The famous German psychologist Ebbinghaus famously said:
"Psychology has a long history, but only a short history."
Psychology, as the youngest science, but in the short course of her history, there are many "strange things" that have emerged...
There is an "old rogue", mountains, rivers and mountains can be imagined as genitals;
There is an "old naughty boy" who thinks about playing games with children every day;
There is a "good old man" whose opinions are respected;
There is a "little angry youth", so extreme that doing experiments can scare children out of phobias;
There is also a "sadist" who takes pleasure in torturing pigeons and white rats...
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="217" > The Honter of Scientific Psychology</h1>
When it comes to psychology, it is necessary to mention the founder, William Wundt.
Oh, it looks like this
Feng Te was born into a famous family since he was a child, and at that time, it can be said that no one in Germany has a better family than the old Feng family. Because his family's relatives were either historians, geographers, economists, or doctors and officials.
However, Wundt had a sad childhood, his brother was away from school and was not at home, and his mother gave birth to two more children, but the infancy was hung up. Wundt had only one little friend in his childhood, and the key was a mental retardation. What a bitter boy...
In 1857, Wundt went to heidelberg university as a teacher in the department of physiology, opened a course of experimental physiology, and began a university teaching career.
However, his teaching position is unpaid, the school does not give money, the income is paid by the student's tuition, and the more students who take the course, the more the teacher earns.
As a result, only 4 students took Mr. Feng's classes.
Soon, Wundt fell ill and went to the Alps to recuperate.
In 1876, the University of Leipzig assigned a house to Mr. Feng te to put experimental equipment, which was originally a student canteen and now became Mr. Feng's warehouse.
Teacher Feng gave students physiological psychology classes and did some experiments, but every time the equipment was too troublesome to move to the classroom, he did it in the warehouse, and as a result, the more the equipment was bought, and he occupied some of the neighboring houses.
In 1879, Mr. Feng began to do psychological experiments, and scientific psychology was born.
Although Wundt's laboratory had been running for several years before 1879 and claimed to have established scientific psychology in this year, it was not officially recognized until 1883, and there was no Wundt's proud psychology laboratory in the official directory of the University of Leipzig.
Later, Teacher Feng got angry, threatened the school leaders, did not admit to leaving, and wanted to jump ship to other colleges and universities, and the school gave in and approved his laboratory.
Teacher Murphy said that before that, psychology was like a wandering child, after this, psychology finally had its own home.
Thanks to the teacher Torvant, psychology has since completely separated from philosophy and become a new independent science.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="221" > psychoanalytic Freud</h1>
Born in Moravia on 6 May 1856, Freud moved to Vienna with his family at the age of 4.
Freud's father was married twice. He was the son of his father's second wife. As the saying goes, old men, young wives, and children are smart, and Freud conforms to this law.
Long like this
He showed extraordinary intelligence in middle school and has always been at the top of the list. He was so clever that his dad bragged to others, "My son's toes are better than my brains." ”
At the age of 17, Freud was admitted to the Medical School of the University of Vienna, and in 1886 he married Martha Burles, having three sons and three daughters, and the daughter later became a famous psychologist.
In 1938, Freud moved to London after being persecuted by the Nazis, and on September 23, 1939, Freud died of oral cancer in London.
In terms of the development of psychology, the psychoanalytic theory proposed by Freud is the earliest psychological counseling therapy system, which was established in 1896 and laid a solid foundation for the development of modern psychological counseling.
The psychoanalytic school proposes the theories commonly used in psychological counseling:
Unconscious theory, psychosexual development theory, personality structure theory (id, self, and superego), psychological defense mechanism theory.
However, psychoanalytic therapy has not been recognized by all counselors, who believe that psychoanalytic theory simply emphasizes human biology and ignores human rationality and sociality. Too much emphasis is placed on the role of sexual instinct. The course of treatment is too long, the cost is too large, and the efficacy is not certain.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="224" > behaviorist Watson</h1>
Watson was the university's first doctor of psychology and the youngest professor ever at the University of Chicago. Handsome, young and promising.
After graduation, he stayed in school to teach, and such a young male teacher naturally won the attention of many female fans of students.
Once Watson invigilated the exam, a girl saw him very excited, embarrassed herself, did not write the exam questions, directly on the examination room to Watson wrote a love letter, "his dark and thick hair, glowing eyes ...", Watson received the exam paper to receive the love letter, and finally put the female student together.
Her name was Mary Iggis, a brave girl from high society who became Watson's first wife.
"Please give me a dozen healthy and flawless babies and let me be raised in my special world, then I can vouch for the fact that out of these dozen babies I can train him to be an expert of any kind."
Whatever his abilities, hobbies, tendencies, talents, occupations, or races, I was able to train him to be a doctor, or a lawyer, or an artist, or a business leader, or even a beggar or a thief. "
This is what Watson, a famous "angry youth" in the history of psychology, said, and this passage has always been recognized as a classic expression of environmental determinism.
Watson attaches great importance to the sexual affairs of men and women, and he once had a motto: "Sex makes people quiet", and once married, he will not be irritable.
At the same time, he also attaches great importance to sex education. In the second marriage, as soon as the child could speak, the wife taught the child the correct pronunciation of "genitals" and later told him about the specific function of this thing. Watson believed that it was necessary to give the child true and objective sexual knowledge, so he and his wife personally demonstrated to the child...
Watson's theory of behaviorism, established in 1913, advocated shaping human behavior by controlling the environment and applying reinforcement.
However, it is not admired by all psychologists.
They believe that behaviorist therapy simply emphasizes human mechanics, ignores human subjective initiative, and denies people's advanced psychological activities.
However, today's psychological counselors will still use systematic desensitization methods, relaxation training and other methods and techniques in psychological counseling.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="225" > new behaviorist Skinner</h1>
Throughout the history of psychology, no one can stand out, so relative to Freud, I fan Skinner.
Many people talk about psychology, knowing only Freud and not Skinner, but Skinner's influence on the psychology department is more powerful, and the American Psychological Association's survey ranks first.
Skinner's research, from basic theory all the way to applied practice, has been quite successful. He can also write novels, often appear on television, not only give interviews, but also do animal training performances. This man is such an all-rounder...
The first time Skinner hit THE TV, he made a big splash: "If I had to choose between burning my own children or my own books, I would like to burn my own children first." ”
Of course, this led to a public uproar, and the effect was just like Mano's sentence "I'd rather laugh in a BMW than cry on a bicycle".
Psychologists say this so eye-catching, as a result, the TV stations continue to invite him, Skinner often appeared, and he became famous.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="228" > the stories of other big bulls in psychology</h1>
In 1909, the 20th anniversary of Clark University, Hall, the president of psychology, wanted to find some experts to support the scene.
So the principal ran to invite Wundt and offered $750 for the trip, but Fengte, an old pedant who hated travel and fresh excitement, pushed that he was old and unwilling to move.
The headmaster went to invite Ebbinghaus, who was famous for studying the forgetting curve, and he wanted to come, but no one came and hung up;
Invited Freud, offered 400 US dollars for travel expenses, Fu Ye said no, is opening to the United States income is too affected.
Hall said that if you don't pay the full travel expenses, you will be treated the same as Wundt, it will be 750 US dollars, and you will be given a degree - Freud is here.
The history of psychology has changed as a result.
Hall invited Freud to come to the United States, and Freud became famous ever since.
But when Freud gave a lecture at Clark University, the performance of the two men was very interesting: Tiechenner, the authentic heir of scientific psychology, listened for a while and left; and the functionalist master James, although seriously ill, listened to it for a day.
The photo below is of Freud's trip to the United States, at Clark University. At that time, the cattle in the psychology world were on it, you find out for yourself, who is standing where?
(ps: first row left two Iron Chinner, left three James; left six Hall; first row right three Jung, right four Freud)
In addition to the above four psychology bigwigs, there are several powerful psychology representatives, I will briefly introduce it.
Maslow was the product of the marriage of close relatives, his father was Jewish, and married his cousin who gave birth to him. Eugenics did not do a good job, so the pony looks ugly and has been inferior since childhood.
Dad added fuel to the fire and said, "Have you ever seen a child who is uglier than him?" "Mom and Dad have a bad relationship, and it's not good for him." The teachers and classmates at the school did not like Jews either—and later, Maslow proposed a theory of very loving humanistic psychology.
Fistinger rose to fame for his research on the theory of cognitive dissonance. However, later, he got tired of playing, abandoned social psychology, and established a perceptual laboratory to conduct physiological experimental research.
Later, I got tired of playing and began to study archaeology and anthropology;
Later, I got tired of playing and began to study religious culture... Later, before the results were published, the old man died.
Seligman began to study learned helplessness, the main practice is to abuse dogs through electric shocks, after many unsuccessful attempts to evade electric shocks, some experimental dogs gave up avoiding pain, silently endured electric shocks, and even depression.
However, there are also some puppies, no matter how many times the researchers have been electrocuted, they never give up dodging, they have repeatedly lost battles, they have always rushed to defeat, they are very annoying, they do not match the assumptions, and they are killed as extreme values at the beginning.
Later, Seligman pondered, isn't this the evidence of the diaosi counterattack, these insurmountable puppies, has become an important reason for Seligman's advocacy of positive psychology.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="230" > psychology and The origin of China. </h1>
"Heart disease also requires heart medicine."
This sentence is more like an ancient description of psychology.
Compared with Germany and the United States, which are quite enthusiastic about psychology, China, with its 5,000-year culture, is not too far behind.
In our country, psychology was called "psychology" by the ancients. In other words, it's what we often call idealism. Representative figures include Ghost Guzi, Confucius, Mozi, Wang Yangming and others.
In 1921, the first psychological society was established in China.
Unfortunately, due to the Japanese invasion and the Cultural Revolution, the development of Chinese psychology was twice stalled. After the Cultural Revolution, psychology reappeared from the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
However, what really made everyone understand psychology was the sudden earthquake in Wenchuan on May 12, 2008.
The Wenchuan earthquake nearly collapsed tens of thousands of people, and in addition to providing assistance to the army, doctors and material support, the state also sent a psychological medical team to help the bereaved and homeless victims of the earthquake to rebuild their minds after the earthquake.
In fact, post-disaster psychological rescue has always existed, after the Los Angeles fire in the United States, the Great Earthquake in Japan and other events, these two countries have sent psychologists to conduct psychological counseling.
On October 12, 2019, the first China Psychological Counselor Development Conference is being held in Qingdao, the theme of the conference is "standardizing psychological counseling services, improving the level of professional ability", the conference invited more than 230 psychological counseling experts and scholars from all over the country, more than 1,000 counselor representatives.
According to the Report on the Development of Mental Health in China, the World Health Organization estimates that more than 300 million people around the world are suffering from depression.
It is also because of the increasing trend of mental health problems of different groups of people such as adolescents and teachers that mental health problems have to be paid attention to.
Shakespeare said that if you are mentally prepared, then all preparations are complete.
Psychology is a discipline that leads to the future.
- THE END -
· One point spirit, pay attention to personal psychological growth, accompany you to become a better self