Speak beautiful jade strange stone words Hua Tianbao
Kanqian Mountain Guishui analysis of the ghostly work
Look at this stone, there is a gossip chart on it! It was also covered with ponying spots. What exactly is this stone? How did it come about?
This is a fossil of silicified wood, or trunk. This is a trunk from more than 200 million years ago, and now it has become stone.
How can a tree trunk turn to stone? This is also the creation of nature, a change that occurs after the trunk is buried in the ground.
Tree trunks decay slowly when buried in the ground. If more minerals are dissolved in the groundwater around it at this time, the minerals will precipitate in the space vacated by the rotting part of the trunk and gradually fill it up. The little the trunk rots, the minerals fill up a little, and little by little "eats" the trunk, so that the original tissue of the trunk made of organic matter is completely replaced by minerals, thus becoming a stone - the fossil of the trunk. Although the trunk is turned into stone, the minerals that make up the fossil "copy" the original structure of the trunk, even a very delicate structure, so that people can understand the condition of ancient plants through the study of fossils. The Bagua diagram in the stone in the picture above turned out to be the texture formed by the trunk organization. The original tissue of the replacement trunk has a variety of minerals, but the most common is silica, so the trunk fossil is called silicified wood.
Alsophila
The fossil of the tree fern is cross-sectioned with the trunk of the tree tree
The silicified wood in the image above is a fossil of a tree fern. Tree ferns two or three hundred million years ago were tall trees that occupied a monopoly position in the world at that time. At present, the tree fern still has a close relative, that is, the tree fern. Some people sawed off the trunk of the tree, which is really similar to the fossil of the tree fern.
Silicified wood is the object of many stone friends, strange textures, mysterious patterns, so that stone friends compete to collect. Some silicified wood is pure and delicate, which is often said by stone friends to "have a high degree of jadeization", and the stone friends in Guizhou call it alder jade, and began to use it to make handicrafts, and also have a unique flavor.
Earlier we introduced two types of quartzite jade: Guicui and Agate, both of which are mainly composed of silica. The main component of alder jade is also silica, which apparently also belongs to quartzite jade. Because of its plant tissue texture, it is more rare and precious.
When the trunk is buried in the ground, another change occurs, that is, it becomes coal.
Ferns were once large trees up to 20 to 30 meters high, called tree ferns, and once flourished in geological history. The long geological history of the Carboniferous Period (355-290 million BC) and the Permian (290-250 million BC) is known as the Fern Age, when large tree ferns such as scales, seals, and reeds occupied every place on the earth. Especially in low-lying swampy areas, where tree ferns grow rapidly and fall into the swamp after death, generations of plant carcasses can form huge piles. This accumulation is called peat and contains a high level of moisture, and the solid part is mainly organic matter.
Peat is the first step in coal formation. If peat is buried deeper by sediment due to geological changes, under the action of heavy pressure and higher temperature (the ground temperature increases with depth), peat initiates its metamorphic process of conversion into coal.
The first is the conversion to lignite. Lignite looks a lot like rotten wood and when burned it flares up and smokes, hence the name wood coal. Lignite has a low calorific value and is polluting when burned, so it is not a good fuel coal, and its main use is in the chemical industry.
Lignite further deteriorates and can be converted into bituminous coal. Bituminous coal is referred to as bituminous coal, in which most of the original organic matter has been converted into carbon, and a small part has been converted into combustible substances such as gum and coal tar. Combustible substances such as colloids and coal tar are converted into gases at high temperatures and then burned, which is called volatiles. Therefore, bituminous coal will also flare up and smoke when burned. According to the level of volatile content, the thickness of the colloidal layer and the nature of the process, bituminous coal can be divided into long-flame coal, gas coal, fertilizer coal, coking coal, lean coal, lean coal, etc., which can be used as raw materials for coking, oil refining and chemical industry, and can also be used directly as fuel.
Bituminous coal further deteriorates and can be converted into anthracite coal, which some people call white coal. Readers note that in the future, someone will mention white coal to you, but don't think it is white coal, white coal is also black, but it does not emit black smoke when burning. Anthracite coal is the coal with the highest degree of metamorphism, in which the original organic matter has been almost completely converted into carbon, so the carbon content is high, the volatile content is very small, the density and hardness are large, the ignition point is high, there is no smoke when burning, and the flame is very short. Anthracite lump coal is mainly used in chemical fertilizers (nitrogen fertilizers, synthetic ammonia), ceramics, forging and other industries, and anthracite pulverized coal is mainly used in power generation and metallurgical industries. Anthracite coal can also be used as a filter material for domestic water and industrial water purification treatment.
Guizhou Province is a major province of coal resources, as of the end of 2019, the amount of coal resources retained was 76.614 billion tons, ranking fifth among all provinces and municipalities in the country. Guizhou Province has a relatively complete variety of coal, which can meet the needs of industry, agriculture and living fuels, but the degree of development and utilization is not enough, the added value is not high, and the development space is still very broad.
Paleogeographic map of Guizhou in the Late Permian
The Late Permian (about 265 to 250 million BC) was the most important coal gathering period in Guizhou. At that time, the southeast half of Guizhou was submerged by seawater, and the northwest half was a low-lying swampy area with lush forests, which had accumulated for nearly 20 million years and formed a multi-layered and thick coal deposit.
Black silicified wood (which contains black carbon)
Silicified wood and coal come from the same source, both converted from the remains of ancient plants. However, due to different conditions and different experiences, it is eventually transformed into substances of different traits. Silicified wood is a fossil formed by the scattered and buried plant debris in the sediment and slowly replaced by dissolved minerals in the groundwater; coal is a large number of plant debris concentrated together, gradually deteriorating under the action of the heavy pressure of the overlying formation and higher temperatures. Some silicified wood, in the petrified body also contains some carbon, it can be seen that the plant debris by mineral replacement and organic matter into carbon two processes can be carried out at the same time, in the formation of coal can be doped with mineral displacement, in the formation of silicified wood can also be parallel to the metamorphism of organic matter.
Plants that also grew in ancient times have undergone different processes of change after death, forming substances with completely different traits, and eventually they have become people's guests. Such arrangements of nature are breathtaking!
Source: Guizhou Radio and Television Station
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