This article is an intensive reading of Chinese history serial 314, "Qing Dynasty History" serial 21, welcome to watch.
As we have said in our previous article, after the middle of the Qianlong Dynasty, the Han people began to form extensive secret associations, and the Heaven and Earth Society, the Brotherhood of Elders, and the White Lotus Sect surged up.
The oppressed ethnic minority people mostly directly launched uprisings and struggles.
This sounded the death knell of the Qing Dynasty's transition from its peak to decline.
01. The Hui and Salar people revolted
The supreme ruler of the Qing Dynasty always pursued a policy of ethnic discrimination, always despised Islam, always despised the Hui people, and slandered the Hui people as "Huizi", "Hui rebellion", and "Hui thieves".
The Hui people living in the Shaanxi and Gansu areas were dissatisfied with the massacre policy after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, and during the Shunzhi period, under the leadership of Mi Layin and Ding Guodong, they held uprisings, and there were 100,000 Hui people participating, known as millions.
During the Qianlong period, the Hui and Sala people living in the Xunhua Hall of Gansu Province were heavily exploited. Initially, the Qing government stipulated that one stone should be sown under the paddy field, and five liters of grain should be paid; one stone should be seeded under the dry land, and one bucket of grain should be handed over. This burden is no longer light, and later, in addition to the positive endowment, one-tenth of the valley will be extracted according to the acres of land.
There were also many military service and military service: the conquest of Jinchuan, the conquest of Tibet, the conquest of the Quasi-Ministry, the conquest of Taiwan, and the fight against Burma, all of which were drawn from the Hui people and the Sala people. In the disaster, the government issued some relief, but the officials withheld it and put it into their own pockets.
The envoy Wang Qiwang ate donkey meat only alive (cut from live donkeys piece by piece), and ate tofu and had to be fried in fat duck soup! In addition, the imperial court also set up a Xunhua battalion garrison in the Xunhua Hall, and instructed local officials to provoke the struggle between the Hui and Salar people.
In the past, the Hui were more than a dozen, dozens, hundreds, and hundreds of households living independently, each of which did not belong to each other. At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, especially in the heyday of the Qing Dynasty, with the development of production and the strengthening of people-to-people ties, the power of landlords among the Hui people increased, so among the Hui people in the northwest region, the hereditary prefectural bishop chief system (door eunuch system) was implemented.
The sheikh of this eunuch system not only exploited the parishioners through rent, but also extorted sheep and cloth through chanting. The Hui and Salar people were very dissatisfied with this, and happened to hear that there was a man named Ma Mingxin in Anding (present-day Dingxi County, Gansu), who had returned from studying in Yeerqiang and Kashgar and founded a new sect, advocating that only the Moke Sutra should be recited, and that those who hired reciters should not need to pay sheep and cloth, but only 56 texts of "new confession money." Everyone invited him to come and sing a play with the arch-imam Han Haji.
Han Haji, who had long communicated with the government, reported to the government again, and the government sent troops to drive Ma Mingxin away, and Han Haji relied on the official government to constantly provoke the protestant sect, making the contradictions bigger and bigger. This was the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong (1762).
However, the Protestant sect continued to develop in repression, and nine of the Hui and Salar people of the Twelve Workers converted to Protestantism!
In the forty-sixth year of Qianlong (1781), Su Forty-three, who was a family worker, simply invited Ma Mingxin to establish a new sect, but was resolutely opposed by the old sect leader Han Thirty-Eight; the Protestants could not bear it, so under the command of Su Forty-three, they attacked the old sect's villages and killed Han Thirty-Eight and 40 old believers.
Han Thirty-Eight's son ran to the Governor of Lanzhou to complain, and the Governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, Le Erjin, immediately sent Yang Shiji, the prefect of Lanzhou, to lead the troops. Yang Shiji was murderous and threatened to purge Protestantism, which further aroused the indignation of the vast number of poor parishioners. On the night of April 14, two thousand Protestant men and women, under the leadership of Su Forty-three, attacked and killed Yang Shiji and other officers and soldiers, seized their equipment, and captured the city of Hezhou.
Leerjin captured the stable Ma Mingxin into the city of Lanzhou, and the rebel army crossed the wash river and approached the city of Lanzhou. They broke the pontoon bridge on the Yellow River, so that the Qing army could not enter the reinforcements, and immediately surrounded the city of Lanzhou and shouted on all sides to release Ma Mingxin.
At that time, there were only eight hundred governors in Lanzhou City, and they fought a battle with the rebel army at Xiguan, and had already lost more than three hundred, and wang Tingzan, the envoy of the government, forced Ma Mingxin to ascend to the city to tell the people, but he did not succeed, killed Ma Mingxin, and the rebel army was even more excited.
At this time, Le Erjin was fighting with the rebel army in Hezhou, and arrested the families of the rebel army in the Xunhua Hall, heard the news, and rushed back to Lanzhou City in the starry night.
When the news reached Beijing, Qianlong was greatly shocked, and while quickly dispatching the executioner Ah Gui, the minister of internal affairs Hai Lancha to lead the Jing division Jianrui, and the two thousand soldiers of the second battalion of firearms to attack, he also ordered the Xi'an general Wu Mitai and The Viceroy Ma Biao to rush to the aid, and on the other hand instructed "to kill the thief (rebel army) with thieves (Hui, people who believe in the old religion in the Sala tribe)."
The Qing army gathered more than 10,000 troops, but they all camped in the east of the city, and did not dare to attack the rebel army stationed in the highlands southwest of the city; the rebel army was free to move outside the southwest of the city, and the Qing army still did not dare to act rashly. The Qing army and the rebel army fought a small battle, and they were also defeated, so they disturbed each other every night, so they had to shoot and fire cannons all night.
Because Highlander led the Old Sect Hui army to attack the rebel army, the rebel army had to retreat from Longwei Mountain to Hualin Mountain. The cliff pit of Hualin Mountain was steep, the path was diagonal, the situation was precarious, and coupled with the abundance of cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, grain, grass and gunpowder on the mountain, the Qing army was still helpless.
In a fit of rage, Qianlong dismissed Le Erjin from his post as governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, and at the same time ordered the transfer of 1,000 soldiers from Sichuan and Tibet and 700 Mongol soldiers to jointly "suppress them."
In June, the Qing army surrounded Hualin Mountain and launched a wheel war for the southwest Daka. At first, the rebel army still won many battles, and later, the rebel army saw that the Qing army was defeated again, so they returned to the camp to rest, but the ambush troops of the Qing army suddenly attacked, occupied the southwest Daka, and cut off the water source of the rebel army, so that the rebel army was in a very disadvantageous position.
The rebel army was unable to break through, so it was decided to continue to hold on. Unfortunately, on August 12, Su Forty-three was killed in a counterattack. The Qing army took the opportunity to attack again, but was stoned back by the rebel army; the Qing army threw fire bombs in a vain attempt to burn the camp gate, but it also failed due to the rain.
On August 15, the rebels withdrew into Hualin Temple, where they continued to resist under the leadership of Han Sixty and others. The Qing army attacked and set fire to the temple, but none of the rebels came out to surrender, and all of them died heroically in the fire, showing the lofty integrity of the Hui and Sala people to resist exploitation and oppression.
After suppressing the rebel army at Hualin Temple, the Qing army pounced on The south, Anding, Hezhou, Tangjiachuan, and Hongji Bridges, massacring the remnants of the rebel army and their families. The women in the family were all sent to Yili as slaves, and all the young men were sent to Yunnan to be imprisoned!
Not only did they destroy Protestant temples and churches in various places, impose township covenants, and forbid the parishioners to communicate with each other, but they also ordered the Viceroy of Shaanxi to move to Guyuan, and the guyuan general troops were moved to Hezhou to closely monitor the Hui and Salar people.
However, the seeds of the people's struggle cannot be extinguished. Tian Wu (a disciple of Ma Mingxin), who lived in the small hills of Tongwei (Gansu), in the winter of that year (Qianlong forty-sixth year, 1781), began to build Shifeng Fort two or three hundred miles away from his hometown, and strengthened it the following year, where the crowd gathered to pray, built flags, swords and spears, dug cellars to store grain, and used it as a base for renewed struggle.
In May of the forty-ninth year of Qianlong (1784), Tian Wu deployed the rebel troops of the Hui and Salar people in Lulu Mountain in Fuqiang County, Didian Mountain in Jingning Prefecture, and Panlong Mountain, and decided to revolt on June 4. In June, Tian Wushou was wounded and killed in battle. Comrade-in-arms Ma Sigui and others led the crowd to capture the county seat of Tongwei County. Gansu Admiral Gangta forced the Hui to lead the way, and was led by the Hui into no man's land; the deputy capital of Xi'an, Ming Shan, arrived from Jingning and was ambushed and killed by the rebel army halfway through. The rebel army was so powerful that it suddenly grew to several thousand people, swept more than a thousand miles, and took more than 1,200 villages.
The Qianlong Emperor ordered the arrest of Li Shiyao, the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, and Gangta, the viceroy of Gansu, and sent Fu Kang'an and Hailancha to bring two thousand soldiers from the firearms battalion and more than 10,000 soldiers from Sichuan, Tibet, and Mongolia.
The two uprisings of the Hui and Salar people made the Qianlong Emperor taste terrible. Therefore, after the revolt was suppressed, on the one hand, he ordered that "no child remains", on the other hand, he had to change his mind slightly, and warned the magistrates that they should "try to make a difference between the new (teaching) and the old (teaching) names, and transfer them to the capital horns!" ”
That is to say: Stop dividing between Protestant and Old Religions, stop provoking contradictions, and try to enlighten both Protestantism and Old Religion. He was afraid that the Hui and Salar people would revolt again.
02, "The thief cut off the head of lao tzu!" ”
The Han and Gao people of Taiwan have long hated the oppression and exploitation of the government. In the eighteenth year of Qianlong (1753) and the thirty-third year (1768), he once erected a banner and called the Society ("Big Belly Society") to resist. After the middle of the Qianlong Period, the secret anti-Qing association, the Heaven and Earth Society, became active on a large scale.
In the forty-ninth year of Qianlong (1784), Yan Yan, a native of Zhangzhou, had organized the Heaven and Earth Society in Xidi Amili, but the largest organizer of the Taiwan Heaven and Earth Society was Lin Shuangwen.
Lin Shuangwen, also a native of Zhangzhou, was exiled to Changhua County, Taiwan, living in Dali Daizhuang and living by driving. The greed and violence of the officials and the hardships of the poor people aroused his determination to fight the rich and help the poor. So he usually became a "thief" and a "thief". He used the money he had taken to help the poor, and the poor, in their admiration, called on everyone to join the Heaven and Earth Society. He had been arrested and imprisoned, and after everyone bought him out, he still had to fight against the Qing court and protect his comrades who had escaped from Zhuluo.
In November of the 51st year of Qianlong (January 1787), Yu Jun of Zhi county of Changhua led a large army to Dadun, five or six miles away from Dali Daizhuang, and ordered zhuangmin to capture Lin Shuangwen and the "fugitives". This has added fuel to the fire for the vast number of villagers who have long wanted to resist oppression.
Dali Daizhuang is a big village with two or three thousand people. Under the leadership of Lin Shuangwen and other backbones of the Heaven and Earth Society, they fought for seven or eight days and annihilated this group of officers and men in one fell swoop. The next day, braving heavy rain, they marched towards the county seat of Changhua, and on the third day, the team grew to more than 4,000 people, cut down the bamboo fence, and rushed into Changhua City.
In Changhua, Lin Shuangwen established a revolutionary regime, was promoted to be the "Grand Marshal of the Shuntian League", sealed the generals, military divisions, and officials of various counties and ports, created various "Shuntian", "General", and "Marshal" military flags, leaving hundreds of people to defend the city, waving the army of Zhuluo and Tamsui. On 24 January, he captured Zhuluo.
Zhuang Datian, another leader of the rebel army, attacked Fengshan at this time. The Fengshan garrison and the general Hu Tuli led three hundred soldiers to garrison outside the city to meet the battle. At dawn on January 31, two thousand rebel troops arrived, and HuTuli released a burst of guns and cannons, and then chased south, but the rebels attacked the city from the north gate of Guishan Mountain and attacked the ya bureau, and Tang Dakui committed suicide.
The rebel army was so powerful that it stormed the capital city of Taiwan. At the Yantan Bridge, 50 miles from the city, the chief soldier Chai Daji stubbornly resisted. The rebel army first attacked from the waterway with hundreds of boats, and then used the army to attack from the mountain, whirling around on land and water, making Chai Daji a "swimming fish at the bottom of the kettle"; it also made Huang Shijian, the admiral who came to the aid from the mainland in February, dare not fight.
The general Hao Zhuangyu spent 50 days to easily retake Fengshan City, but as soon as the rebel army counterattacked, he abandoned the city and fled into The Capital City of Taiwan.
Qianlong saw that the reinforcements were weak, and sent a second group of 8,000 people to ask Changqing, the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, to personally take command. As soon as Changqing arrived, he killed Hao Zhuangyou and arrested the viceroy Ren Cheng'en, making a gesture that he had to win the battle. However, he was neither learned nor a soldier, and he relied entirely on bribing he and Yan Paima, so he hid in the capital city and wept day and night.
In this way, in June and July, the rebel army had completely occupied all the villages ten miles away from the capital. Changqing did not know, led the army out of the south of the city, ten miles away from the city, suddenly encountered more than 10,000 rebels, before he had time to look at the face, he was so frightened that he could not even lift the horse whip, and shouted, "The thief cut off the head of Lao Tzu!" "Turn the horse's head, go back to the city in one breath, and never dare to come out again."
He also abandoned the city several times to escape, repeatedly lying that "the enemy soldiers have spells", requesting another ten thousand more troops, and mi za and Yan, asking to exchange himself for the mainland.
In the first battle of Seongnam, in ten days, the rebel army increased sharply to more than 100,000 people. In January of the fifty-third year of Qianlong (1788), the rebel army increased to hundreds of thousands of people!
After the Battle of Seongnam, Lin Shuangwen attacked Zhuluo again (Chai Daji reoccupied). Chai Daji did not dare to fight, and the rockets of the rebel army shot into the city one by one. Chai Daji hid in the city and fired guns and cannons, and the rebel army rushed to block the artillery vehicles to attack.
The rebel army killed the heavens, and Chai Daji ordered the gong and drum to be beaten to strengthen their courage. Chai Daji requested reinforcements, and the rebels dealt a fierce blow to the reinforcements: earlier, the three-way reinforcements sent from Taiwan were surrounded and annihilated by the three-way rebels. At that time, it was heavy rain, muddy, the rebel army was barefoot, and the road had been narrowed early, and the reinforcements had no way to turn around and nowhere to hide, and the losses were very heavy.
Qianlong told Chai Daji to go out of the city and attack, but Chai Daji did not dare to return, so Qianlong had no choice but to send another large army and ask Fu Kang'an, the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, to take command of Changqing.
Because Lin Shuangwen and Zhuang Datian divided their troops to fight, and because of Fu Kang'an and other claims to directly attack Dali Daizhuang, they secretly gathered heavy troops to rush to Zhuluo and fought with the rebel army at Diziling and NiuChouShan, so the siege of Zhuluo was lifted by the Qing army.
After the siege of Zhuluo was lifted, the Qing army concentrated all its strength to attack Dali Daizhuang. The rebel army was defeated and compounded, combined and resumed the battle, resisted death and did not retreat, and killed many officers and soldiers in one day; at dusk, it reorganized its position and attacked the Qing army with torches, but unexpectedly it was ambushed by the Qing army, and was attacked by the enemy from the covert, and suffered undue losses. However, the rebel army immediately extinguished the torches, beat the drums and rushed to kill, and the cliffs fought endlessly, until dawn, and then abandoned Dali Daizhuang and went to Jipu.
In front of Jijipu, there is a high bank, and the rebel soldiers are even more stone-based, and the surrounding barrier is several miles long. The Qing army could not attack on its back, so it secretly climbed up to the small half-day and defeated the rebel army.
Lin Shuangwen was forced to retreat into the deep mountains inhabited by the Gaoshan clan, and some of the soldiers around him were scattered by the Qing army in the Cat Li Society. On February 13, the hero of the uprising was unfortunately captured in Lao Quqi.
At the same time, the Qing army reached Qianniuzhuang in the south and attacked Zhuang Datian's troops, the Datian Corridor Bridge, and the mountain and sea resistance. The Qing army blockaded the sea with boat divisions, and then besieged LangYao Mountain, and Datian was captured.
Lin Shuangwen, Zhuang Datian, and the families of many rebel generals were brutally killed by the Qing army. Lin Shuangwen and Zhuang Datian were executed by Ling Chi, and some of the other generals were first picked up and then executed. The imperial court also castrated the descendants of rebel generals under the age of 15 (the youngest was only 4 years old) and captured as slaves in the palace!
Although Lin Shuangwen's uprising failed, it dealt a heavy blow to the reactionary rule of the Qing Dynasty: qianlong was forced to change the main generals twice, mobilized more than 100,000 troops in the seven provinces of Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Fujian, Zhejiang, Hubei, and Hunan, and consumed 10 million silver.
Lin Shuangwen's uprising sounded the death knell of the Qing Dynasty's transition from its peak to decline.
03, Xiang, Qian, Sichuan Miao people "Qianjia Uprising"
Ping'an Wu August,
Up the mountain can catch the tiger,
Going to the sea can descend dragons,
Even if there are thousands of soldiers!
This is a folk song that praises Wu Bayue, the leader of the Qianjia Miao uprising, still circulates in the Miao and Tujia Autonomous Prefectures in western Hunan to this day.
In August, a native of Qianzhou (present-day Jishou), a native of Ping'an, was born into poverty, had great courage and strength, and was said to be able to lift three hundred pounds. He was also concerned about the suffering of his Miao compatriots and hated the oppression and exploitation of the imperial court and the Han landlords, so he was very popular with the masses.
Since the land reform and return to the stream, the oppression and exploitation of the old Miao nobles living in western Hunan, eastern Qiandong, and northern Sichuan have been alleviated, but the oppression and exploitation of the Qing Dynasty government and Han officials have become more and more serious.
In the vast Miao area, the Qing Dynasty government not only set up government offices of governments, prefectures, departments, and counties, but also set up military strongholds in towns, concords, battalions, and floods, and implemented a high-pressure policy: the Miao people were immediately searched and arrested if they were slightly "illegal"; the Miao people were "resisted" and immediately "suppressed.".
In the first year of Qianlong (1736), the Miao people in eastern Qiandong rebelled against oppression, and the seven provinces of the Qing Dynasty, through Zhang Guangsi, led a large army to carry out a severe suppression: 1224 Miao villages were burned, more than 17600 Miao people were beheaded, and later, more than half of the more than 25,000 "captives" were also killed! Subsequently, more city defenses were added and more Qing troops were stationed.
In order to control the Miao people, the Qing government forced the Miao and Han to live together, and asked Han officials to monitor the Miao people's every move. In the fifth year of Qianlong (1740), after the joint uprising of the Xianggui Miao, Yao, and Dong people was suppressed, the Qing government even organized baojia and established village chiefs in the vast Miao area, and implemented the method of sitting consecutively.
Miao Min could neither marry the Han people (Yongzheng Fifth Year, stipulated in 1727), nor could he take the imperial examination, and the market must also be escorted back by the village chief. Han officials, hundreds of households, baochang, A chief, and village chief, arbitrarily extorted, sitting and eating more than half of the field rent does not count, the small ones forced to drink and eat, the big ones extorted money from their wives and put them in jail; the Miao people sued, and they had to pay the "rule money" 8800 yuan first! The "public courts" set up by the Manchu and Han bureaucrats were naturally even more violent.
The exploitation carried out by officials and squires through usury includes two kinds of "guest accounts" (Han squires) and "camp accounts" (Manchu and Han officers and soldiers), and the names are "release of new valleys", "severed head grain", and so on. Converted, converted, the Han and Manchu gentry became the big landlords who occupied the Qianshi and Wanshi valley fields.
In the four suburbs of the Yongsui (present-day Huayuan) Hall, every inch of land originally belonged to the Miao people, but in the last years of Qianlong, all of them were concentrated in the hands of Manchu and Han officials and gentry. In the Songtao area of Guizhou, the situation is also much the same. Therefore, in February of the fifty-ninth year of Qianlong (1794), Shi Liudeng, a Miaomin of Tongren Xiaoying Village in Guizhou, and Shi Sanbao, a Miaomin of MiaoMin in Xiangxi Yongsui Cucumber Village, established a blood alliance at the Miao people Wu Longdeng's house in the Duck Baozhai of the Phoenix Hall in Xiangxi Province, and put forward the slogan of "expelling the guests (Manchu and Han officials and gentry) and restoring the homeland (recapturing the occupied fields)". This slogan, of course, has been widely supported by the Miao people. It was then decided to revolt on February 24 (the fifteenth day of the first month) next year.
Unexpectedly, the news leaked, and Shiliu Deng Nai started ahead of schedule on February 2, 1795, the sixtieth year of Qianlong, and first sounded the clarion call of the Miaomin Uprising.
On February 7, the Qing army in western Hunan went to Yongsui to arrest people, and the Miao people heard that thousands of people had gathered that night (Wu Bayue of Qianzhou Ping'an also led the crowd to arrive), and a fire burned down the camp of the officers and soldiers, and the lantern torches of the rebel army illuminated the land for more than a hundred miles.
On the 12th, the Miao people from all over western Hunan besieged the local cities, frightening the Qianzhou guerrilla Chen Lun and his battalion to flee first. On the 13th, the rebel army captured Qianzhou and killed Tongzhi Song Ruchun and Inspector Jiang Yao. Ming Antu, the commander-in-chief of Zhenxin (present-day Fenghuang), was also killed by local rebels. Yongsui City only had two hundred Qing troops left, and it was also in danger.
Soon, the Guizhou Miao people's rebel army led by Shi Liudeng also rushed to Cucumber Village to join Shi Sanbao's rebel team. The rebel army was huge, and then put forward the battle slogans of "fight to the Yellow River" and "do not die until the Yellow River". The Qing Dynasty was greatly shaken, and the viceroy of Yungui, the viceroy of Sichuan, the governor of Huguang, and the viceroy of Hunan were sent to suppress it, and Fu Kang'an was sent as the commander-in-chief and Helin to participate in the discussion with the army and command the whole army.
The rebel army led by Wu August inflicted great casualties on the Qing army. The soldiers of the Miao people's rebel army, one by one, wore iron armor, wore iron helmets, chest chains, legs wrapped in iron, held wooden plates in their left hands, carried iron darts in their right hands, and carried sharp blades in their mouths.
The shotguns they made were more than a foot longer than the Qing army's muskets, and they hit both far and accurately. They not only fired cold guns in pairs of threes, but also swarmed ants to gather and snipe and annihilate, and the officers and troops of each army always suffered losses and were deceived.
Fukang An led his troops to fight cucumber village, and was intercepted at Yabao Village. The two lakes patrolful Fu Ning led the headquarters of 6,000 soldiers and horses, reinforcements from Luxi to Qianzhou, at The Dogyue Village was ambushed by the rebel army, and was beaten to the ground, And Fu Ning himself almost died, so it was easy to get into a heavy truck and escape. Liu Junfu, the viceroy of Hunan, attacked the rebel army at Yabaozhai and was surrounded by the rebel legions and poked "all over the body", risking death to stand out.
The Miao people themselves ate tree bark and grass roots, and offered vegetable rakes to their own troops, and Wu Bayue often used this to motivate the warriors, so the warriors were more fearless and fearless, and soon controlled the vast areas from Baojing in the north, Songtao in the west, Zhenhan in the south, and Luxi in the east, and the disease penetrated deep into Youyang, Xiushan and other counties in Sichuan.
In September, the rebels jointly promoted Wu August as the king of Wu, and the struggle was in full swing, but Wu Longdeng, who was protecting the village, defected to the enemy under the temptation of FuKang'an's flower-winged top and brocade salt rice. Wu August, who assisted Wu Longdeng in defending the village, did not know that after the village was broken, the army withdrew from Wopanzhai and stationed there, Wu Longdeng pretended to be defeated, led three hundred into the village, and on December 13, suddenly captured Wu August and sacrificed to Fukang'an's camp, Wu August was killed by the Qing army.
After Wu's death in August, Shi Liudeng and Shi Sanbao led the rebel army to strike hard at the rebellion of Wu Longdeng and others, sent troops to retake Yabaozhai and stormed Sanchaping, and the Qing army and traitors were beaten to panic.
Unfortunately, on June 18, 1796, in the first year of Jiaqing (1796), Shi Sanbao was also trapped by traitors and brutally killed.
The qing army's attack forces were all invested in the town of Pinglong, the last base of the rebel army. Shi Liudeng served as the commander-in-chief of the Pinglong Defense.
In September, the Qing army concentrated heavy artillery to besiege Ping'an. Shi Liudeng, together with the vast number of Miao people, repelled the Qing army's attacks many times under the artillery fire of the Qing army, killing dozens of qing garrisons, including Wang Taihe.
Pinglong City thus stood majestically until December of the first year of Jiaqing (January 1797), and shortly after Shi Liudeng's death from serious injuries, Miao's traitor Wu Tingliang tied up Wu August's sons Wu Tingli and Wu Tingyi and surrendered.
The Qing army suppressed this uprising of the Miao people in western Hunan Province, leaving 20,000 troops, raising courage in Tuntian, and setting up cards to defend Miao. By the fifth year of Jiaqing (1800), there were more than 800 such block cards set up in the halls of Qiancheng, Fenghuang, Yongshun and Baojing alone! The Miao people of Phoenix were not allowed to go to Luxi and Mayang to earn a living; during the uprising, the Miao people regained a little land, and the government again seized and distributed it to the landlords and officers and soldiers. In this way, the Miao people of the Songtao Hall in Guizhou and the Yongsui Hall in Xiangxi set off the climax of the second uprising.
At the end of the ninth year of Jiaqing (1804), the uprising launched by Ding Niuzhai of Yongsui Hall, Shi Zongsi of Yueluozhai and Shi Guiyin was the largest. They were originally Wu August's "generals" and "presidents", and they were also very organized. After their uprising, Fenghuang County, together with Fu Lie, brought more than 3,000 soldiers to suppress it, and fell asleep after eating and drinking in Yangmengzhai, but before dawn, they were attacked by more than 10,000 Miao people led by Shi Zong's fourth class.
Fu Lie's socks did not have time to wear, barefoot, dazed and wanted to slip away, and then encountered the rebel army blocking the back road. It was only because of the heavy rain and heavy snow that the ropes of the rebel army's explosive packs were wet, and he and the remnants of the defeated soldiers led by him did not all die.
This Miao people's uprising lasted until December of the eleventh year of Jiaqing (1806), when it was suppressed.
The two Miao people's uprisings led by Wu August and others lasted for 12 years, dealing a heavy blow to the Qing Dynasty's rule in the vast areas of western Hunan, Eastern Qiandong, and northeastern Sichuan, causing the Qing Dynasty to mobilize the troops of seven provinces, spend more than 953,000 taels of silver, lose 116 generals and officials (Fukang'an and Helin were all dragged to death here), and effectively cooperate with the White Lotus Sect uprising in the five provinces of Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Chu.
04. The Great Uprising of the White Lotus Sect in the five provinces of Sichuan, Shaanxi and Chu
At the time of the great uprisings of the Xiang, Qian, and Sichuan-Miao people, the vast number of Han people in Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Chu also had a very bad life. After the middle of The Qianlong Dynasty, displaced people who were forced to leave their hometowns by officials and gentry and fled to the Nanba Laolin area to earn a living were subjected to double exploitation by landlords and merchants.
The porters of the carpentry, carrying large wooden fangs weighing two or three hundred pounds, had to travel 40 miles a day in the steep mountains, sleeping in caves or woods, eating their own dry food, and the factory owners called them "mules" and did not treat them as human beings.
The workers of the salt factory must carry 240 pounds of salt, the back pocket is a large part higher than the shoulder, the center of gravity is very high, and if they lose their feet slightly, they immediately fall off the steep mountain stream of the cliff and crush their bones.
The grain was expensive, the factory owners were closed, and they were fired. In order to suppress the people's resistance, the Qing court repeatedly implemented the "Armor Protection Law" here, and the soldiers were even more free to blow wind and waves at any time, knocking out the bones and sucking the marrow.
The peasants who struggled in their hometown were equally miserable in the last years of Qianlong: The people of Jingzhou, Hubei Province, suffered repeated floods and drowned countless times; the people of Dangyang had no grain to eat, and even the bark of the trees was eaten; the people of Zhijiang and Changyang could only eat Guanyin soil, and the people of Zaoyang even filled their hunger with stone powder; and the area around Chongqing and Zhongzhou in Sichuan was starving, and there was a miserable picture everywhere.
The honest and generous people pinned their hopes on the White Lotus Sect. However, the government hunted down the White Lotus Sect on a large scale. Liu Song, the old head of the religion, was sent to the supporting office in Longde County, Gansu Province, and came to visit his disciples, the Protestant leaders Liu Zhixie, Song Zhiqing, and others, who were also arrested, killed, or charged with troops.
After the great uprisings of the Sichuan, Qian, and Xiangmiao people broke out, the activities of the Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Chu governments to track down the White Lotus Sect became even more rampant. Corrupt officials and corrupt officials of all sizes took advantage of the wind of the imperial court's investigation to squeeze and plunder. "Whether they practice teaching or not, but do not give money or not," those who do not give money to officials are severely punished according to the White Lotus Sect.
There was a zhizhou in Dazhou named Dai Ruhuang, who should have left his post, but in order to take advantage of the opportunity to make a big profit, he even set up more than 5,000 private servants. In Wuchang Province, a fellow named Chang Dankui arbitrarily extorted and persecuted villagers, implicating thousands of innocent people; in the sixty years of Qianlong (1795), he went to Jingzhou and Yichang to "patrol and arrest", and after a little "evidence", he tortured the peasants, smashed the peasants with iron hammers, and even nailed the peasants to the wall with iron nails! The "suspects" who were escorted to the provincial capital were one or two hundred people per ship. Among them, those who were persecuted and killed were thrown on the river; those who were severely tortured and beaten to death in prison were so many that even the corpses could not be recovered.
Officials in other regions were equally tyrannical in their search for the White Lotus Cultists: in Anhui, there was a Gongsheng surnamed Zhao, who died of an old man, opened a list of relatives and friends, and hired a caravan head to send people from house to inform them to come to the funeral. Wang Sent His Companion Li Ziping to inform. Officers and soldiers caught Li Ziping at the City God Temple, heard that Li was sent by the "head of the Wang Caravan (Sect)", and saw that Li had a list of many people in his pocket, and almost killed everyone!
Officials force the people to rebel, have to rebel!
Liu Zhixi, the leader of the White Lotus Sect, who was arrested and escaped halfway through and lived in seclusion in the homes of believers in Xinye County, Henan, secretly colluded with the believers in Henan, Hubei, and Sichuan, and agreed to revolt at the same time on April 17, 1796, in the first year of Jiaqing (1796). However, the people of Yidu and Zhijiang, Hubei Province, who were increasingly brutalized and slaughtered by the officials, could not bear it any longer, and in early February they first raised the banner of the uprising, and then the people of Changle, Changyang and other places also responded.
When The County Commandery of Yang County heard the news, he immediately ascended to the church and ordered the servants to quickly arrest the disciples in the county, and the servants replied in unison: "We are all White Lotus Sects, who are we going to arrest?" ”
The county commander slapped the table angrily, "You guys are back?! ”
The servants replied slowly, "On the contrary, what kind of fire!" ”
The county order woke up like a dream, raised his legs and wanted to run, everyone rushed up, took him, escorted him to the outside of the gate, told him to take a string of money in his left hand, grab a silver ingot in his right hand, paraded the streets to show the public, killed him, and occupied the county seat.
At the same time, the people of Yuan'an, Laifeng and other counties in Hubei Province have also risen up one after another.
On March 10, Wang Cong'er, Yao Zhifu, and others rose from Huanglongyuan in Xiangyang, Hubei Province. In October, Xu Tiande began in Dazhou, Sichuan, and Leng Tianlu in Dongxiang, Sichuan (present-day Xuanhan). Along with this, there were Luo Qiqing and Gou Wenming in Bazhou, Ran Wenshou and Ran Tianyuan in Tongjiang, Long Shaozhou and Xu Wanfu in Taiping, Chen Chongde in Daning, and Feng Deshi and Lin Kaitai in Ankang County, Shaanxi.
Among the various rebel armies, the Xiangyang rebel army led by Wang Cong'er was the strongest. Wang Cong'er was the wife of Qi Lin, the leader of the White Lotus Sect in Xiangyang. Qi Lin was the commander-in-chief of Xiangyang County, and was expected to revolt on February 23 (the fifteenth day of the first month), but was unexpectedly leaked and arrested and killed on February 11. More than a hundred people were killed at the same time as him, and their heads were hung at the small north gate, which further aroused the determination of the majority of believers to take revenge.
On March 10, Qi Lin's apprentice Yao Zhifu and others jointly promoted Wang Cong'er as the chief teacher of the White Lotus Sect and launched a huge uprising.
Wang Cong'er is a native of Xiangyang City, who grew up wandering the streets with his father and selling horses, and practiced a good martial art. Later, when her father worked as an errand boy, she married Qi Lin. The couple saw the greed of the officials and the unfairness of the world, and had a common desire to resist. Now, when she was just 20 years old, her husband had died tragically under the butcher's knife of those corrupt officials and tyrants, how could she be willing!
Wang Cong'er cut off his long hair, put on a white robe, and rode his horse with a whip, throwing himself into the rolling torrent of the people's uprising. She commanded the Xiangyang rebel army, attacked Xiangyang and Fancheng, and then moved to fight between Dengzhou and Tangzhou in Henan, burning Lüyan Yi, and gradually became the center of the four rebel armies.
The rulers of the Qing Dynasty regarded the Xiangyang rebel army as a thorn in the eye and a thorn in the flesh, allocated two million taels of silver, hurriedly transferred the troops from Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, Shaanxi, Guangxi and other provinces into Hubei, and pardoned the horse-stealing criminals exiled in Hunan, Hubei, and Henan as cavalry auxiliaries.
However, Wang Cong'er and others defeated the strong enemy and rushed out of the encirclement, and in June, the soldiers rushed straight to Xiaogan and attacked only a hundred miles away from Hanyang with lightning speed, which immediately "shook the three Chus", frightening the Qing government to immediately declare martial law in Wuchang.
The Xiangyang rebels engaged in an ambush in Xiangyang and killed fu Chengpeng, a Qing general. At the end of the year, the detachment led by Wang Cong'er flew across the Liujia River, forced Gucheng and Gwanghwa, and surrounded Sun Jing'an (nicknamed "Yingsheng Bo"), the governor of Henan and hezhen, at Weijiaji (at the junction of present-day Hubei and Yu). The enemy's dream of annihilation was declared bankrupt.
At the beginning of the second year of Jiaqing (1797), the Xiangyang rebel army invaded Henan in three ways, and then marched to Sichuan through Shaanxi. The Jiaqing Emperor repeatedly ordered the strengthening of the hanshui defenses, hoping to block the rebel army north of the Hanshui. However, the rebel army crossed the Han River in the south five days before the Qing army arrived, and in June, it reached the vicinity of Dongxiang in Sichuan.
In the Sichuan battlefield, the rebel army led by Xu Tiande and Leng Tianlu was victorious and captured dongxiang county as early as January 27 (Chinese New Year's Eve). In June, when they were besieged by the Qing army at Baixiu Mountain near Dongxiang, the troops led by Wang Cong'er were divided into three teams of yellow, white, and blue, with infantry in front and cavalry in the rear, and suddenly appeared in the ravine and launched a fierce attack on the Qing army. After more than two hours of fierce fighting, the rebel army finally defeated the Qing army.
After the two rebel armies in Hubei and Sichuan converged, they were unified into yellow, blue, green, and white, and set up organizational leaders such as treasurers, marshals, pioneers, and general soldiers in the army. Soon, the Cold Sky Lubu took Linjiang City again, and all the rebel armies rushed to gather, sing and dance, and celebrate the Chinese New Year's Eve.
After the Dongxiang Division, Wang Cong'er left Li Quan, personally led a large army, broke through the enemy's encirclement, and then returned to Hubei, avoiding the real attack, floating and uncertain, and smashing the Qing army's encirclement and interception plan one after another, killing the Qing army's protector Huilun and other generals in Western Yun, and once again entering Shaanxi, and joining Li Quan in the north to join Yu Xing'an (present-day Ankang), and then entering Sichuan.
The Jiaqing Emperor scolded Wang Cong'er as "the first rebel among thieves" and ordered all Qing forces to annihilate the Xiangyang rebel army south of Hanshui. Wang Cong'er secretly ordered a group of men and horses to attack to the northeast, luring the enemy in pursuit, and then marched north, rushed across the Han River, and launched the Great Battle of Hanzhong, storming the county (present-day Mei County) and directly approaching Xi'an, forcing the Qing army to rush back to Xi'an to defend day and night.
Because Li Quan had suffered heavy losses, Wang Cong'er decided not to fight Xi'an and return to Hubei in the east. Due to the unrelenting pursuit of the Various Qing armies, the landlords in various places continued to launch attacks far worse than the Qing army, and the Xiangyang rebel army was finally besieged at the Sancha River in Yunyang.
The besieged rebel army gave up its life to fight, occupied the mountain, fought back bravely, ran out of ammunition and arrows, and smashed the Qing army with stones. When the enemy learned that Wang Cong'er was unloading the flower slope, he concentrated all his strength to besiege Wang Cong'er. Wang Cong'er calmly organized many counterattacks, and finally because of the disparity between the crowds, he led Yao Zhifu and more than a dozen female warriors to fight and retreat until the top of the mountain.
The Qing army marched and rode up in a vain attempt to capture Wang Cong'er and others alive, but when Wang Cong'er and others climbed to the top of the mountain, they all jumped off the steep cliff and sacrificed heroically!
On this day, it was the third year of Jiaqing (1798) April 21, Wang Cong'er was only 22 years old!
Wang Cong'er was sacrificed, but the remnants of the Xiangyang rebel army returned to Sichuan and fought side by side with the various rebel armies in Sichuan, dealing a heavy blow to the Qing army. At the end of the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799), they launched the Battle of Cangxi, killing 24 officers below the deputy general of the Qing army in one night and annihilating countless Qing troops.
In February of the fifth year of Jiaqing (1800), they annihilated the executioner Zhu Zhaodou and more than a thousand Qing troops led by him at the high courtyard field in Pengxi County. Soon, Ran Tianyuan led the rebel army to fight fiercely with the Qing army at Horseshoe Gang, west of Jiangyou, for three days and three nights, and the Qing commander DelenTai was almost captured alive.
After the summer of the fifth year of Jiaqing (1800), the Qing Government ordered the township courage and regimental courage of the landlords and gentry to be set up, and the implementation of the policy of "jianbi qingye" and tongbao, which greatly weakened the strength of the rebel army. However, the rebel army continued to struggle heroically for four years under extremely difficult conditions. It was not until the tenth year of Jiaqing (1805) that this vigorous White Lotus Sect uprising was finally suppressed by the Qing rulers.
The Great Uprising of the White Lotus Sect in Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Chu was the largest peasant uprising in the middle of the Qing Dynasty; it swept across the five provinces of Sichuan, Shaanxi, Chu, Henan, and Gansu, which lasted nine and a half years, dealing a heavy blow to the troops transferred by the Qing Government from 16 provinces across the country, killing more than 400 officers below its deputy generals, more than 20 high-ranking officials of the First and Second Grades, and countless local tycoons and gentry (no less than five or six hundred in Sichuan alone), seriously shaking the foundation of the Qing Dynasty's rule.
In the process of suppressing the uprising, the Qing government also consumed 200 million taels of silver, which was equivalent to its five years of fiscal revenue. Since then, the Qing Dynasty has fallen into the predicament of weakening its force and financial shortage, and has rapidly fallen into the abyss of decline.
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The content of this article is compiled from the "History of the Qing Dynasty" of the Chinese reading book "Classic Chinese General History" jointly created by China International Broadcasting Publishing House and "Reading History".
There are 16 books in the complete set of "Classic Chinese General History", namely: "Xia Shang History", "Western Zhou History", "Spring and Autumn History", "Warring States History", "Qin and Han History (Part I)", "Qin and Han History (Part 2)", "Three Kingdoms History", "Two Jin And Northern And Southern Dynasties History", "Sui and Tang History (Part 1)", "Sui and Tang History (Part 2)", "Five Dynasties History", "Song Dynasty History", "Yuan Dynasty History", "Ming Dynasty History", "Early Qing Dynasty History", "Late Qing History".
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