lens of teacher Liu Huajie and get to know the plants of Menghai
Yunnan is the region with the richest biodiversity and ethnic and cultural diversity in the world, with 18,000 species of plants in a single province (beijing has only about 2,000 species). Menghai County is located in the western part of Xishuangbanna Autonomous Prefecture in southern Yunnan, with about 5,000 species of plants. Many people may not have heard of the place name Menghai, and even mispronounce the word Menghai, and the correct pronunciation is the third sound (similar to "Meng"). It is the largest production area of Pu'er tea, and the story of the peacock princess, the song of "horses you go slowly", and the heavy past of Shanghai and Beijing zhiqing going to the countryside can remind people of this magical place.
Although I have been to other places in Yunnan many times, Xishuangbanna has only been in 2003 once, and it is only a few days of tourism, and there is no observation or understanding of plants. That is to say, I am not familiar with the plants there at all. In the autumn of 2018, I suddenly received an invitation: to write a book about local plants for Menghai County, and the county party committee will provide specific help. There are so many people doing botany work in the country, why did they find me? I don't know myself, maybe "Tando Flower Affair", "Chongli Wildflower", "Aoyama Grass and Trees" have a little credit accumulation?
Scenery of Menghai
For those who love plants, this is definitely an tempting item. Like most plant lovers, I would like to take the opportunity to investigate the rich plants there, and the plants in Yunnan are much richer and more complex than those in Hawaii! Hearing this news, it is inevitable to be excited. However, I did not dare to say yes immediately, but thought about it all night. In the end, he took over the project, immediately collecting all the volumes of Yunnan Flora except moss, and he had only purchased 3 volumes before. This is a lot of money, and it is difficult to find a high price, and the total print number of some volumes published in the past is about 1,000. I couldn't find it and borrowed the full text from the library to make a copy. Although there are some updated materials to refer to, there is no substitute for the Flora of Yunnan. While collecting the information, he immediately flew to Menghai to try a fieldwork. The result is satisfactory, and the heart is a bit of a spectrum. A year later, Peking University Press officially published the beautiful "Menghai Botanical Record", and soon appeared on several good book lists.
Liu Huajie, "Plants of Menghai", Peking University Press
"Menghai Botanical Records" is not something that can be done by sitting at home searching, downloading, and reading literature, but must collect data (observation, shooting) on site at different stages of plant growth again and again, so traveling between Menghai and Beijing has become a common thing throughout the year. In the early stage, it had to pass through Kunming, and later there was a direct flight from Beijing to Xishuangbanna, which wasted less time before and after. During the year, as soon as I finished class in Beijing, I flew to Menghai and traveled to all 6 towns in Menghai County (Menghai Town, Daluo Town, Mengsha Town, Mengchao Town, Mengman Town, Meng'a Town) and 5 townships (Mengsong Township, Mengxiang Township, Gelang and Hani Nationality Township, Brown Mountain Brown Nationality Township, Xiding Hani Brown Nationality Township); the highest point in the territory is in the northeast of the slippery bamboo beam, to climb personally, so as to have a specific understanding of the interaction between Menghai plants, people and plants under various landform types. So that later, the mind is full of place names and plant names, the two are firmly locked, such as Suhu / Mekong cone, Manchan / Shaozi, Man'a / Menghai Tianma, He Song / Yunnan Schisandra, Nannuoshan / Gao Pot Cherry, Mengxiang / Elm Green Wood, Meng'a / Iron Knife Wood, Gelanghe / Mimaoshan Stem Vegetables, Slippery Bamboo Liangzi / Daxu Drunken Fish Grass, Manwa / Daguoshan Xiangyuan, Mengsong / Gougou Mountain Alum. Some plants can't be seen once, just twice, three times if they don't work twice, or even five times! Of course, the specific location can not be remembered, every time you come to photograph a new plant, you must also quickly visit "old friends".
The field work is hard, but it must be happy. After returning to Beijing, identification and classification are often painful, and it is relatively easy to classify the genus, and it is sometimes very difficult to classify the genus. On the one hand, I am not a professional botanist after all, and third, there is also a controversy in the academic community about the division of some species, and different literature has different treatments. When it's fast, it's done in one minute, and when it's slow, it's not clear for a few days or even a week or a month. It is common to dissect flowers on the spot or the structure of dried flowers after the specimen and overturn their own hard-won judgments. Is this what philosophers should do? But who's to say that this is just something that professional classification workers need to care about? How do you know the ecology of species that do not recognize the actual growth of the wild land; how to make more macro policy judgments without understanding the current ecological situation?
The following is an excerpt from the "Chronicle of the Plants of Menghai":
August 28, 2018
At the top of Su MengHai Su Lake, I listened to the chicken chirping all night, and the "chicken crowing in the middle of the night" was not vain. At dawn, I couldn't wait to see two epiphytic ferns on the trees of the Rosaceae family and the Mekong cone trees of the Shell Family next to the path. The first leaf type is two-type (reproductive leaf one feather split), which has previously been seen in The Quercus Fern genus in Hunan Province, which is somewhat similar to it, and the same genus is different. The other leaf has multiple feathers, which are seen at least three times from a distance, and the genus of the bone fragment supplement family is not clear. Supplement: After returning to Beijing, it was found that the former was stone lotus ginger quercus fern, and the latter was a small membrane cover fern of the family Osteomatodynaceae. The latter alone took 4 hours.
August 29
On March 8, 1969, Zhu Xiaozhong, a 17-year-old Shanghai youth (not yet a youth to be precise), graduated from the junior high school of Dongchang Middle School in Huangpu District, responded to the call of the state, and rushed to the border 4,000 kilometers away to join the team. From Shanghai to Kunming by train for 5 days, then by truck for 5 days, 1 day by horse-drawn carriage and 1 day of wooden wheeled ox cart, we came to this Mansong village in Menghai County, Yunnan Province. Today, the original 12-day journey can be compressed to 1 day to complete. What is the concept of 17 years old? Can a 17-year-old now live independently away from home on a frontier thousands of kilometers away? In fact, many zhiqing were only 16 years old at the time, such as Liu Jie, a Beijing girl. After 9 days of turbulence from Beijing, she finally came to Mengshaba in Menghai County, where she lived in the most dilapidated bamboo building in the whole village, and without the daily companionship and care of The Dai Mitao (Meaning Dai Mother), she might not have survived the transformation.
Buddleja officinalis, the natives of Menghai use it to dye rice, so it is also called dyed rice flowers. Ethnobotany pays special attention to such plants and how they are used. This plant can also be seen in the morning market. Getting up early to visit the local morning market is a strange move for me to go out to any place, the purpose is to see what plant ingredients are in the local area, they reflect the local people's understanding of plants, and are an important part of naturalism and ethnobotany. For example, it is necessary to immediately know what the locals call it, such as amaranth, water coriander, stinky vegetables, dyed rice flowers, eleutherococcus, water bracken, fine bitter seeds, etc., that is, what the philosophical references are, and then according to the botanical literature, determine their official names and scientific names, which are broad-leaved leeks, watery herbs, feather-leaf acacia, dense flowers, edible double-covered ferns, white ferns, and prickly tomatoes. Note that the Menghai Eleutherococcus not equals eleuthero in North and Northeast China.
The hoof-cap fern family eats diplazium esculentum, also known as vegetable fern, water fern (dish), and cat fern. It is also often collected up the mountain in Hawaii to be eaten. This fern in Hawaii is transmitted from China and Southeast Asia. There are also some ferns that are edible in Menghai (such as the bowl fern family hair shaft fern), but this is the best tasting and most common one.
Lasia spinosa, a perennial evergreen herb with a cylindrical stem and some skin spines; petioles are spineless, honeycomb-shaped in cross-section, petioles are longer than leaves; leaf shapes are variable, young leaves are halberd-shaped, and adult leaf birds are foot-shaped and pinnate deeply lobed. I had seen it before in the Botanical Garden, but I didn't know that its young leaves could be used as vegetables. In fact, the Flora of China clearly states: "Young leaves can be eaten by vegetables." Similarly, monochoria vaginalis are sold in the market, which is beyond imagination.
Drynaria propinqua in the family Hydrocarpae. Leaf two-type. The sterile leaves are broadly ovate and pinnately deeply lobed. It can breed leaves about half a meter, and the size of the lobes is approximately equal. This excludes quercus quercus of the same genus, as it can only breed leaves. Secondly, the number of leaf lobes that can be bred is relatively small, 8-12 pairs. The Chinese quercus fern, Sichuan Dian quercus fern, and hairy quercus fern are all greater than or equal to 15 pairs, and the sclerophyll quercus fern is more than 30-40 pairs, which is obviously excluded. Third, the sporangia are born near the lobes, and each side is arranged in a neat row, forming a double-row structure on the lobe. Based on this, quercus quercus, quercus fern, and quercus doughnut can be clearly excluded, because these three species sporangia are scattered in large areas and do not have a neat double-row structure.
Water dragon orthopedics Stone Lotus Ginger Quercus Fern.
Osteochromia microfidulum cap fern, scientific name original Araistegia faberiana. If PPG is adopted, it should be changed to Davallodes faberianum. But there is a rule regarding the sex of genus names: both -odes and those ending with -oides are considered negative rather than neutral (but there are exceptions), so the correct scientific name is Davallodes faberiana. If the PPG's proposed concept of genus is adopted, its scientific name should be Davallia faberiana. This fern is epiphytic on the trunk of the tree, with four pinnate compound leaves, and the last small pinnae has a feather split, or according to the Flora of China, five pinnate fissures. One of the feathers is 12-15 pairs, the first pair is usually paired, and the rest are alternate. For details, see the detailed diagram on page 258 of volume 21 of the Flora of Yunnan. There is a trick to identify ferns: after the large class meets, the key is to look at the structure of the last pinnacles and the relative position of the nearby sporangia group. If this one does not match, it is useless for the other items to match. This type of fern can also be seen on old trees in tea gardens.
Cibotium barometz , a relatively tall fern with obliquely raised leaves. The rhizomes are recumbent, coarse, petioles tan, and the base is covered with a tuft of cushion-like golden fur, with hairs up to 12 cm long and shiny; the golden hairs at the base of the newly emitted young leaves are more pronounced; the leaves are larger, up to 180 cm long. Seen in one-sided light-transmitting, ventilated areas in forests.
Golden Retrievers of the Family Golden Retriever.
Brainea insignis, under the leaves. Grade II Key Protected Plants. A very beautiful large fern, viewed from a distance like cycads. The plant is about 1 meter tall and the leaves are 130 cm long. The leaf clusters grow at the top of the spindle and are slightly oblique. The leaves are pinnate and hard; 30-50 pairs of pinnacles. The pinnacles are alternate, and clear small triangles can be seen in the feather veins; clear small veins can be seen on both sides. This species should be well protected and mining is prohibited. One of the distributions in Menghai Town is not far from the road, the terrain is gentle, and in the future, consideration may be given to opening up eco-tourism routes or establishing biodiversity survey lines to guide people to go directly to the wild to watch.
Cycad fern of the Fern family, on the top of the leaves.
Woodwardia japonica. There are three species in Yunnan: the top bud dog ridge, the dog ridge and the southern Yunnan dog ridge. To distinguish this genus, you must look at the top two and look down. Looking up is whether it has bead buds, if there is a top bud dog ridge; looking down at its shape of "a lobe on the underside of the base of the lower pair of lateral feathers", if it is reduced to a round ear, a round head, and the shape of the lobe on it is not the same shape, it is a dog ridge, otherwise it is a Yunnan dog ridge. For ferns, all parts are filmed, "the devil is in the details". As for why this plant is named "Dog Ridge"? Guess "because the fern sporangia are arranged very similarly to the back of a dog, and thinner dogs can see it clearly." "Do you look like that?" There is also a species of dog ridge that is particularly interesting, which is not distributed in Yunnan, as detailed in the figure below.
Woodwardia prolifera, a different species in the same family as the upper ridge. Many dog ridges can be seen on the leaves, especially many standing "bead buds", which can theoretically grow new plants when the buds fall to the ground. Photographed on July 15, 2019 in Dawudi, Gutian, Fujian Province.
Blechnum orientale of the Umerocarpus family, leaf type II, clustered. The plant is up to 2 meters tall. The rhizomes are stubby, erect and woody. The leaves are pinnate, with most pinnacles, alternate, and the lower part is round-eared. The reddish-brown, shiny young leaves are very distinctive, which determines that it is a relatively easy to identify species in the large family of ferns. It is an acidic soil indicator plant.
Umbel fern.
Pteris wallichiana var. yunnanensis), a variant of the southwestern anchovy fern. Clumpy, petioles up to 110 cm long, chestnut red; leaf leathery, three deep feathers, the tip of the petiole is divided into three large branches, two branches laterally branched again, the outermost branch branched secondarily, and finally there are 7 main branches on the whole leaf, with 3 slightly longer in the middle; on each branch the pinnate compound leaf small pinnacles are deeply lobed or fully lobed; sporangia are born on the edges of both sides of the small lobes. Perhaps the most pronounced feature of this anchovy fern is the branching process of the petiole. The Yunnan anchovy fern differs from the original variant in that it is 2 meters tall, and the petiole and leaf shaft are densely covered with purple-brown nodular bristles, and the small feather shafts are also sparsely covered with purple-brown nodular hairs.
Alsophila costularis: The remaining old petioles under the stem. Two semi-pinnate compound leaves (two complete pinnate compound leaves, the last pinnacles pinnate deep lobes), the feather shaft and small pinnae have hairs under the ribs, and the sporangia are spherical, close to the ribs in the lobes.
Microsorum membranaceum epigenetically grows in the lower part of large tree trunks. Leaves are near-lived or clustered. The midrib and lateral lobes are raised under the leaves, and the sporangia are orange-yellow, scattered between the lateral veins below the leaves, like a star bucket in the night sky.
Pseudocyclosorus esquirolii in the family Venus fern, with distant leaves, leaves more than 1 meter long, two deep feathers; sporangia grow in the middle of the lateral veins, 9-11 pairs per lobe; the caps of the sacs are flattened in the shape of letters C; and the lobes are up to 40 pairs.
Odontosoria chinensis, a group of sporangia that grows at the end of the 4-fold fissure, turns white and then brown as it grows, and matures like a small rake.
Specimen of Pteris linearis in the family Pinnacle Fern, collected from Menghai Manwa Waterfall. The second deep feather is split, and the lateral pinnae are opposite or alternate.
Pteris vittata , with nearly leathery , pinnate leaves ; the small leaves are nearly opposite , with ears at the base and parallel veins. The leaves are densely covered with scales when young. Centipede grass is distributed throughout Yunnan.
Diplopterygium chinense, underneath (partial) of dry dead leaves. The sporangia are significant, which distinguishes them from red hair in white, white in light, and so on.
Pronephrium lakhimpurense, leafy, odd pinnate compound leaves, 8-12 pairs of pinnacles; the pinnae are broad lanceolate, with shallow waves at the edges, and the wide V-shaped veins are interconnected and tile-like. See The Waterfall in Weidong Baizhang cliff.
Lygodium salicifolium, a climbing fern. The small pinnae are alternate, striped, and heart-shaped at the base; the "joint" is located at the tip of the small feather, that is, the depression of the heart; the lateral vein bifurcation, which reaches the edge of the small pinnae; the sporangia are located at the edge of the small pinnae. Note the location of the Joint.
Cyclosorus parasiticus in the Family Venus fern, 70 cm tall; leaf proximity, quadratic feathered; leaf oblong lanceolate; pinnacles 12-16 pairs, approximately parases, sessile; deep fissures on the pinnae, 20-25 pairs, a pair of basal extensions towards the leaf axis, beyond the leaf axis; sporangia are rounded, in the middle of the lateral vein.
Henckelia pumila, an annual herb with a short stem. The leaves are green, with purple spots, with shallow serrations at the edges, and the leaf surface is sparsely hairy; the polyumbeliss are axillary, the calyx funnel-shaped bell; the corolla is lilac, the barrel is yellowish-white, slightly softly hairy on the outside, the crown barrel is narrowly funnel-shaped, the crown eaves are bilabial, the upper lip is 2 lobes, the lower lip is 3 lobes, and the capsules are linear, up to 12 cm long. The leaf-leaved lip column moss has a long flowering period, and it is still blooming vigorously when revisited on October 1. This plant can be considered for development as a horticultural variety. In the flower exhibition of the bitter moss family, there are not many varieties cultivated Chinese.
Camellia calyx (Pyrenaria diospyricarpa, according to FOC), leaf paper (not floral thin leather), thin and brittle skin, unligmentary, juicy fruit, in order to distinguish it from Mengla stone fruit tea. The seeds are very characteristic: flaky, oblong, hard and boney seed coat, somewhat similar to the seeds of the Family Laminae.
Camellia calyx nucleus tea, cut fruit.
Schisandra henryi subsp. yunnanensis), a subspecies of Pterodactyl Schisandra, is known in the Flora of Yunnan as Yunnan Iron Hoop Dispersion, and the type specimen was collected from Simao, now Pu'er. Tasted a little, not very sour, no Northeast Schisandra (S. chinensis) taste heavy. The female flower stalk of Yunnan Schisandra is 8 cm long, which is twice as long as Schisandra.
Sterculia principis, a shrub, about a meter tall. The leaves are oval or striped oval. A general or less branched conical inflorescence. The flowering period is in March and the fruiting period is in June. Found in the Benggang Forest.
Sterculia lanceaefolia, shrub or tree. The petiole is 2–4 cm long and swollen at both ends; the apex of the leaf is bluntly pointed and rounded at the base; the leaf is 22 cm long and 6–9 cm wide; the lateral veins are 7–10 on each side; the inflorescence is axillary, red; the sepals are bell-shaped, 5 deeply lobed, lantern-bone-like, without petals. See Manwa Falls.
Craspedolobium unijugum, the only species of croton vine in the family Croton, is common in Menghai. There are 3 leaves, and there are 3-7 seeds in the pods. A variety of flora say that this vine is 3 meters long, inaccurate, in fact, it can reach 25 meters, or even longer! In folklore, croton vine is also called blood vine. And "blood vine" corresponds to a lot of plants. To identify this plant, climb to the top of the vine to pick flowers or fruits.
Climbing to the top and picking the bean bean vine inflorescence, waiting for it to flower is a difficult thing, and it is equally difficult to pick it off.
Quickly dissect the flowers of the bean family croton vine in the wild with a mini saber.
After returning to Beijing, the dried flowers of the bean family were dissected with warm water and the pictures were drawn. The keel flap (K) is nearly equal in length to the wing flap (W). The keel flap has ears on one side (a); the wing flap (W) has ears on one side (b) and the missing (c) on the other side.
Capparis urophylla in the citrus family sees only small seedlings, about 1 meter tall. The twigs have small spines, the base of the leaf is rounded or sharply pointed, and the apex is gradually narrowed and extended into a long tail. There are 5 pairs of lateral veins, which communicate with each other at two-thirds of the way to the leaf edge. In terms of leaf veins, the whole is a bit like the leaves of a shrunken Bodhi tree.
Castanopsis mekongensis, known in Dai as Mazurosaurus. Leaf veins 11-20 pairs. Don't underestimate the nature of the leaf margins, quite a few shelled plants have serrated leaf margins, while the Mekong cone does not! This alone excludes a subset of species. The Mekong cone is one of the most important trees in the Menghai Forest Area. There is only one nut in the total bud, which is also an important identification feature. Its nuts are edible raw, have a sweet taste, and can be hungry in the wild. There are fried nuts in sacks in the market, which the local people call manden fruit and wild plate millet. Nuts can be eaten from the end of August, although they are not fully ripe at this time, and they are ripe by mid-September, and can be eaten until February of the following year. The Mekong cone in the forest area always drops a large amount of fruit, but it is wrapped in a thorny bud.
Shell bucket family Mekong cone. Like a hedgehog, the total bract is difficult to deal with, and it is a part that the plant evolved to protect nuts from being wasted. In the wild, if you do not have professional tools, you can use the soles of your shoes to rub the total buds wrapped in nuts on the stone, do not exert force in the center, but exert force in a lateral direction, first tear open a hole in the total bud along the suture line, expose the nuts a little, and then step on the scattered total buds and quickly get the nuts.
Epigynum auritum is a climbing shrub with long yellow hairs on both sides of the young branches and leaves, and the young branches have milk in their fractures. The leaves are opposite, papery, oval, with a short apex to the caudal tip, a shallow heart-shaped base; 10-13 pairs of lateral veins, the midrib is concave above the leaf and raised below the leaf. It looks a bit like honeysuckle, but you can rule it out by pinching it with your hand. There are about 14 species of Simao vine in the world, and only one species is produced in China.
Fruit of the ginger family (Amomum tsaoko) (8 grains, red), leaves and seeds of Gnetum pendulum in the family Hempenidae, shell bucket of Quercus rex (only 1, buckled back), fruit of Elaeocarpus sikkimensis, pearl buds of Dioscorea pentaphylla (11 grains), Taken on August 30, 2018.
Nephelium chryseum, along with the tropical fruit rambutan, is part of the genus But not a species. There are three species in China: rambutan, shaozi and Hainan shaozi, of which rambutan is an exotic species. Shaozi grows into a large tree in Menghai, with a straight trunk, a chest diameter of 40 cm, and a height of about 20 meters. Even pinnate compound leaves, often 4 pairs of leaflets; leaves are thin and leathery, oblong, full margin; lateral veins are larger than 9 on each side. I followed this plant for a whole year, and as I wished, I saw that the flowers also ate a lot of fruit.
The fruit of the subfamily Apocynaceae, peel off the outer skin.
Dendrotrophe varians (according to FOC), woody vine, the stem is mainly left-handed, there are also right-handed and the same plant, that is, similar to the chirality of He Shou Wu and Asteraceae. The fruit is oval in shape, measuring 9–12 mm long and 7–8 mm in diameter. What is shown is its fruit and seeds. Why take a closer look at flowers and seeds? Because the reproductive organs are relatively stable, they are important for classification.
Lauro-cerasus jenkinsii. When I first met, don't say "species", even "section" can not be judged. Asked about the local Dai wave, said a string of common names that are not clear to hear, it seems to be ma-man-tun, according to this sound to find the "plant Dai name and its interpretation", not included. When he heard that the fruit could be eaten, he searched carefully under the tree and finally found a core from the previous season (see picture below). There is this fruit core to make a preliminary judgment, but it is not impossible to confirm that it is from this tree! A few months later, I came to observe again, the flowering period passed, the fruit was borne, and then I observed it several times, and finally tasted it, and the taste was acceptable. There is hope of cultivating a fruit.
A cinnamon cherry fruit kernel (multiple sides of the same grain) found under the tree. This fruit is a great indication for guessing the type of plant. Only the strong core of the genus is the larger core, which matches the size of the one found.
Hooks on the stems of the Large-leaved Uncaria macrophylla in the Rubiaceae family can be hooked to each other and protected from the wind.
Spherical fruit of the Five-Column Family (formerly Camellia family) Tea Pear (Anneslea fragrans). The peel is thick, leathery, near the lower position, and has pockmarks on the outside. Sepals 5, thick and relatively large, up to 15 mm long. Can this fruit be eaten? After tasting it, I felt that it had no edible value. Tea pear has two other common names: Annas tree and pig's head fruit, one ocean and one soil, which is very interesting.
There are 208 species of the rosaceae family Rubus rufus, of which 139 species are endemic. There are 105 species and 33 varieties in Yunnan. Scary isn't it? This genus alone can write a book. If you can't tell the difference, you can call it "Rubus" (Rubus), identify this genus, even if you don't know the specific species, it doesn't matter, you can still eat from Heilongjiang to Hainan, from north to south (the fruit is edible). Taken in the early morning of January 4, 2019, near the Nam Nuo Shan Meteorological Tower, where I lived the night before.
Trichosanthes dunniana in the family Cucurbitaceae, the genus of Menghai Chestnut is very rich. Compared with the safflower chestnut, the fruit of the rough-spotted chestnut has a more pronounced column base at the top, the seeds are slightly wider, and there is a third of the strips of convexity in the middle of the seeds. The three are all red fruits, but the seeds are increased in turn. Someone merged the Rough Point Chestnut Building into the Red Flower Chestnut Building.
Trichosanthes lepiniana. The fruit is inverted conical, with a pointed end and a beak, unlike the spherical safflower chestnut seen in Meng Ong a few days ago. The leaves are nearly rounded in outline, maple-like, pentagonal, and not deeply lobed. A fruit was dissected on the spot, and the melon was still black-green, a very ugly color. The seeds are large, leg-shaped, asymmetrical to the left and right, and the umbilical end of the seed is relatively narrow, bright black when fresh, and dark brown after drying. The seeds are 13–17 mm long, 10 mm wide and 3 mm thick, much larger and in different colours than the seeds of the Safflower Chestnut.
Orchidaceae (Anthogonium gracile), the only species in this genus. The leaves are papery, narrow lanceolate, 10–30 cm long and 1–3 cm wide, tapering at the apex, narrowed at the base into a short stalk; the flower leaf is slender, upright, higher than the leaf; the inflorescence is inflorescence, with several sparse flowers.
Ficus semicordata, under the leaves. When I first came to Menghai, I didn't find the fig fruit, and I didn't dare to set the seed easily. Half a year later, he finally found his fig fruit unexpectedly in Mengxiang Township, and the water fell out. This banyan tree is also common in Hesong and Brown Mountain. Why is it called? Look at the shape of the leaf base! If you ask again: what does a chicken look like? I have to say: The next time I see a full chicken, take a good look and know.
The fig fruit of the Banyan fig of the Sanko chicken waited for more than half a year to find its fruit.
There is only one kind of dried fruit tree (Xerospermum bonii) in the family Apocynaceae. Up to 6 meters tall. Even pinnate compound leaves, the fruit is ovoid and yellow. Like the dragon's eye of the same family, it is smaller and not round enough. Very sweet and hopefully cultivated into a fruit.
Pegia nitida of the family Sumac family, climbing wood vines. The twigs are densely covered with yellow fluff. Compound leaves have 9-15 leaflets. The fruit is not fully ripe and cannot be eaten. Can be eaten when cooked thoroughly. So is the fruit on this picture ripe now? Still far away, at this time eat the hot mouth, rinse the mouth repeatedly, and after a few hours it is normal.
Large flesh tree (Sarcosperma arboreum) of the family Lamidae. Trees, leaves opposite or near pairs, sometimes alternate, oblong or sparsely oval, full margin. The drupe is oblong and 1 seed. The fruit is said to be edible.
Neem Picolum (Dysoxylum lenticellatum). Deciduous trees, 10-30 m tall; the twigs have small skin holes and the leaf marks are obvious. Leaves are alternate, 9-11 leaflets, pairs. Flowering period is from February to April. Only one plant was seen along a river in Brown Mountain. Most of the fruit that falls to the ground is eaten by animals. In order to observe the ripe fruit, a precise throwing activity begins!
Engelhardia spicata in the walnut family. Even pinnate compound leaves, thin leathery, 4-7 pairs of leaflets, 12-15 pairs of lateral veins. The fruit inflorescence is relatively long, up to 40 cm, drooping, and the fruit is up to 100 on each order, and the fruit is spherical. The lower part of the fruit is attached to the bracts of Sucun, and the base of the bracts is densely covered with white bristles, the lobes are three-fingered, and the middle lobes are larger. The fruit has membranous bracts, which are equivalent to the wings of the fruit, and the fruit rotates according to it when it falls.
Yunnan yellow berries of the walnut family. Fruit placed on cardboard.
At the end of the Book of Plants of Menghai, the following suggestions are made:
1. Do not covet the "good plants" of other people's homes, give priority to identifying, using, displaying and publicizing native species, and cautiously introduce and use exotic species.
2. It is strictly forbidden to use non-native species in street tree seedlings, because doing so is a sign of self-confidence and is equivalent to using your own billboard to advertise to others for free.
3. Immediately establish indigenous seed nurseries to provide a variety of indigenous seedlings to all sectors of society.
4. Plan the Menghai Native Botanical Garden to research, develop and display local characteristic plants.
5. To change the situation of single cultivation, there should be enough native trees in the tea garden.
6. The county's Pu'er tea should be reduced in quantity and quality, and the opening of new tea gardens should be strictly controlled.
7. Strengthen the protection of wild orchids, put an end to illegal trade, and all social entities shall not harvest wild orchids without permission.
8. Domestication and development of local wild vegetables and wild fruits to form an industry.
9. Closely integrate the conservation of biodiversity and ethnic and cultural diversity with the construction of eco-tourism publicity and research bases.
10. Write local knowledge teaching materials suitable for primary and secondary schools, and lay a solid foundation for people to understand and love their hometown.
Further reading:
Traveling to Hawaii, followed teacher Liu Huajie to start the journey of naturalistic life | Recommended No.77
April on earth, in the name of grass and trees, awaken your spring | Zhishu No.55
(This article is authorized by the public account of the Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences of Peking University, editor / Liu Shanshan, reviewer / Ren Hui)