Whether it is the early geological theory of rock fire, water theory, or the modern continental drift and plate theory, there is no Chinese figure. However, since the establishment of China in 1949 to the present more than 70 years, Chinese geologists have made continuous efforts to pioneer 12 major geological theories and made outstanding contributions to China's mineral and geological undertakings! Who are everyone, what theories have been proposed, what contributions have been made, Xiaobian has sorted out for everyone, let's take a look at it!
One
Geomechanics - Li Siguang
● Li Siguang (1889.10.26-1971.4.29), zi Zhonggong, formerly known as Li Zhonggong, Hubei Huanggang people, Mongolian, geologists, educators, musicians and social activists, is the founder of Chinese geomechanics, one of the main leaders and founders of China's modern earth science and geological work, the first batch of outstanding scientists after the founding of New China and the founder of outstanding contributions to the development of New China, in 2009 was elected as one of the 100 moving Chinese since the founding of New China.
Doctrine: Geomechanics is a tectonic geology theory founded in the 1940s by Chinese geologist Li Siguang on the basis of his study of Chinese and East Asian structures. It is mainly used to study geological tectonic phenomena from the perspective of mechanics, study the distribution of structural deformation in various parts of the earth's crust, its occurrence and development process, and use it to reveal the internal relationship between different tectonic deformations. Geomechanics pays attention to the analysis of tectonic systems, especially the activity rules and power sources of active structures, as well as the analysis of the mechanical mechanism of the formation of faults, folds and other structural traces, and also pays attention to the study of the influence of geostress and geological factors on the mechanical analysis of geotechnical engineering, and geomechanics has positive significance for the survey and exploration of mineral resources and the study of engineering geology and seismic geology.
Contribution: Geomechanics has played an important role in mineral and hydrogeology, engineering geological exploration, seismic geology, geothermal geology and regional stability research, especially in the prediction of China's petroleum, coalfields and certain metal minerals, and in solving geological problems encountered in the construction of major projects and large-scale mine development, so it is recognized by all experts and scholars as one of the five major schools of tectonics in China's geological community.
After carefully analyzing China's geological conditions, Li Siguang carried out petroleum geological survey work nationwide, and his guiding ideology for finding oil was to find oil areas first and oil fields later, which strengthened China's confidence in having rich petroleum resources, pointed out that the theory of finding oil in the New Huaxia Sedimentation Belt was reliable, and established an indelible merit for China's search for oil.
Two
Wavy mosaic construction said - Zhang Bosheng
● Zhang Bosheng (1903-1994), formerly known as Zhang Chenjun, was a native of Xingyang, Henan. He was a member of the Faculty of Geology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, a geologist, a geotectologist, and a geological educator.
Doctrine: The wave-like mosaic theory is a hypothesis that elucidates the unified tectonic pattern of the earth's crust and the law of crustal movement, which was proposed by Zhang Bosheng in 1962. He believes that the structure of the entire earth's crust is a complex structural pattern made of different sizes of crust blocks and different sizes of activity belts, called the mosaic structure of the earth's crust. The distribution of the same level of activity belt and plot belt shows peak-valley undulation and sparse-dense phase in the tectonic landform, and has near equal spacing, called wave-like structure. The global crust is characterized by the fixed arrangement of the first-level active belt and the mass belt of several systems, so that the wave-like structure of the first-level set of the first-level is shown in several directions, and the interweaving and superposition of the wave-like structure of the earth's crust of several systems, from macroscopic to microscopic level, forming a very complex but regular wave-like mosaic structure of the earth's crust.
Contribution: The "Theory of Tectonic Tectonics of the Earth's Crust Wavy Mosaic" fully contains the relatively reasonable parts of the previous experts' "pulsation theory" and "contraction theory", and then gives a new meaning to the "Tetrahedral Theory of the Earth". This theoretical theory not only has an important guiding role in the development of coal mines, oil fields and metal minerals in China, but also has extremely important practical significance in the study of seismic activity patterns, and is recognized by all experts and scholars as one of the five major tectonic schools in China's geological community.
Three
Multi-spin gyrosyctic movement theory - Huang Jiqing
● Huang Jiqing (1904.3.30–1995.3.22), Sichuan Renshou, was a scholar of structural geology, stratigraphic paleontology and petroleum geology.
Theory: The theory of multi-rotational tectonic motion, referred to as multi-rotational theory, is a theory of the evolution of the earth's crust, which was formally proposed by Huang Jiqing in his book "Major Geological Tectonic Units in China" in 1954. The theory holds that the occurrence of a trough system, at the end of its development, goes through not only one but several tectonic rotations (i.e., multiple rotations) before gradually transforming into a fold system.
Multi-spin tectonic motion has two concepts, generalized and narrow:
1. Multi-rotation in the narrow sense is global in space, and includes giant rotation, rotation and sub-rotation in time;
2. Multi-rotation in the narrow sense mainly refers to a trough system in space, and refers to the multi-rotational development within a giant rotational loop in time.
Contribution: The multi-spin theory is developed on the basis of the theory of the trough platform, and its theoretical significance lies in revealing the law of the evolution of the earth's crust in a complex direction in a multi-spin loop opening and closing. Since the tectonic movement is multi-cyclic, it will inevitably lead to the production of corresponding multi-cyclic magmatic activity and multi-cyclic sedimentation, etc., multi-cyclic magmatic activity, which will inevitably lead to the generation of various useful minerals related to magmatic activity, such as the proposal of "multi-layer oil production, multi-layer oil storage", which is the concretization of multi-rotation theory in petroleum geological work. The multi-spin theory is recognized by all experts and scholars as one of the five major tectonic schools in the Chinese geological community.
Four
The theory of broken block construction - Zhang Wenyou
● Zhang Wenyou (1909.8-1985.2) was a geologist from Tangshan, Hebei Province. He was a researcher and director of the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He has published more than 170 papers in more than 50 years, and his "Introduction to Block Construction" is a representative work of the theory of block construction.
Doctrine: Fault block tectonics is a theory of geotectonics about the structure and evolution of the earth's lithosphere, which was proposed by Zhang Wenyou in 1974. It is based on geomechanics, drawing on the relevant contents of the trough platform theory and plate tectonics, and is established and developed in the process of studying the characteristics of land tectonics in China and neighboring areas and simulating experiments. The fault-block structure adheres to the principle of combining geomechanical analysis and geological historical analysis: geomechanical analysis is the foundation, emphasizing the spatial combination of various structural elements; geological historical analysis is comprehensive, focusing on the temporal evolution of various geological bodies.
The theory of fault block construction believes that after the lithosphere is consolidated, the fault activity dominates, and the fault block is a block cut by different depths of faults and interlayer sliding faults in the lithosphere, and there are obvious differences in material composition, tectonic sliding and geological evolution between the blocks. The theory of block construction emphasizes the study of the formation and deformation of block edges, because they are the main hallmarks for understanding the formation and evolution of block formation and its kinematics and dynamics; at the same time, it also attaches importance to the study of the unevenness of structure within the block, because various heterogeneous geological factors in the block can lead to changes in the distribution form and boundary conditions of the stress in the block under the same regional stress field, making the strain image in the block very complicated.
Contribution: In summary, the theory of fault system and fault block geotectonics is a geotectonic theory based on linear preform structure, with the theory of trough platform and geomechanics as the body, the plate structure as the reference, and the epistemology of dialectical materialism as the guide. It has extensively drawn on the advanced academic achievements of Europe, the United States and the Soviet Union, and implemented them to explain various geological phenomena in China and solve major geological problems in national economic construction; it is proposed on the basis of studying the geological structure of Chinese mainland and adjacent seas, and will bring new enlightenment to the study of global structure, and is recognized by all experts and scholars as one of the five major structural schools in China's geological community.
Five
The Doctrine of Depression - Chen Guoda
● Chen Guoda (1912.1.22 ~ 2004.4.8), a native of Xinhui County, Guangdong Province, a geologist, the founder of the theory of activated structure and progressive mineralization, and the international geological community called him "the father of the depression theory". Professor of Central South University, doctoral supervisor.
Doctrine: In 1956, Chen Guoda proposed on the basis of summarizing Chinese and foreign geological data that since the middle mesozoic era, the evolution of the earth's crust has entered a new stage, and the narrow elongated or oblong concave or convex ground formed after undergoing fracture and arching action has neither a platform area nor a difference from the trough area, but a new type of activity area, which is the third tectonic unit of the continental crust. Because it is the product of the transformation of the platform area into the active area, it is named the activation area; and because its most important feature is the occurrence of depression basins in the area, it is called the depression area.
The depression theory holds that in the history of crustal evolution, not only active areas can be transformed into "stable" areas, but "stable" areas can also be transformed into new active areas. The development process of the continental crust is not a linear development from the trough stage to the platform stage, as the trough-platform theory believes, but a multi-stage, spiral upward movement. Through the mutual transformation and overlap between the activity area and the "stability" area, it develops forward in accordance with the law of "negation of negation", which is called the "progressive law of dynamic and fixed transformation". Its force source mechanism lies in the material movement of the upper mantle asthenosphere, called dispersion alternation, which is related to plate tectonic activity.
Contribution: Chen Guoda's most outstanding contribution was the discovery of a new tectonic unit of the continental crust in 1956- the depression area, and on this basis, the shell geotectonics was created, which developed into a depression (activation) tectonic theoretical system, which was widely used in mineral prospecting at home and abroad, and achieved remarkable results. The birth of the depression theory is included in the chronology of the history of science and technology in the world, and is recognized by all experts and scholars as one of the five major tectonic schools in the Chinese geological community.
Six
Bio-mineralization said - Ye Lianjun
● Ye Lianjun (July 19, 1913 – December 2, 2007), a native of Rizhao, Shandong, was a geologist and sedimentary depositist, a former member of the Faculty of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and a researcher at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Theory: Starting from the evolution characteristics and laws of various ore-bearing rock systems in various mineral deposits in China, Mr. Ye challenged the traditional theory of mineralization, and clearly pointed out that the theory of solution handling and chemical differentiation could not be established; the degree of weathering of exogenous ore and land-based materials was directly related; and the formation of land-based weathered materials to ore layers was also carried out by a period of transformation. On this basis, Mr. Ye elaborated on his "Terrestrial Source Extraction Mineralization Theory of Exogenous Mineral Deposits", and Mr. Ye clearly pointed out that "the key content of the land source mineralization theory is the sea dissolution of land source weathered crusts and sedimentary regolics, and the participation and existence of organic matter is the inevitable content of the effective sea dissolution". He put forward new insights such as land-based source metallogenic theory, geological significance of the metallogenic era of sedimentary deposits, physical rich integration of sedimentary deposits, multi-factor multi-stage mineralization theory, and biometallic theory; in the 1990s, he opened up the study of "biometalization", and put forward innovative insights on bio-mineralization, mineralization environment and geological background, spatio-temporal positioning of mineral deposits, metallogenic prediction and metallogenic signs.
Contributions: Created and presided over the first sedimentary research laboratory in China, discovered the first large-scale manganese carbonate deposit in China, systematically summarized the metallogenic and distribution law of phosphate block rocks in China, and opened up biometallic research, and innovative discussions on bio-metallogenic action, metallogenic environment and geological background, spatio-temporal positioning of ore deposits, metallogenic prediction and metallogenic signs.
Seven
Modern glaciation theory - Shi Yafeng
● Shi Yafeng (March 21, 1919 – February 13, 2011), pen name XiaFeng and Pu Liang, a native of Haimen, Jiangsu Province, was a famous geographer, glaciologist, founder of Chinese glaciology, pioneer of China's permafrost and landslide research, and known as the father of modern glaciers in China.
Doctrine: Shi Yafeng inspected and led the compilation of glacier investigation reports and comprehensive monographs on the Qilian Mountains, Tianshan Mountains, Himalayan Mountains and Karakoram Mountains; predicted the changes of the Batola Glacier in the Karakoram Mountains, and determined the plan for the passage of the China-Pakistan Highway; and proposed the remains and characteristics of the Xiaoice, the last glacial period and the largest glacial period in the mountainous areas of western China.
In terms of geomorphology and Quaternary geology, Shi Yafeng participated in and led the research of China's geomorphological regionalization in the 1950s, and was responsible for the regionalization and landform map compilation of North China, Northwest China and other regions. He first pointed out the location and characteristics of the remains of the Xiaoice and the last glacial period in the mountainous areas of western China, which were confirmed by carbon-14 age data. Preliminary proposals on the division and comparison of glacial periods in several mountainous areas in the west. In the 1980s, he and his collaborators put forward the idea that quaternary glaciers did not exist on the ground of the middle and low mountains of eastern China, such as Lushan Mountain. In terms of historical geography and scientific history, the historical process of economic and social development in eastern Sichuan and western Hubei is discussed in depth.
Contribution: Shi Yafeng pioneered and promoted the research of China's glacier physics, glacial hydrology, ice core and environment, ice and snow disasters, Quaternary glaciers, etc., systematically developed Theory of Chinese Glaciology, and continuously pushed Chinese glaciology research to the forefront of the world.
Eight
Nuclear geology – Hou Defeng
● Hou Defeng (April 8, 1900 – February 24, 1980), a native of Gaoyang County, Hebei Province, was a geologist and geochemist. He was a member of the Faculty of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, a researcher and director of the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Doctrine: In 1961, Hou Defeng proposed the "theory of nuclear geochemistry", that is, "nuclear geology". He believes that the energy released during the nuclear transformation process is the basic factor and driving force of the evolution of the earth's material, and the elements or isotopes that make up the earth can be transformed in the process of earth evolution, and grasping these transformation laws will gain a more essential insight into the birth, transportation and aggregation of elements or isotopes. Nuclear transformation energy is the main energy source of the evolution of earth's material, the nuclear transformation process will inevitably be accompanied by the conversion of energy, and the conversion of energy will lead to the production of geological processes; the study of isotopic composition can further understand the symbiotic system of elements and the law of change of quantity and quality.
From 1964 to 1965, Hou Defeng used nuclear geology theory to study the problem of metal mineralization, pointing out that "nuclear evolution is the fundamental source of mineralizing elements, and the nuclear evolution process has realized the epochality and sequence of elemental mineralization, and the integration of mineralizing elements and rocks." Therefore, the whole of nuclear evolution and atomic motion is the mineralization effect", he pointed out, according to the calculation of uranium isotope abundance, 20-22 billion years ago, the uranium 235 abundance in natural uranium was particularly high, if there are moderators (such as water, carbon, etc.) in the rock, according to the theoretical calculation of the chain reaction of uranium in the reactor, it is possible to produce a large-scale chain reaction in the rock or ore. In 1974, Hou Defeng (co-authored with Ouyang Ziyuan) published the book "Nuclear Transformation Energy and the Evolution of Earth's Matter", which elaborated on the research objects, research contents and research methods of nuclear geology, and further improved and developed "nuclear geology".
Contribution: The establishment of "nuclear geology" marks the inevitable trend of geoscience towards the direction of atomic nuclei and even elementary particles, and its birth has opened a new page in Chinese geoscience and made human understanding of the structure of matter a big step forward to a deeper level. Hou Defeng vigorously advocated the development of new disciplines with marginal intersections, such as mineral deposit geochemistry, isotope geochemistry, chemical geohistory, experimental geochemistry, crystal growth and analysis and testing new technologies; under his initiative, the Institute of Geology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences established the Quaternary Research Laboratory, the Engineering Geology Research Laboratory, the Isotope Geology Research Laboratory, and the Mineral Deposit Geochemistry Research Laboratory; and also established the Lanzhou Institute of Geology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the South China Sea Institute of Oceanography, The Institute of Geochemistry and the Chinese Quaternary Research Council have made major decisions.
Nine
Self-crushing two-long granite porphyry
The Hidden Explosion Doctrine - Wang Dezi
● Wang Dezi, a petrologist, was born on June 27, 1927 in Taixing, Jiangsu Province. He graduated from the Department of Geology of Nanjing University in 1950. In 1997, he was elected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Professor of the Department of Earth Sciences of Nanjing University, Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Geology of Universities. He was the Vice President of Nanjing University and the Dean of the School of Geography.
Doctrine: Long-term engaged in volcanic rock and granite research, confirmed that caledonian granite has a wide distribution in South China, and there is a clear difference with Yanshan period granite In South China, the mantle source type granite was first found in South China, which is the product of basalt magma crystal crystal differentiation, and it is demonstrated that the A-type granite in the southeast coast of China is related to the post-orogenic granite and the stretching background, dividing the Mesozoic volcanic rock system in eastern China into olive and high potassium calcium alkaline rock systems, studying its differences and genesis, proposing the concept of sub-volcanic granite, and proposing the concept of secondary volcanic granite in terms of time, space, As a distinguishing marker of volcanic-intrusive hybrid rocks, source consistency and collaborators discovered S-type volcanic rocks in South China and studied their mineralization relationship with tin and uranium. In the twenty-first century, this elderly man who is more than a year old has also been paying attention to the research results of the "Taihu Lake" Cretaceous crater.
Contribution: The concept of subvolcanograde granite was first proposed in China, ending the long-term tendency of the academic community to artificially separate volcanic rocks and granites, and he also took the lead in discovering S-type volcanic rocks, breaking the view that foreign counterparts believe that there is no S-type volcanic rock. Academician Wang Dezi proposed the "hidden causes of self-crushing two-length granite porphyry", implying the prototype of "falling geology".
Ten
"Plateau Longsheng Theory" - Li Tingdong
● Li Tingdong, male, was born on October 7, 1930 in Songbei Village, Luancheng County, Hebei Province. Regional geologist, geological mapping expert, tectonic expert, geological science and technology management expert, former president, party secretary and researcher of the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Adjunct Professor of Jilin University, Doctoral Supervisor, Honorary Director of the Department of Geosciences of Jilin University, Honorary Dean of Changchun College of Geology, Honorary President of Changchun University of Science and Technology.
Doctrine: Li Tingdong studied the lithosphere characteristics of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from the combination of geology and geophysics, proposed the uplift mode of "inland subduction - stratified thickening of the earth's crust - equilibrium adjustment of gravity" on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and confirmed that the large and rapid uplift of the plateau began in the Quaternary Period; in the geological survey of the northern Daxing'anling Mountains and western Sichuan, he obtained several new discoveries and new understandings, established and improved the stratigraphic systems and structural grids of two regions, found the early Devonian Prague period monolithic fossils for the first time in western Sichuan, and measured the "Baoxing miscellaneous rocks" Seven hundred million years of data.
Together with his peers, he discovered the pre-Aurora, Rehe Fauna and Delbugan Fault for the first time in the north of Daxing'anling, established a stratigraphic system, and summarized the inheritance, regeneration and migratory evolution of geological structures; Li Tingdong was mainly engaged in regional geological research and geological compilation, on the basis of mapping, he systematically summarized the spatio-temporal development characteristics of China's regional geology and Asian magmatic rocks, divided into three types of tectonic-geological regions and five evolutionary stages, and proposed the stages, inheritance, and differentiation of Asian magma activities. The characteristics of stripe and migratory evolution, and summarize some regular understandings.
Contribution: Li Tingdong has raised geological mapping to a new level, systematically summarized the geological characteristics of China and Asia, explored the uplift process and mechanism of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, promoted Antarctic geological research, and is one of the representatives of outstanding geologists who grew up after the founding of New China.
Eleven
Fall Geology - Zhang Haiting
Zhang Haiting (1935-2005), a native of Heishan County, Liaoning Province, was a senior engineer. Director and Chief Engineer of Liaoning Meteorite Development and Research Center, he has worked in Beijing Academy of Geological Sciences and the Fourth Geological Brigade of Liaoning Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources.
Doctrine: "Fall Geology" is a new discipline based on the theories of "fall causes" and "fall geological effects", and is a fringe science between "astronomy" and "geology". "Fall Geology" was founded in the 1970s by Mr. Zhang Haiting, the discoverer of the "Shenyang Paleorite", the researcher and world-famous geologist, and the academic paper was adopted at the 30th International Geological Congress in 1996.
"Fall Geology" points out that the traditional view of geology ignores the understanding of the geological role of fall, showing that the traditional view of geology that has been formed is one-sided and limited. Therefore, the "fall cause theory" of magnesium iron rock and super magnesium iron rock is proposed, and a large amount of practical data is used to confirm that the magnesium iron rock and super magnesium iron rock defined by the traditional view of geology as underground genesis should be restored to ancient meteorites. Through the understanding and discussion of terrestrial planetary meteorites in different historical periods and the understanding and discussion of meteorites, "Fall Geology" elaborates the knowledge of "paleorites", "fall geological effects", "fall mineralization" and many other aspects, and discusses and discusses ancient meteorites and fall cycles in depth.
Contribution: "Fall Geology" has brought a new revolution to the entire geological community. Let human beings use the perspective of "fall theory" to re-understand the earth, the evolution of the earth, the formation of sea and land, the source of mineral resources and the relationship between human survival and the environment.
twelve
The Bon Shan Coupling Hypothesis – Dewei Lee
● Li Dewei (June 1, 1962 – September 14, 2018), a native of Macheng, Hubei Province, was a professor and doctoral supervisor at the School of Earth Sciences of China University of Geosciences (Wuhan).
Theory: Li Dewei has been engaged in the study of the Tibetan Plateau for nearly 30 years (as of 2013), and has published more than 110 academic papers, 3 academic monographs, and is responsible for more than 30 national scientific research projects. After years of field investigation, in 1992, Li Dewei proposed the "laminar tectonic hypothesis" with the coupling of the basin mountains and the flow of the lower crust as the core, breaking the "plate tectonic hypothesis" in one fell swoop, and was the first person to challenge the "plate tectonic hypothesis", and completely explained various phenomena on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with a very concise model and reasonable power source.
Contribution: The theory of earth system dynamics proposed by Li Dewei has become a hot topic in the international geological community.
| concluding |
■ At present, our geological science and geological research are entering a new period, and for the geological undertaking and geological science, emphasizing talents, emphasizing the field, and emphasizing the foundation should still be the same principle. In the new international context, we are currently facing a favorable situation, as long as we are good at summing up experience, standing on the shoulders of our predecessors and adhering to the correct approach, we will certainly be able to give play to our own advantages, shorten the gap with the international community, and accelerate the progress of our geological science and geological undertakings.
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