There is also such a folk story: It is said that the Qianlong Emperor went down to Jiangnan, passed by "Hushuguan", looked at the Guanqi flag on the boat, because the flag was swept up by the strong wind, and the three points on the side of the "Hu" were not revealed, only to see a "Xu" word, Qianlong read the white character, read it as "Xushuguan", and so on has been wrong until now. However, is the truth really as the anecdotal rumors say? What kind of history does "Hushuguan" have, and today we will explore it with you.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="23" > first there is Hushuguan and then Suzhou City? </h1>
Hushuguan Town is located in the northwest of the ancient city of Suzhou, Jiangnan Canal and Shanghai-Nanjing Railway parallel through the territory, 312 National Highway and Shanghai-Nanjing Expressway intersect here, nearby there is Shuofang Airport (now known as Jiangnan Shuofang International Airport), Guangfu Airport, Hongqiao Airport, located in the water and land transportation key, since ancient times is the northwest of Suzhou City military fortress, has always been known as the historical town of Jiangnan. A senior planning expert at Tsinghua University believes that "such superior traffic conditions are unparalleled in East China and rare in China." ”
HushuGuan today
At present, there is still a saying in Hushuguan that "there is Hushuguan first and then there is Suzhou City."
According to historical records, the history of Hushuguan can be traced back to the Qin Dynasty. It is said that after Qin Shi Huang unified the whole country, he patrolled the hunting meeting and heard that the tomb of King Wu lu buried three thousand Wu guoming swords, and Qin Shi Huang, who unified the six kingdoms by force, of course knew the preciousness of the famous swords, so he came to Tiger Hill and wanted to send a tomb to ask for swords. Just as he was about to move, he saw a white tiger on the tomb and glared at it. Qin Shi Huang drew his sword and cut the tiger, the tiger turned around and ran, due to excessive force, did not cut the white tiger, but left a deep sword mark on the stone, which is one of the legends of the origin of the Tiger Hill Test Sword Stone. Moreover, Qin Shi Huang failed to hit a blow, so he struggled to chase the tiger surrounded by his subordinates, and when he reached the vicinity of Yangshan Mountain, he saw that the white tiger had reached the mountain, and the distance was far away, and with divine power, he pulled up his bow and arrow to shoot fiercely, resulting in the interruption of the two peaks of Yangshan Mountain, forming an arrow gap, and the place where Qin Shi Huang shot arrows was called archery by the locals. Due to the pursuit of the tiger, Qin Shi Huang was unable to obtain the sword buried in the tomb of King Wu Lu as he wished, and finally the tiger also ran away, and the place where the tiger disappeared was said to be "the ground cracked into a pool", so it got the name of a tiger. In the Tang Dynasty, because Tang Gaozu's grandfather was called Li Hu, and during the Five Dynasties, king Wuyue was called Qian Yue, and this "tiger" and "镠" were used as avoidance characters, so it was renamed "Hushu".
Regarding this matter, the "Construction History" of the [Daoguang] Hushu Guanzhi records as follows: "Hushu, in the northwest of Suzhou Province, Jiangsu Province, a Xu, the ancient name of HuXuan. Qin Shi Huang asked for the sword of King Wu, sent a tomb, the white tiger crouched on the hill, chased it, went west for twenty-five miles and lost, the sword could not be obtained, the ground was split into a pool, because of its name. To Tang, Zhen Hu; Wu Yue, Zhen Yue, changed to the present name. Qinzhi Wu County belongs to Wu County. From the Han to the Sui, it is because of it. In the first year of The Tang Dynasty, Changzhou County was dissolved and belonged to Changzhou County. The five dynasties, the Song, the Yuan, and the Ming did not change. ”
That is to say, the earliest name of Hushu was called Hu shu, which appeared in the Qin Shi Huang period. The city of Suzhou was built after Wu Zixu's "tasting the waters of the earth", the time was the first year of The Lu Dynasty (514 BC), the name at that time was called the Great City of Lulu, of course, it existed before qin shi huang unified the whole country (221 BC), who came first and who came after, at a glance. Even if you say things in the name of "Suzhou", then Suzhou got its name from the Sui Dynasty, and "Hushu" got its name from the Five Dynasties, or Suzhou was the first.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="114" > Qianlong "Jinkou" read "white characters"? </h1>
Judging from the above records, the earliest name of this place was called Hu Yan, and later, due to avoidance, the "tiger" was changed to "Hu" and the "疁" was changed to "Villa". According to common sense, "hu" is a homophone word from "tiger", and it is logical to pronounce it as the hu of the water margin; next to the word "tian" of the word "疁", the interpretation is "burning the grass and trees on the mountain and then planting it." "That is, the field." "Villa" refers to the grass house of the field, and by extension the land of the countryside, belongs to the synonym to avoid the secret. It can be read as "Xu Shiguan" in the local area.
The Suzhou Hushuguan section in the Kangxi Southern Tour
In order to "justify himself", the Qianlong Emperor, who liked to go down to Jiangnan, was regarded as a "bearer". Folklore says that "HushuGuan" was pronounced "Xushiguan" because the Qianlong Emperor read "white characters" when he went down to Jiangnan. The dragon boat was driving in the canal, and the Qianlong Emperor stood on the boat, looking far away, and saw a bustling market town, and the flag on the city tower fluttered with the wind. The Qianlong Emperor happily watched the beautiful scenery on both sides of the canal, and the banner with three big characters written on it was "Hushuguan", and the three points of water on the side of the word "Hu" happened to be obscured, and the Qianlong Emperor casually recited "Xushuguan". Because in the feudal era, the emperor was a "golden mouth", it was also right to say wrong, so the mistake was wrong and passed down.
In fact, as early as the Chronicle of the Song Dynasty, "Hushu" has been recorded as "Xu City", which can be confirmed in Zhu Changwen's "Continuation of the Wu County's Map" and Fan Chengda's "Wu County's Chronicle". Therefore, it was not at all caused by the Qianlong Emperor reading the other words. So, why is there such a reading? In this regard, in the "Poetry Book of China First Season", it is also mentioned that "Water Margin" and Hushuguan, the two "Hu" characters are differently read, and Professor Qian Wenzhong's Q&A only says that it is a special reading of place names.
In the place names of Suzhou, there are many similar situations, such as "Fengmen" pronounced "Fumen", "Zhenze" pronounced as "entering the gate", etc., all of which are caused by ancient and modern phonological changes. As the vowel of the transliteration, in fact, the vowel j q x in Hanyu Pinyin corresponds to the pronunciation of g k h, these two sets of vowels, in ancient times, were the same thing, so no one in the ancients thought it was incredible. Our Wu dialect itself retains such ancient phonetic information, pronouncing the vowel j q x as g k h in Hanyu Pinyin. For example, in Suzhou dialect: the "river" of the Yangtze River is pronounced as gang, "pinch" is pronounced as "ka", and "shrimp" is pronounced as "ho". Wujiang dialect pronounces "amaranth" as "hai cuisine" and so on.
As long as you know this bit of phonological knowledge, then it is not surprising that "Hushuguan" is pronounced as "Xushuguan", because "Hu" itself is a shape sound word, from the water Xu sound, meaning waterside, "Xu" itself is a "Hu" sound symbol, such as the Suzhou dialect "Xu" of "a few", just read "hu", retaining the ancient sound. The predecessor of "Hushu", "Hu Shu", used a homophone of "tiger" at that time, "Hu". In the Song Dynasty, the secretary of zhi made "Xu Shi", and at that time, "Hu" and "Xu" were still homophonous, and there was no problem. Only in Jinyuan, with the entry of ethnic minorities in the Central Plains, the northern language family was gradually regarded as orthodox, "Hu" and "Xu" were no longer homophonous, and the two characters also diverged. Northerners to understand the local culture, first choose the local history, according to the Song Dynasty Fang Zhi record "Xu City", of course, pronounced as "xu", and the local customs of writing has not changed, feel that there is a Grand Canal "through the city" where there can not be no "water", this three points of water can not be less.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="115" > a town of six zhi, from the market to the banknote pass</h1>
Hushuguan Town not only has an important transportation strategic position, but also has a very deep economic and cultural heritage, and is one of the seven major banknote passes in the country in the Ming Dynasty. The continuation of the historical context of Hushuguan Town, thanks to the cultivation consciousness of the sages of the past generations, since the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, there are five kinds of old Guanzhi compiled and published, namely Chen Daxianxiu, Zhang Yulu, Ming "[Jiajing] Hushu Guanzhi" 18 volumes; Wang Zhidu Xiu, Ming "[Wanli] Hushu Guanzhi" 4 volumes; Chen Changfuxiu, Sun Pei, Sun Nai, Qing "[Kangxi] Hushu Guanzhi" 20 volumes; Ling Shouqi, "[Daoguang] Hushu Guanzhi" 18 volumes; and a "Hushuguan Interview Draft" drafted in the 7th year of the Republic of China. About 17,600 words. In addition, the newly published "Hushu Guanzhi" published in May 2005 has 18 volumes and more than 1.5 million words. It means that a township has 6 heirlooms, which is one of the few in the country. These chronicles provide our descendants with extremely rich literature on the past and the present, which is the basis for promoting economic development and the cultural soft power that supports sustainable economic development.
Qing Daoguang's "Hushu Guanzhi" engraving
In the long course of history, especially before the establishment of the Banknote Pass, Hushu Pass was only called Hushu (perhaps a city), although it may have become a "city", that is, a general market. From the records of the [Daoguang] Hushu Guanzhi, we can conclude that from the Yuan Dynasty onwards, there was a "bamboo and wood farm", that is, a tax was levied on the goods exchanged by merchants and merchants in the past, and there was no quota. During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, "set up the Hushu Patrol Division", Xuande did not formally establish the Banknote Pass until the fourth year (1429), and after it was abolished and restored, it has been called Hushu Pass. By the latest in the Daoguang years, this place has been called "Hushu Town". The original text of the "[Daoguang] Hushu Guanzhi" is recorded as follows: "Hushu Banknote Pass, in the town of Hushu in Erdu Liutu Hushu Town, Changzhou County, between the Yuan and zhengjian, began to set up a bamboo field to draw points here. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, officials were set up at the Gate, Fengmen, Pingwang, etc., to find inconvenience, and the first set up a Hushu Patrol Division. In the fourth year of Xuande, he ordered the merchants and merchants along the river from Nanjing to Beijing to set up a banknote customs. Orthodoxy for six years. In the first year of Jingtai, Hubu Shangshu Jin Lian suggested that he still set up a banknote pass in Hushu. In the first year of Chenghua. For three years, the Su and Hangzhou governments were still ordered to collect money for ship materials. Four years. In seven years, the three provinces of Jiujiang, Suzhou and Hangzhou were re-established. In the twenty-ninth year of the Wanli Calendar, the tax was reset in the north of Hushu Pass, one place and two passes. In the first year of Taichang, the revolution was stopped, and there was still only one pass. This is why. ”
"Caojiang Banknote Customs Map" Zhang Jinshui painted
According to the newly compiled "Hushu Guanzhi", in the first year of the Republic of China, it was renamed Huguan City, and in August 18 of the Republic of China, it became Huguan District, "In January of the 20th year of the Republic of China, the original 7 municipal districts of Suzhou City were divided into 3 chengxiang districts. Hushuguan Town is the seat of the District Office of the First District. "At this time, Hushuguan, the town and district are united. Later, it was changed to the fourth district and Huguan District, and Huguan Town was the seat of the district office. After liberation, Hushuguan Town was a town under the jurisdiction of Huguan District (one of the eight districts of Wu County People's Government), and was upgraded to a county town in 1952...
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="116" > have to say silkworm and Zheng Peijiang Fei Dasheng</h1>
Speaking of the history of Hushuguan Town, we must not forget two people: one is Zheng Peijiang, who has devoted his life to silk education in Hushuguan and made indelible contributions to China's silk technology innovation; the other is Zheng Peijiang's wife, Fei Dasheng, fei Xiaotong's sister, a famous female silk expert in China, who has been engaged in the promotion of silkworm silk science and technology all her life and has been praised by the media as "contemporary zodiac mother."
Zheng Peijiang and Fei Dasheng took a group photo
There is a famous junior college in Hushuguan Town, Suzhou Sericulture College, which was merged into Soochow University in 1995 and its founder is Zheng Peijiang.
Zheng Peijiang (1880-1969) Ziqing, a native of Shengze, Wujiang County. Guangxu graduated from the West Lake Sericulture Museum in Hangzhou in 1902 and went to Japan the following year at his own expense to investigate the silk industry. After returning to China in 31 years, he successively taught at the Hangzhou Sericulture Academy, the Shandong Qingzhou Sericulture School, and the Shandong Provincial Agricultural College. In the 7th year of the Republic of China (1918), he was the principal of Jiangsu Provincial Girls' Sericulture School. In 1924, he founded the Jiangsu Provincial Silk College (changed to the Silk College in the 26th year of the Republic of China) and served as the principal. After the founding of New China, the two schools were restructured several times, and Zheng Peijiang still successively served as the president of the restructured Southern Jiangsu Silk College, the Hushuguan Sericulture School in Jiangsu Province, the Silk Industrial School in Jiangsu Province, the Suzhou Sericulture College, and the Suzhou Silk Industry College (Engineering College).
Zheng Peijiang was elected as a deputy to the National People's Congress, a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and served as the first honorary chairman of the Chinese Silkworm Society and the first chairman of the Jiangsu Sericulture Society. In his early years, he edited 8 kinds of textbooks such as "Mulberry Cultivation", "Silkworm Raising", "Silk Making", "Silkworm Body Anatomy", "Silkworm Body Physiology", "Silkworm Body Pathology", "Silkworm Seed Manufacturing", "Introduction to Silk", etc., which were published by the Commercial Press. In his later years, the ancient books of sericulture were "Sericulture Series", "Feng Feng Guangyi", "Guangsericulture Sayings Compilation Supplement", "Wild Silkworm Record" and so on. He died on November 27, 1969 in Hushuguan, Suzhou.
Zheng Peijiang proofread and translated a large number of ancient silk books
Fei Dasheng (1903.10.3-2005.8.12) silk expert. She was born in October 1903 in Dongzhatou, Tongli Town, Wujiang County, Jiangsu Province, as the older sister of Fei Xiaotong. His father, Fei Pu'an, studied in Japan, and after returning to China, he successively taught at The Sericulture School in Qingzhou, Shandong, the Nantong Normal School, the Tongchonghai Gongzhong Middle School, and the Suzhou Provincial No. 2 Middle School. Her mother, Yang Xiulan, graduated from Shanghai Wuben Girls' School and engaged in early childhood education in her early years. Fei Dasheng received a good family education since childhood, at the age of 14, she entered the Jiangsu Provincial Girls' Sericulture School to study, and was influenced by the silk educator Zheng Peijiang, under the influence of the "May Fourth" Movement, she was determined to dedicate herself to the silk cause of the motherland. In the summer of 1920, after graduating from the Girls' Silkworm School, the school sent her to study in Japan, and the following year she was admitted to the Silk Making Department of the Tokyo Higher Silk School (the predecessor of Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology). After returning to China, she still returned to work in the girls' silkworm school, followed Zheng Peijiang, adhered to the combination of education and practice, and went deep into the countryside for a long time to engage in the promotion of silkworm silk science and technology. In 1929, she founded the Raw Silk Refining And Distribution Cooperative in Kaixian Bow Village, Wujiang County, which became the earliest rural industry in China.
Raw silk refining distribution cooperative
Fei Dasheng works in the factory
Since April 1956, he has successively served as deputy director of Suzhou Municipal Bureau of Industry, deputy director of Jiangsu Silk Industry Bureau, vice president of Suzhou Silk Industry College, vice president of Suzhou Silk Institute of Technology, consultant of Suzhou Silk Institute of Technology, deputy director of Suzhou Women's Federation, vice chairman of Suzhou Municipal CPPCC, first director of China Silk Association, honorary president of Jiangsu Silk Association. And led the successful development of China's first self-designed automatic reeling machine. In her later years, she tirelessly explored the development and utilization of castor silkworms, and the Suzhou Silk Museum has an ordinary castor silkworm vest, which is woven by Fei Dasheng himself.
Fei Dasheng's contribution to China's silk industry has made her a famous female silk educator and reformer in China, and has been called "the mother of China's township enterprises" and "contemporary zodiac mother" by the media.
END
Author Chen Qidi: Engaged in local history work for 32 years, he has guided the review of more than 100 provincial, municipal, county, township, village and departmental chronicles, totaling more than 50 million words, written more than 300 theoretical articles and articles on geographical conditions and culture, published 6 kinds of personal monographs such as "Perception of Suzhou" and "Feeling The Cultivation of History", and sorted out and published more than 20 kinds of old records such as "Hongwu Suzhou Fuzhi", "Hongzhi WujiangZhi", "Jiajing Kunshan County Chronicle" and so on.
Review: Zhu Zhenxin
Posted by: Yizhe Zhang