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Mites, also known as red spiders, fire spiders, white spiders, etc., belong to the arachnoid family in the arthropod phylum, and insects are different from the same phylum, to put it bluntly, it is a cousin relationship. Mites are divided into two categories: plant-eating mites and predatory mites, and the pest mites we usually talk about are plant-feeding mites. For predatory mites, we should understand its activity characteristics and pay attention to its protection and utilization in production. The focus here is on plant-feeding mites, the form of mites is very small, there are many types, many harmful objects, its reproductive ability and adaptability are very strong, and it is particularly easy to develop resistance to acaricides that have been used continuously for a long time.
1. Tea yellow mite
Compared with leaf mites, tea mites are smaller, adults are 0.19-0.21 mm long, white or yellowish. Tea yellow mite life cycle is short, strong reproductive ability, development temperature of 18-28 °C, like warm and humid environment, shed ventilation time is reduced, shed temperature and humidity increase, will be very suitable for the growth and reproduction of tea yellow mite; in addition, tea yellow mite body is small, the naked eye is often difficult to find, and can be spread through crawling, wind, agricultural operations, etc., which is the two main reasons for the serious occurrence of tea yellow mites. Tea yellow mites are harmed by sucking up plant sap from the stinging mouthpiece, mainly harming the young parts of the plant, such as leaves, new shoots, flower buds and fruits. After the crop is damaged, the leaves become thicker and smaller and harder, the reverse side of the leaf is rusty and oily, the leaf edge is curled to the back, the young stem is rust-colored, the end of the neck is dead, and the buds are deformed and cannot flower.
Tea yellow mite is best to use insects, eggs and kill acaricides, such as spirant esters, pyridoxine, arvier mite esters, etc., and add synergists, such as sugar or silicone, etc., to enhance the effectiveness.
2. White spider (diplodocus leaf mite)
The white spider, also known as the diplodocus leaf mite, belongs to the leaf mite family. It is 0.42–0.59 mm long, oval, visible to the naked eye, white or yellowish-white, with a long black spot on each side of the dorsal back. The sap is mainly sucked on the back of the leaf, causing the leaf to appear as a small white green spot, and when it is seriously damaged, the leaf is scorched and a white wire mesh is formed on the front of the leaf or at the branches. White spider rampant occurrence period lasts for a long time, the breeding speed is fast, the insect population density is large, once it occurs every day, it is difficult to control the spraying, causing leaf wilting and deciduous leaves to affect the tree potential, affecting the yield and quality of crops, and becoming a headache for the majority of growers in recent years.
The diplodocus is highly resistant, and the mite is also more competitive between species, gradually replacing the latter when mixed with hawthorn leaf mites. Trends in recent years have also shown that the mite, once introduced, will replace other pest mites and become the dominant species on local vegetables, crops and fruit trees.
Such as white spider harm is serious, 3-5 heads per leaf should be sprayed to control, the effect of white spiders is better acaricides are: biphenylhydrazine ester, pyridoxine, butyl etherurea, azolemate, cypermethrin, avermectin, etc., egg killers can choose spirite esters, acetazole, tetramethazine, solenide and so on.
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3. Red Spider
Red spider is usually a general term for leaf mites, and many times in production we will be leaf mites except for the species of diplodocus, collectively referred to as red spiders including cinnabar leaves
Mites, full-grasp mites, truncated leaf mites, etc., are visible to the naked eye and are red in color. Red spiders mainly harm the middle and upper leaves, with mites and adult mites sucking sap on the back of the leaves, the affected leaves are yellow on the front, and small white green spots appear on the back, and in severe cases, they spit silk and knotted webs on the back of the leaves.
4. Thorn-footed root mite
It belongs to the arachnid order, tick mites, and the family Catalpaeae. Visible to the naked eye and white in color.
The affected underground stems or bulbs are black-brown and decaying, and the victims continue to spread to the surrounding areas and deep in the internal tissues with the proliferation of the root pupae, resulting in small, yellowing, slow growth, and even death in the upper part of the ground. In production, it often harms shallots, leeks, spinach, lilies, taro, beets, potatoes, tang calamus, half summer, shellfish, etc., resulting in plant leaf shrinkage, severe growth stagnation, and plant death. Thorn-footed root mites like to be harmed in sandy soil. Sometimes hundreds of shallots can be onspouts. There are more than 10 heads on a root, which can move in the soil. Acidic soils are heavily affected. During control, 80-100 kg of lime can be applied to acidic soil, and the soil pH value can be adjusted to neutral.
Acaricides generally refer to only killing mites without killing insects or mite-based agents, many insecticides have both excellent acaricidal activity, in the past they were usually not included in the acaricides, but now there are also as insecticidal acaricides introduced in acaricides.
Before 1918, the earliest human anti-mite agent was sulfur, and sulfur powder and stone sulfur mixture are still good medicines for killing mites in orchards. Calcium arsenate was also one of the inorganic acaricides used at that time. After 1918, people began to use petroleum emulsions to control pest mites, in the 1930s, dinitro compounds, 1940s, azobenzene, etc., were successively used in agricultural production to kill mites. In 1944, the American Stuffer Chemical Company developed monochloroicide sulfone as the starting chemical acaricide, which opened up the era of organochlorine acaricides, and trichlorocarbicide is its most typical acaricide representative. The promotion and use of organophosphorus insecticides plays an important role in the control of pest mites. However, due to the use of DDT and organophosphorus insecticides, a large number of natural enemies of pest mites have been killed, resulting in the rampant occurrence of pest mites. By the 1960s, organophosphorus insecticides were also often helpless against pest mites.
This has prompted scientists to explore more efficient and harmless acaricides against predators. Since then, quinoxanes such as gram mites and enemy mites, pyrimidines, pyrimidines, and other alfamidines, organic sulfur represented by benzene mites, organotin represented by benzene butyltin, thiazides represented by pyridine, and thiamethoxone (nissolone), tetraformin, spironite ester, etc., have successively developed highly effective and low-toxicity acaricides that are safer for natural enemies and the environment.
Second, what are the best ways to prevent mites from killing mites?
1. Choose the best period of prevention and treatment (the most important thing)
Try to choose to spray at the beginning of the occurrence of pest mites, when the population density and number are small, so as to increase the effectiveness of the acaricide and reduce the number of uses.
2, spraying should be comprehensive and thorough, especially on the back of the leaf, at least 4 barrels of water per acre of land.
Pay attention to spraying techniques should be done evenly in place when spraying, paying special attention to spraying to the dense mite eggs on both sides of the main vein on the back of the leaf. Spray until the crop is wet until it drips. Most acaricides do not have the expansion, extension and permeability of silicones and mineral oils that can be added when they are absorbed.
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3. The spray interval should be short
Once it occurs once every 3-5 days, spray 3 times in a row.
4. A variety of agents are rotated and reused, and the effect of delaying resistance is good
At present, the main components of the pesticide manufacturers are avermectin, spirite ester / ethosazole, biphenylhydrazine ester, bifenthrin / cypermethrin, propromophosphate, fluorodamine and the like.
Now the main use of agents are generally compounded with 4 ingredients to administer, of which avermectin is used more frequently, propyl bromophos and other red spider bases are also used more when the base number is larger, mainly from the press base, spironate is used at a higher temperature, ethyl mite is less affected by temperature, spironite and ethyl mite azole can be used as a rotation, bifenthrin / methrin can also be used as a rotation, as for fluorozimide, etc., it is a relatively hot variety in recent years, and can also be used appropriately. As a grower, keep in mind that dispensing medicines as needed, rotating medications, and delaying resistance.
1) When the adult mites, weak mites and young mites coexist at the same time, the acaricides that are effective in all the insect states of the mites should be selected, and one of the agents such as azole ester, pyridoxine, and avermectin can be used in a rotation to achieve the purpose of controlling mites.
2) When there are more eggs and fewer egg mites coexist, long-term mites with good egg killing effect and egg mite treatment should be selected, and egg killers such as spirogyl esters, ethanazole, tetramethazine, Soloni, etc. These agents can penetrate the egg killing mites, so that the eggs cannot develop and hatch, and kill the mites to achieve the purpose of controlling the rapid growth of mites.
Third, the analysis and selection of commonly used agents
Commonly used agents of mites include: avermectin, pyridine, acetazole, biphenylhydrazine ester, spironate, tetramethazine, propyl bromophos, dimethylamide, thiazone and the like. Among them, ethyl mitezole, spironate, tetraformin, thiazone mainly control eggs and mites; pyridoxine, dimethylamide, avermectin, propyl bromide are mainly prevented and controlled into mites.
1. To control leaf mites, it is generally not necessary to use broad-spectrum insecticides and acaricides, such as cypermethrin, bifenthrin and other permethrins and organophosphorus drugs. Bifenthrin, cypermethrin, etc. not only kill insects, but also kill mites, but also damage to natural enemies. The reduction of leaf mite predators and the recurrence of leaf mites can also cause other insect pests, because leaf mites are not constrained by natural enemies and their reproduction rate is accelerated.
2. Biphenylhydrazine ester is a new type of selective foliar acaricide, which is mainly used for the prevention and control of leaf mites during active periods, and has an egg killing effect on other mites, especially diplodocus leaf mites. Non-aspiratory. Recommended use within the dosage range for crop safety. Biphenylhydrazide was developed by The United States Unionoal Chemical Company, and the patent protection period has expired in December 2012, and the registration of biphenylhydrazine ester, acaricide, has increased significantly in domestic enterprises.
3. Pyridoxine kills both leaf mites, whitefly, aphids and leafhoppers, which are effective against adults, mites and eggs, and have a good control effect on cinnabar leaf mites and truncated leaf mites and tea yellow mites.
4, avermectin can not only kill red spiders (cinnabar leaf mites, truncated leaf mites), but also can kill white spiders (dimaculated leaf mites), which are effective for small vegetable moths, whiteflies, spotted fly, etc., which is a broad-spectrum antibiotic insecticide, usually it must be selected when controlling white spiders (di-spotted leaf mites).
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5. Some agents have a good effect on killing mites and have a poor effect on egg killing, such as alkyne mites; some agents have a good egg killing effect, but have no lethality to adult mites, such as thiamethionone. The mixing of thiormazone with agents such as pyridoxine, avermectin or alkyne mite is used to kill both mites and eggs, thereby improving the control effect. When using agents such as pyridoxine to prevent and control diplodocus mites, avermectin should be mixed.
6. Liuyangmycin is also an antibiotic mite, but it is specialized in killing mites, which has a touch killing effect on pest mites and also has an inhibitory effect on mite eggs, so it can be used alone. It should be noted that the drug is used for cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage and radishes, which are prone to drug damage and should be used with caution.
7. Dimethylamidine poisoning broad-spectrum acaricide, which has the effect of touch killing, refusal to eat and repellent, and also has certain gastric toxicity, fumigation and systemic effect, which is effective against all insect states of mites, but has poor prevention effect on wintering eggs. Pears are sensitive to dimethyl pyrimidine, so use with caution!
8, be sure to pay attention to the use of triazoltin and alkyne mite. Triazoltin can not be used during high temperature periods, can not be used on peppers, can not be arbitrarily increased on eggplant, and is ineffective for mite eggs during high temperatures; alkyne mites are generally used to prevent and control fruit tree red and white spiders, it is not recommended to use directly for vegetable foliar spray, otherwise it can burn leaves and is not safe.
9, strawberries belong to fresh fruit, the selection of acaricides must be cautious, the first time with 43% biphenylhydrazine ester 3000 times liquid + 5% thiamethoxone (nissolon) 2000 times liquid + jia jin point 1000 times, the second time the drug treatment, interval 3-5 days: 20% butyfluoro mite ester 2000 times liquid + 30% ethylzolunyronitrile (Baozhuo) 2500 times liquid + jia jin point 1000 times. The water consumption is not less than 4 barrels per acre, and it is recommended that the wire mesh appear no less than 6 barrels, in short, penetrate the leaf back, otherwise the effect is not ideal.
Fourth, pollution-free prevention and control methods
1, pepper liquid method: take fresh chili pepper (the hotter the better) 500 grams, add water 15 kg - 20 kg, cook for 10 minutes - 15 minutes, filter the juice, add 100 g - 125 g laundry detergent while hot, mix with 50 kg of water, stir evenly spray. This method can effectively control aphids, red spiders, planthoppers, ground tigers and other pests.
2. Shallot and garlic liquid method. Garlic, onion agent control each 20 grams of mixed mashing, wrapped in gauze, put into 10 kg of water soaked for 24 hours, take out the yarn bag, this liquid can effectively control aphids, red spiders, beetles and other pests.
3. Flour method: take 250g of wheat flour, add 7.5-8kg of water, and spray evenly on the back of the leaves of the red spider at about 12:00 noon. After 10 minutes, the red spider is all stuck to the legs by flour and dried to the back of the leaves, which is also suitable for crops such as cotton, fruit trees, and vegetables.
4, neem spicy indigo agent: neem branches and leaves and spicy indigo 2 kg each, cut into 3-5 cm long, put into a pot with water 10-20 kg after boiling, add 20% concentration of grass and wood ash 1 kg, and then continue to boil for 1 hour, filter into the original solution. The original solution was diluted with 1:3 pairs of water, and the anti-effect was 98.8%.
5, fresh pine injection: fresh pine needle 3 kg, chopped and add 7 kg of water, cook for 45 minutes, filter the original solution. Spray 40-50 kg of water with the original solution, spray once every 5-7 days, spray 2-3 times continuously, and the anti-effect is above 93%.
6, tobacco leaf agent: tobacco leaves 1 kg or tobacco stem 2 kg, add boiled water 10 kg, soak for 24 hours after rubbing, add a small amount of lime to filter the original solution. According to 1 kg of stock solution to 3 kg of dilution of water spray, 5-7 days once at an interval, spray 3 times, the anti-effect of 94% to.
7, washing alkali method: washing powder 15 grams, 20% of caustic soda solution 15 ml, water 7.5 kg, the three mixed after spraying, the anti-effect of 94-98.3%.
8, washing wood mixture: washing powder 250 grams with a small amount of hot water dissolved, add 150 grams of diesel mixed well, and then add 50 kg of water to stir into a mixture of liquid spray, the anti-effect of 96.8%.
This article was written by cathay pacific's technical team
bibliography:
"The "mite" in the greenhouse is cut down, and the vegetable farmer must know this!" Pesticide Assistant
"Categories and Characteristics of Common Acaricides" Baidu Library
"List of the most complete acaricides" Baidu Library
"Soil Pesticide Control Citrus Red Spider" Shapingba District Duojing Station Li Maosong
The picture is from the crop technology group and references of The Trimble Agricultural Technology Service Platform