In ancient China, military divisions, military officers, or staff officers were aides to the army, departments, and local governments who participated in the planning and formulation of specific plans (or plans), and their status was somewhat similar to that of staff officers in the modern army, central departments, and local governments.
<h1>I. Military staff officers since the Eastern Han Dynasty </h1>
Military Division: Western Zhou has set up a military division position in the army and is a senior staff officer in the army. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu and Kui Huan also had the position of military division in the army. However, judging from historical records, the military divisions from the Western Zhou To the early Eastern Han Dynasty were very co-located. In the spring of the third year of the Han Dynasty's Jian'an, Cao Cao set up military masters to sacrifice wine in the shogunate of his chariot generals, following the example of the previous generation. In the summer and June of the thirteenth year of Jian'an, Cao Cao, who had already been worshipped as a minister, continued to make a military priest in Xiangfu, making him a senior aide of Xiangfu and a high counselor of Cao Jun.
Cao Cao
Later, the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, Wu and the Jin Dynasty all followed suit. However, the Jin Dynasty changed the military division sacrifice wine to military sacrifice wine, military conspiracy sacrifice wine or military consultation wine because of the avoidance of the name of the Emperor Sima Shi, which, as the name suggests, is the meaning of the army staff officer or adviser. The so-called sacrificial wine, that is, the meaning of the chief (the pre-Qin noble master feast, the elderly wine sacrifice to the gods, called sacrificial wine, and later evolved into the official name). The military division sacrifices wine, or comparable to the chief of staff or chief of staff of the modern army. In the first year of Jian'an, Cao Cao's adviser Guo Jia was Cao Cao's first military master to sacrifice wine (at the time of the third year in Jian'an, Guo Jia was 28 years old), and was also a Sikong, deeply valued by Cao Cao, and second only to Cao Cao in the Cao army.
Joining the army: In the third year of Jian'an, when Cao Cao first set up a military division to sacrifice wine in his palace, he also set up a military division (the counselor Xun You was this position), slightly inferior to the military master. A number of young strategists were also used to assist the sake offering and the military division in doing specific work. In the thirteenth year of Jian'an, Cao Cao was in charge of military affairs, and these strategists were mostly called military advisers. By the time of the two Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, all kings and generals who opened the palace were placed to join the army. From the time of Cao Cao, the military members all had their own division of labor, such as consulting the army to plan, the record room to join the army to control Wenhan, and so on, but the status of consulting and joining the army was above that of the participating troops.
Xun Yu
In addition to serving in the Zhuwei and wangfu of the Tang Dynasty, he was also a subordinate of the state assassin Shi Shi, but it was no longer limited to participating in the military, such as Si Gong joining the army, Si Hu joining the army, Si Cang joining the army, Si Tian joining the army, etc., and recording the army as its commander. Five generations later, he joined the army and gradually evolved into a low-level local official. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, a number of troops were set up under the Metropolitan Governor's Palace. In the fifteenth year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang set up the Five Armies and Ten Guards To join the Army, and set up the left and right armies to take charge. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the royal palaces also set up many military palaces, but changed the number of military officials to Changshi.
Staff officers: Tang and Song Jiedu envoys and various commanders set up a number of staff officers (such as "marching staff officers") under the accounts of the various commanders, who were in charge of the deliberation and planning. The senators set up by the Jin Dynasty army were actually equal to the staff officers in the Tang and Song armies. In the reform of the official system at the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were regular staff officers and first-, second- and third-class staff officers in the army and navy; a special military advisory office was set up in the cabinet, with two military advisory ministers, and departments, sections, divisions, and bureaus under it, and their division of labor was quite similar to that of the modern general staff.
It can be seen from the above that the history of the establishment of senior military staff officers in Ancient China can be traced back to the Western Zhou Dynasty, which is 3,000 years ago, but the formation of a systematic and effective staff system should be calculated from the third year of Jian'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (198 AD).
When modern scholars analyze the history of the War of Resistance Against Japan, there is an extremely important reason why many times our army is difficult to resist the Japanese army is that the Japanese army established the "General Staff Headquarters" as early as the Meiji Restoration, and after many years of improving the system, it has been very sound. However, on the other hand, our troops, because of historical reasons, many factional troops still have the tails of the old warlords, so there has been no sound chief of staff system, which is really a retrogression compared with the long history of the staff system in our country.
Japanese army
Although the ancient staff system and the modern staff system cannot be said at the same time, their effect on military effect is the same. More than 1700 years ago, Cao Cao knew how to gather Guo Jia, Xun You, and other young strategists to form a staff group to help him unify the world. He knew how to mobilize and give play to the intellectual role of this mechanism, so he was able to beat down the indomitable arrogance of Yuan Shao, Lü Bu and other separatist forces and gradually unify northern China.
<h1>2. The central departments since the Sui Dynasty have participated in the deliberations </h1>
The Sui Dynasty set up consultations and consulted the army in the Three Princes' Palace and the Various Royal Palaces, participated in the discussion and planning of various affairs, including military and political affairs, and also provided consultations on related matters for the Three Dukes and the children of the imperial family. In the Ming Dynasty, left and right senators were set up in the Central Department of Communications and Envoys (Administrative Chapters) and the Provincial Envoys Department (Administrative Decrees, Financial Endowments), and in addition to being in charge of specific affairs, they were also personal staff officers or secretaries of the chiefs (responsible to the Communications envoys in the Department of Communications and Envoys; responsible to the Envoys in the Department of Envoys). Qing along the Ming system. In the reform of the official system at the end of the Qing Dynasty, there was one left and one right senator in the senate hall of each ministry; among them, the War Department also set up first, second, and third class counselors in addition to the senate. In addition, there are 10 senators in the TokutokuIn. Its functions are to participate in politics, discuss politics, and prepare for consultation.
"Teaching The Scriptures" Sui Dynasty
<h1>3. Local shoguns since the Han and Tang dynasties </h1>
Shogunate, that is, the subordinate official of the local governor, is called because he served in the shogunate.
The shogunate originally referred to the tent when the general marched and fought, such as the "History of Feng Tang Lie" "Shanggong Mo (Shogunate)" (Shanggong Mo) Mansion" and the "Suo Yin" explains: "The ancients went out to march to the impermanent place, with the shogunate as the house, so the cloud shogunate." Later, the official office of the military and political officers of one side was also called the shogunate. As for the shogunate, from the meaning of the word itself, all subordinate officials below the chief officer (the first in command) can be regarded as a shogunate official, such as the deputy envoy of the festival under the festival.
However, the historical records mainly refer to the subordinates since the Han Dynasty (Cao Tu, Shi and his subordinate officials in the gongfu and counties), the army and staff officers since the two Jin Dynasties, and the chief secretaries, judges, pushers, marching simas, and accompanying soldiers since the Sui and Tang dynasties. For the master, they are also staff and staff. The two most significant historical periods in which the power of the shogunate promoted the achievements of the shogunate were the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Sui and Tang Dynasties. The reason why the shogunates in these two periods made outstanding contributions was that they were mostly filled with readers with high cultural attainments.
Statue of the Seven Sons of Jian'an
For example, during the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cui Xiao served Dou Xian, at the end of the Han Dynasty, Han Song served Liu Biao, and Guo Jia, Xun Yu, Xun You, Chen Lin, Wang Yue, Ruan Yu, Liu Zhen, and Ying Yue served Cao Cao. These readers had a reputation in the literary circles at that time and wrote good articles, especially the last five were included in the list of "Seven Sons of Jian'an". They were both aide to Cao Cao, as the master of the curtain, and they could also be said to be teachers and friends. Cao Cao had great respect for them; they also struggled to dedicate their wisdom, talents and youth to them, thus achieving Cao Cao's great cause of a generation.
The Sui and Tang dynasties, especially Wu Zetian, had many experiences in entering the curtain, among which the most influential ones on the master of the curtain were Wang Ji (into the Dou Xiande curtain), Xu Jingzong (into the Li Secret Curtain, Ren Ji Room; one of the "Eighteen Scholars" of the Qin Dynasty in the early Tang Dynasty), Luo Bin Wang (into the Xu Jingye Curtain), Chen Ziang (into the Wu Youyi Curtain, as a staff officer), Gao Shi (into the Brother Shu Han Curtain, as the secretary of the palm), Li Bai (into the Li Xuan and Song Ruosi Curtain), Zhang Wei (into the Anxi Shogunate), Du Fu (into the Yanwu Curtain, as a staff officer), Cen Shan (into Gao Xianzhi and Feng Changqing), Wang Wei (into Hexi Jiedu Envoy Curtain, as Judge), Sikong Shu (into Jiannan Jiedu Envoy Curtain), Han Hong (into Hou Xiyi Curtain, as Secretary in Charge), Han Yu (into Dong JinMu, as Tui Official), Yu Hu (into Shannan Dongdao, Jingnan Jiedu Envoy Curtain), Zhang You (into Wang Zhixing Curtain), Du Mu (into Shen Chuanshi and Niu Monk Curtain), Li Shangyin (successively into Ling Hu Chu, Wang Maoyuan Curtain, as Inspector and Secretary), Liu Yi (into Huazhou Gao Shaoyi Curtain), Ma Dai (into Taiyuan Shogunate, as Secretary), Pei Chun (entered Gao Biaomu, served as secretary in charge), Luo Yin (into Qian Biaomu, as secretary in charge), Pi Rixiu (into the Huangchao rebel army, as a scholar of Hanlin), Cui Zhiyuan (Silla people, into Gao Biaomu, as secretary of the palm), Wang Zhuo (into Xu Yanruomu, before and after serving as the official and secretary of the palm), Niu Yin (into the Wang Jianmu, as the judge), Xu Yin (into the Wang Trial Zhimu, as the secretary of the palm), Huang Tao (into the Wang Trial Zhimu, as the judge), Wang Dingbao (into the Guangzhou Liu Yin curtain).
Li Bai statue
The masters they served had many achievements in history, and the contributions of these outstanding staff members were also recorded in their merit books. Of course, there are also the lords of the curtain who have been defeated and killed by the soldiers, such as Li Xuan, the Yong King. Although Li Bai had a plan for it, it was he himself who pushed Li Xuan to the road to his demise. However, Li Bai was implicated in this and exiled Yelang for the crime of "rebellion" (fortunately, he was pardoned halfway through). Li Bai's misfortune as an aide was to be caught up in the power struggle between Emperor Suzong of Tang and his brother Li Xuan. With patriotic enthusiasm, he joined the Li Xuan shogunate after Li Xuan sent his adviser Sanshang Lushan to recruit and be generous but difficult, hoping that his wisdom and talent would help the imperial court to quell the chaos of Anshi. Li Bai's original intention is beyond reproach.
The literati of the Song and Yuan dynasties entered the curtain, and due to the decline of the shogunate-staff system, of course, there was no good momentum, but there was still no shortage of people who could be recorded in history. For example, in the Northern Song Dynasty, Han Wei entered the palace of Zhao Wei to join the army as a recorder, showing outstanding talent and teaching Zhao Hao a lot, and Zhao Wei (that is, Emperor Shenzong) took the throne first with his knowledge of Ruzhou and Kaifeng Province, and then summoned him as a Hanlin scholar, and took the title of Prince Shaofu zhishi and transferred to a young master.
Land travel statue
During the Southern Song Dynasty, Wang Zhuo served as a shogun in Chengdu during the Shaoxing period, and contributed to the Chinese of Shu, which became the five volumes of the Biji Manzhi. Lu You entered the Sichuan Xuanfu envoy Wang Yan's shogunate in the eighth year of Qiandao, devoted himself to his military career, actively promoted the War of Resistance, advocated the enrichment of armaments, and demanded that the focus be on collecting taxes on the rich and powerful merchants. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhao Huan resolutely threw himself into the tent of Marshal Wang Tong at the time of the great chaos in the world, and raised troops to defend the township well. After entering the Ming Dynasty, he was instructed by Zhu Yuanzhang to participate in the compilation of the "History of the Yuan" in Beijing, and resigned immediately after the completion of the book.
Literati such as Han Wei, Wang Zhuo, Lu You, and Zhao Fan (of whom Lu You still enjoyed a lofty position in the history of Chinese literature) entered the curtain, took charge of Wenhan, participated in the confidentiality, provided advice, and strategized, which is a glorious memory in the history of the shogunate. Such literati not only contributed to the master of the curtain, but also contributed to the country through the work of the master. The brilliance of their lives is naturally not inferior to that of the han and Tang dynasty officials.