As we already know in the previous episode, the Eastern Han Dynasty finally reintegrated the Western Regions into the embrace of the Central Dynasty after arduous "three absolute and three links", thus ensuring the smooth flow of the Silk Road. But after all, the Eastern Han Dynasty was not as good as the Western Han Dynasty, it could not invest too many resources in the western region, and the relationship between a big country like Wusun in the outer northwest region and the central dynasty was also inseparable.
In 127 AD, Ban Yong led an army to attack Yanqi, and Yanqi surrendered. This war caused "seventeen kingdoms such as Guizi, Shule, Khotan, and Shache to obey, but wusun and the west of the Onion Ridge were extinguished." Then, with the decline of the Eastern Han Empire, in the last year of the Han Ling Emperor, the Yellow Turban Rebellion broke out, and the Eastern Han Dynasty's rule over the Western Regions came to an end.
But the history of the Western Regions, including the Outer Northwest, will not stand still, and it will continue to move forward along its own unique veins. At this time, the Central Plains ended the great unification of the Qin and Han Dynasties and moved towards a great split, from the wei shu wu three divisions of the world, to the eastern Jin Dynasty of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms, and then to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, a total of four hundred years.
At this time, since there was no sustained and powerful central empire, it was difficult for the separatist regimes in the Central Plains to infiltrate their forces west of Yumen Pass. The strategic space left by the retreat of the Central Empire was soon filled by other forces, and the nomadic regimes in the northern steppes and the powerful tribes around the western region took advantage of the opportunity to rise and appeared very active, and they regarded the western region and the outer northwest as their own deer hunting places. For hundreds of years, ethnic minorities such as Xianbei, Rouran, Yueban, Zhaoda, and Turkic have staged wonderful historical tragedies and comedies here.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="5" >01 Wusun</h1>
In the early Western Han Dynasty, the Wusun people of the Outer Northwest region migrated to the Ili River Valley and the area around Lake Issyk-Kul, merged with the remaining Cypriots and Dayue people, and gradually became more powerful, establishing the famous Wusun Kingdom in history, the royal capital of Chigu City (southeast of Lake Issyk-Kul in the present-day Kyrgyz Republic). Wusun guo has "120,000 households, 630,000 mouths, and 188,800 victorious soldiers", and is the largest country in the western region.
In 60 BC (the second year of the Western Han Dynasty), the Western Han Dynasty set up the Western Regions Capital Protectorate, Wusun was under the jurisdiction of the Western Regions Capital Protectorate, and the vast area of the Ili River Valley south of the present-day East of Lake Balkhash was officially incorporated into China's territory. Later, Wusun split into two parts: Great Kunmi and Little Kunmi. They accepted the influence and influence of Han culture and turned from the original nomadic to sedentary life.
Wusun was at its peak during the Two Han Dynasties and has always been a very reliant force of the Han Dynasty, which used Wusun to "break the right arm of the Xiongnu". However, after the decline of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wusun also gradually weakened and was invaded by other more powerful nomadic tribes. In the 2nd century AD, the first chief of Xianbei, Tanshi Huai, rose in the Mongolian steppe, forcing the Northern Xiongnu to migrate westward, and the Northern Xiongnu occupied the territory of the former Wusun Xiaokunmi, and Wusun was forced to gradually move westward, and the national strength declined day by day.
In the 5th century, after the rise of the Ruoran Khanate in the north of the desert, Wusun was often attacked by it. The Book of Wei and the Biography of the Western Regions contains:
"The Usun kingdom resides in Akaya Castle, northwest of Guizi, to dai 180,000 miles. Its country number is invaded by worms, and it migrates to the west in the onion ridge, without a city, with livestock, chasing water and grass. ”
The Green Ridge is now the Pamir Plateau, and the creep is soft. Due to the repeated infestations of Rouran, Wusun had to relocate to the Pamir Plateau again as a nomadic herder.
In 437, Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei sent Dong Huan as an envoy to Wusun, who paid tribute to the Northern Wei dynasty. Since then, the chinese historical records have lost the record of Wusun. It was not until 938, the first year of Emperor Taizong of Liao's reign, that the History of Liao showed that Wusun sent envoys to Liao to pay tribute and Liao set up "Wusun State Palace" in Wusun. Subsequently, Wusun, who had been prominent in the Outer Northwest Region, gradually merged with its neighbors and disappeared.
The clan names of Wusun disappeared, but they merged with other ethnic groups to form a new nation. Modern scholars believe that one of the ethnic origins of the Kazakh people is Wusun.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="13" >02 Xianbei</h1>
Since the collapse of the Huns, Xianbei has taken its place. Around the end of the Huan Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Xianbei chieftain Tan Shihuai unified the xianbei tribes and "copied the edge of the border in the south, rejected Ding Zero in the north, attacked Fuyu in the east, attacked Wusun in the west, and did everything in the xiongnu homeland... Wusun twenty-odd yi is the western part. This shows that Wusun at that time already belonged to Xianbei, but it does not mean that Wusun had destroyed the country or moved elsewhere. This is because the Xianbei regime is a military tribal alliance, generally subordinate to its tribes or countries, and most of them retain their original territories and methods of rule.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="15" >03.1</h1>
In the outer northwest region, after Wusun, it was the Yue Ban Kingdom that came to the stage of history. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Northern Xiongnu moved west to Kangju, and their tribes of old, weak, sick and disabled people stayed in the Bayinbrook grassland north of Yanqi in Xinjiang, and later assimilated and integrated with the Wusun people and the Gaoche people, becoming a country of their own, which was called "Yueban" by later generations. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the border was widened to the Ili River Valley.
Because this yuebang country is relatively little recorded in historical records, its origin is still in doubt. One theory is that it was part of the Northern Xiongnu, and some people say that Yueban is Wusun, and some people think that the later Yueda is Yueban.
But in any case, after Wusun was attacked by Rouran and "migrated west to the green mountains", Yue Fan occupied the original ecological status of Wusun. And in the war with the Northern Wei and Rouran for hegemony, Yue Ban first befriended Rouran, and soon turned against each other, and the two countries have been fighting endlessly since then. Later, Yue Ban allied with the Northern Wei to jointly attack Rouran, and maintained friendly relations with the Northern Wei. Its political influence is similar to that of Wusun in the Han Dynasty.
In 437, Emperor Taiwu of northern Wei wanted to unite with Yueban to attack Rouran, so he sent Dong Huan and Gao Ming to the Western Regions and met with King Yueban. In 448, Yue Sent envoys to Northern Wei for help, hoping that the East and the West would join forces to attack Rouran. The powerful Rouran actually lost first and then won, successfully recapturing Yanqi and then destroying the Gaochang regime. Rouran kept harassing Yueban, and under Rouran's persecution, Yueran then moved west to Europe.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="20" >03 rouran</h1>
Xianbei gradually moved south from the desert grasslands, and then entered the Central Plains, and the space after it was vacated was occupied by Rouran. In 402, the Ruoran nobleman Shelun led his people to the north of the desert to avoid Northern Wei Bingfeng, and after successively annexing some Gaoche tribes and the remnants of the Xiongnu, gradually became stronger, becoming another prosperous steppe empire after the Xiongnu and Xianbei.
The heyday of Ruoran was from about 410 to 425 AD, and its power spread throughout the north and south of the desert: north to the shores of Baikal Lake, south to the northern foothills of the Yin Mountains, northeast to the Daxing'an Mountains, bordered by Didouyu, southeast of Kumoshi and Khitan on the Xilamulun River, far west and the Junggar Basin and the Ili River Basin, and once entered the Tarim Basin, making the southern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains subservient to the states.
The Steppe regions of the Junggar Basin and the Ili River Valley, west of the Altai Mountains and north of the Tianshan Mountains, are not only ideal natural pastures for nomadic peoples, but also strategically located for them to go south through the oasis area in the south of the Tianshan Mountains. At the beginning of the 5th century, the Ruoran forces crossed the Altai Mountains and entered the northern part of the Tianshan Mountains.
Rouran's expansion first forced Wusun, northwest of Guizi, to abandon Akaya Castle and move into the Onion Ridge Mountains. After Wusun moved west, the Yue-like that that arose in its place became a resistance to the further development of the Ruoran forces to the west. In summary, under the blow of Rouran, yue was overwhelmed, and thirty-six counts went up to the top, and went far away to fly high.
However, under the repeated crusades of the Northern Wei Dynasty, rouran suffered heavy losses, and later under the attack of the Northern Wei and Gaoche from the north and south, the state gradually declined, and the power retreated east to the line of the Pu class sea (present-day Bari Kun Lake) at the eastern end of the Tianshan Mountains.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="26" >04 zhada</h1>
The Da people originated in northern Sai, and according to Chinese historical records, they originally lived north of the Great Wall, called the Slippery Kingdom. They are descendants of the Nomadic peoples of the Central Asian Cypriot race and the Da Yue people of the Han Dynasty, and are called "White Huns" (variants of the Xiongnu in their westward migration) by Western historians.
In the early 1970s, he migrated southwest across the Altai Mountains and occupied Sogdiana (the central Asian region). In the beginning, it was still relatively weak and small, and it was still attached to the Ruoran Khanate. Subsequently, the Squirrels began to expand dramatically. Crossing the Amu Darya River, he invaded Sassanid Persia, invaded Tocharotstan, and occupied most of Khorasan, forcing Posnagun to become a vassal. He invaded the Indian subcontinent several times, once advancing to Magadha and becoming the hegemon of the region.
In its heyday, its eastern sphere of influence included part of the Southern Road from the Onion Ridge to the Tianshan Mountains, and the Ili River Valley in the outer northwest was also under the rule of The Great.
The spearhead of the next step of expansion was directed at the Gaoche Kingdom in the east, and in order to jointly deal with the Gaoche Kingdom, it formed a long-term military and political alliance with Rouran and made peace. In 541 AD, Gao Cheguo died at Rouran. However, this revival of the Joran Khanate was short-lived, and soon after, the Joran Khanate died in turkistan. The Zoda was also "dispersed" under the blows of the Turks and gradually declined. At this point, the history of the Mongolian Plateau, the Western Regions, the Outer Northwest and Central Asia entered the Turkic era.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="31" >05 Turks</h1>
The ancestors of the Turks were originally active in the upper reaches of the present-day Yenisei River. During the Two Han Dynasties, he was enslaved by the Xiongnu. In the 5th century, Turkic nomads lived in the Jinshan (Altai Mountains) area, engaged in wrought iron and animal husbandry production. After Rouran became strong, he forged slaves for Rouran, and the golden mountain resembled a hood, hence the name "Turkic".
In 552 AD, the nomadic Turkic tribes in the Altai Mountains, under the leadership of their leader Ashina Tumen, destroyed the Ruoran Khanate and established the famous Turkic Khanate in the history of our country. Tumen's younger brother Murchmi led his tribe to fight in the western region, all over the homeland of Wusun, and the tooth tent was located in the Turks River Valley in present-day Ili, known as the Western Turks. From this time on, the history of the Outer Northwest entered the Turkic era until the Great Unified Empire of the East re-entered the region.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="34" >06 ending</h1>
The Wei and Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties were in the period of the first great division of China, and it is needless to say that since the Southern Crossing of the Jin Dynasty, most of the time it has been partial to the South and has achieved nothing. Although some powerful regimes have emerged in the north and unified the Yellow River Basin, for various reasons, there has been no opportunity to re-establish effective rule in the western region and the outer northwest.
But it is worth mentioning that the Former Qin general Lü Guangwei shook the Battle of the Western Regions. At that time, Former Qin had unified the north, and the soldiers and horses were strong. With the intention of going through the Western Regions, Jian Jian appointed Lü Guang as a general, and in 382 AD, he commanded 70,000 infantry, 5,000 iron horses, and a total of 75,000 soldiers and horses to conquer the Western Regions. Lü Guang finally broke through Guizi, and the kingdoms of the Western Regions were greatly shaken, and more than thirty countries in the Western Regions were worried about Lü Guang's prestige, and all of them sent envoys to Pay Tribute and submit to Former Qin.
Who knew that Providence was unpredictable, just in the year of Lü Guang's western expedition, Jian Jian launched a large-scale southern expedition to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and as a result, he was defeated in the Battle of Shuishui and returned. The Xianbei, Qiang, Xiongnu, Ding Zhi and other Hu tribes became independent one after another, and the north fell into division again, which suddenly buried the excellent situation that Lü Guang had opened.
Later, the Northern Wei Dynasty, founded by the Xianbei people, unified the Yellow River Valley, and the state was relatively powerful, but at this time its attention was completely focused on the Central Plains, and in the Mongolian steppe it also faced soft competition, making it have no time to look west. It was not until 589 AD, when Emperor Wen of Sui destroyed the Chen Dynasty in the south and unified the country, that the Great Unification Dynasty had the energy to continue to write about the glory of the two Han Dynasties in the Western Regions and the Outer Northwest.
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