Of the 226 methods commonly used in obstetrics at the time, clinical trials or systematic reviews proved that 20% were effective or more effective than side effects; 30% were harmful or suspected
Evidence from randomised trials is lacking in 50%, which means that 80% of treatments are either ineffective or have significant side effects. If according to pure scientific thinking, the establishment of each scientific discipline must adopt the conjugate law: that is, a theoretical discipline plus a corresponding measurement discipline. Therefore, the truly scientific medical system should be like this: basic medicine, basic medical surveying; clinical medicine, clinical medical surveying;
Seeing this topic, many people, especially medical scientists, may be wide-eyed: What? Isn't medicine science? This article will show people why medicine cannot be a perfect science without the full and systematic adoption of general surveying methods.
I. Evidence-Based Medicine and "Medicine That Can Cure Diseases"
Let's start with evidence-based medicine. To really make this clear, let's assume that an evidence-based medicine scientist introduces evidence-based medicine to a physicist, preferably an experimental physicist (or a surveyor of various sciences). The medical scientist said:
The English name for evidence-based medicine is EBM, which is an acronym for Addiction-Based Medicine. The concept was first proposed in a short article published by Dr. Gordon H. Guyatt of Canada. The essay was published in the journal ACP Journal Club, and the name became popular. The more recognized pioneer of this field is the British clinical physician Archie Cochrane, and Cochrane has become synonymous with evidence-based medicine to a considerable extent. Because now the Cochrane Collaboration is a global evidence-based medicine institution, named after Archie Cochrane.
Archie Cochrane in the famous randomized controlled trial (RCT). There are also methods called random double-blind experiments, etc.) that do a lot of work, and on this basis, a systematic review (SR) method is proposed. Medical experiments are, of course, the more samples the more accurate, if you can combine global experimental sample data, of course, than in a hospital to carry out the experimental sample volume is much larger. That's why a global collaborative network is being built. The COVID-19 vaccines or drugs we are talking about now are all evaluated by RCTs, SR and even the Cochrane Collaboration Network and then put into practical use.
Another specialty of the cochane's approach to research on the same topic worldwide, using the Cochrane Collaboration Network, is called Meta-analysis, which was given to Glass in 1976. Evidence-based medicine is increasingly recognized by the medical community through the push of Archie Cochrane, Alvan R. Feinstein (1925~), and David L. Sackett (1934~, first president of the Cochrane Collaborative Network). In fact, evidence-based medicine is very simple, that is, to follow the evidence of the medical method. Therefore, the development of evidence-based medicine has made "where is the evidence" more and more a concern of the medical community.
At this point, I believe that all the physicists and scholars of other disciplines who listened to the lecture did not fully understand what evidence-based medicine was, but they generally knew and very much agreed with their ideas. One of the physicists also stood up and said: You're doing the right thing, and I'll give you an example of the physics community, not long ago the explosive science and technology news was the first picture of a black hole, using a method similar to the Cochrane Collaborative Network. In the field of astronomical surveying, the larger the diameter of the telescope, of course, the clearer it can be seen. But a single telescope antenna with a diameter of a few hundred meters is amazing. Therefore, in order to take pictures of black holes, the international scientific community launched an "Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) program", launched in Arizona in 2012, with the participation of more than 30 universities, observatories and governments and research institutions in 12 countries, and in April 2017, the M87 galaxy center was observed for a 10-day global connection. The mobilized radio telescopes include the Large Millimeter Wave/Submillimeter Wave Array (ALMA) in Atacama, Chile, the South Pole Telescope at the South Pole, and a total of 8 telescopes in the United States, Europe and other places, forming a huge virtual telescope with a diameter of more than 12,000 kilometers, and successfully took the first picture of the black hole. This globally networked network of telescopes, similar to the Cochrane Collaborative Network, enables higher measurement accuracy through data obtained through global networking.
Of course, the rhetoric of praise is praise, and the words that physicists do not say in their hearts are: Don't be so godlike, global large-scale research is called meta-analysis, so how many professional names are made. Our EHT project to photograph black holes is also to replace the measurement data analysis of a single telescope in the region with a global large sample, which is not called "meta-analysis". From single telescopes, telescope arrays, to global telescope array measurements, it is too natural for physicists and astronomers to come up with too many overly professional names. Because if a global telescope array is called "meta-analysis", then is the regional telescope array called "meta-analysis"? You can't say you don't want to call it that, can you? But if the telescope array is reduced to only 2 or 3 telescope arrays in one region, can it still be called "meta-analysis"? If this is the case, it is impossible to distinguish between what is "meta-analysis" and what is not "meta-analysis". Because of the high degree of differentiation of different subject areas, it is difficult to learn and transfer the basic knowledge common to different subject areas. If medical scientists can have the concept of ordinary surveying, they will understand what they have made behind closed doors for several years or more than ten years, thinking that they have found a big treasure, in fact, in other disciplines have long been mature and developed for hundreds or even hundreds of years.
For the sake of face, physicists did not speak out of these doubts. Evidence-based medicine scientists excitedly continue to talk about the fact that since Gordon Guart proposed the concept of evidence-based medicine in 1991, evidence-based medicine has developed very rapidly and applied to more and more medical fields...
As soon as this sentence came out, suddenly some physicists felt that something was wrong, and looked at the evidence-based medicine scientist on the podium stunned, and they did not have the heart to listen to The Sarcot's definition of evidence-based medicine and the specific methods of evidence-based medicine that he talked about later. What's the problem? Why are physicists surprised?
Imagine someone proposing the concept of "medicine that can cure diseases", a discipline that tells people how medicine can cure the diseases of people, and the concept of medicine that can cure diseases is welcomed by more and more people. Everyone was very happy, clapping their hands and clapping, good, good, of course, it is good to be able to cure the disease. When medical scientists continue to tell people that since the emergence of "curative medicine" in the 1990s, it has developed very rapidly and has been more and more widely used. Shhhhhhhhhhhhh Huh?! Suddenly, someone shouted out in surprise: Oh my God, what was the situation with medicine before the emergence of "curative medicine"? Is there still "medicine that cannot cure the disease"? This, this is terrible.
So, when evidence-based medicine tells people that medicine should be evidence-based, all the scientists in all other fields will clap their hands, yes, yes, very good, all science must be evidence-based. But when you tell people that evidence-based medicine came into being in the 1990s, people jump up: Oh my God, what was the situation with medicine before evidence-based medicine came along? Is there still medicine that is not evidence-based? It's so frightening.
If you have this surprise, you really feel right. One of the most classic examples of an evidence-based medicine course was a 1989 study that shocked the entire medical community. Of the 226 methods commonly used in obstetrics at the time, clinical trials or systematic reviews demonstrated:
20% effective or more effective than side effects
30% are harmful or have suspected efficacy
Evidence from randomised trials is lacking in 50%.
That said, 80% of treatments are either ineffective or have significant side effects. A considerable proportion of the original medicine that really existed was "medicine that cannot cure the disease"! However, don't feel so quick to deny medicine, after all, there are still 20% of the methods that can cure the disease. So before evidence-based medicine, was there no scientific basis? Of course not.
In the latest valid version of the Chinese discipline classification code and standard, GB/T 13745-2009, there is no evidence-based medicine as a discipline, it only exists as a methodological system of medicine. Many of the subjects described below are standard subject classifications, and we also give them subject classification codes (numbers in parentheses after the subject name), and higher-level disciplines are only introduced once. Now we will talk about another topic, epidemiology and infectious diseases, etiology.
Epidemiology (330.21), a second-level discipline, corresponding to a first-level discipline of preventive medicine and hygiene (330).
Infectious Diseases (330.24), second-level discipline.
Etiology is not now a subject name in the standard discipline classification, its content is distributed between two disciplines: medical parasitology (310.37), a second-level discipline, and the corresponding first-level discipline is basic medicine (310). Medical Microbiology (310.41), second-level discipline.
2. Epidemiology and infectious diseases, etiology
During the COVID-19 epidemic, there are two statements that often appear, which may not be concerned by ordinary people, and many people may feel that the two concepts are similar. But if you ask carefully what the difference between epidemiology and infectious diseases is, the vast majority of ordinary people may feel that there is basically no difference. Because people often say how epidemiological investigations of COVID-19 are, and what the infectious disease of COVID-19 is, the WHO also said on March 11 that COVID-19 has entered a global pandemic. However, the differences between epidemiology and epidemiology are very large.
Epidemiology is a methodology, while infectious diseases are specific knowledge of a particular object of study, that is, infectious diseases. Epidemiology is mainly based on statistical methods, research on the distribution of diseases, source investigations, etc., and also includes the study of the relationship between diseases and the environment, human behavior and habits. Epidemiology was first developed to be indeed related to infectious diseases, namely John Snow's investigation of the source of cholera infection in London using the method of death maps. At that time, it was widely believed that cholera was transmitted through the air, and Snow had long doubted this view, because he had treated miners under the medium mine where cholera infection was transmitted in the past, and he had not passed it on. If it is transmitted through air, it is easy to infect everyone in the narrow pit. But this suspicion alone is not enough. So he went deep into the cholera-stricken areas of London to investigate the number of individual deaths and map the locations of the dead.
The principle of this research method is actually very simple, by making a map of the distribution of cholera deaths, if a location is the source of infection, then the closer to this source of infection, the more deaths are likely to be distributed. Snow used this method to find one of the biggest suspects, near the location of the highest death toll, a pump on London's Wide Street. Later, the pump was turned off, and sure enough, the cholera infection stopped.
In this COVID-19 outbreak, Zhang Jixian of Wuhan Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine found that there were 3 cases of special pneumonia patients from the Huanan Seafood Market on the 26th, and 4 more cases on the 27th, which immediately aroused her alarm. Through the analysis of other inspection data by the expert meeting, the Huanan Seafood Market became the first suspected source of infection. This is actually an epidemiological approach.
However, there are also certain difficulties in this statistically based epidemiological investigation method. Because to obtain good statistical characteristics, a large enough sample size is required. After the sample size is large, not only the infectious disease may be out of control, but also after the sample size is large, the interference of different sources will also occur and increase. For example, a local infectious disease initially has a single source, but over time, different sources of infectious diseases are mixed in, which will make the statistics contain more and more different factors.
The subject of epidemiological studies may be infectious, but it is also likely not. Cancer, diabetes, heart disease, etc. can all be the object of epidemiological research. The scale of popularity can be large or small. Infectious diseases are specifically diseases that can be transmitted, which can be transmitted from animals to humans or from person to person.
Epidemiology is mainly the study of disease distribution and origin, etc., it is highly correlated with etiology, but it is different. Etiology focuses on what a pathogen is and what other microscopic causes of disease are caused.
Epidemiology and etiology only study the causes of diseases, and generally do not study clinical trials, measurements, and other methods of treatment such as the efficacy of drugs. At the same time, etiology is both a method and a definite object of study, that is, a variety of pathogens that can cause diseases, including various microorganisms and parasites that can cause diseases. Microorganisms include prions, viruses, chlamydia, Rickettsia, Mycoplasma, bacteria, treponemal and fungi. Parasites mainly include protozoa and thymezoans. One of the most famous koch's laws on how to measure and confirm pathogens. If people are interested in this in-depth understanding, use "Koch's Law" as a keyword to check the Internet, which will not be introduced in this article. I have also commented in previous articles that it is actually the application of the classic Mill induction method in the field of pathogenology, so there is no need to be too mysterious.
3. Other medical measurement methods
There are many other methods of medical research.
Biomedical Surveying (310.6140), a third-level discipline, the corresponding second-level discipline is biomedical engineering (310.61). This discipline is mainly the study of methods of physiological and pathological measurement using measuring instruments. Such as CT, X-ray, ultrasonic detection, microscopy, electrocardiograph, serum antibody measurement, nucleic acid measurement, complete gene sequencing, etc. Nucleic acid measurement, which is widely used in this outbreak, is also an important part of biomedical surveying. Of course, this type of measurement method is relatively scientific, and the measurement data is relatively accurate. This article will not discuss this, but will also discuss how to understand the various nucleic acid measurement methods from a general measurement point of view.
Diagnosis of Traditional Chinese Medicine (360.1014), a third-level discipline, the corresponding second-level discipline is Traditional Chinese Medicine (360.10), and the first-level discipline is Traditional Chinese Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine (360). In traditional Chinese medicine, "looking, asking, hearing and cutting" are also primitive medical measurements, but their measurement data is obviously rough and inaccurate, and it is highly dependent on the doctor's personal experience.
Human Anatomy (310.14). This was one of the first comparatively scientific methods of medical and physiological measurement to emerge.
Medical Statistics (310.57). Application of Statistics in Medicine.
Clinical Diagnostics (320.11), corresponding to the first-level discipline is clinical medicine (320). There are 7 tertiary disciplines under it, and this is a collection of clinical medical measurement methods.
Drug statistics (350.50), the corresponding first-level discipline is pharmacy (350).
If we look closely, we can find out more disciplines related to medical measurement.
As can be seen from the above analysis, the distribution of disciplines on medical measurement is very heterogeneous and does not form a unified principle. The content in the above disciplines seems to be very closed, in fact, their core content has long been a very mature thing in ordinary surveying. If you compare them with ordinary surveying, you know that because they are studied independently, they miss too much of the content in ordinary surveying. If the entire system of medical disciplines is reconstructed on the basis of general surveying, the methods available to medical scientists to understand medical objects can multiply, even by orders of magnitude. A large number of methods like those developed in evidence-based medicine are not new at all, but they may feel very fresh.
If we follow the idea of pure science, the establishment of each scientific discipline must adopt the law of conjugation: that is, a theoretical discipline plus a corresponding measurement discipline. Therefore, a truly scientific medical system should be like this:
Basic Medicine Basic Medical Surveying
Clinical Medicine Clinical Medical Surveying
Pharmacy Pharmacometry
Preventive Medicine and Hygiene Preventive Medicine and Hygiene Measurement
Pediatrics Pediatric Surveying
Obstetrics and Gynecology Obstetrics and Gynecology Surveying
......
The surveying of all of the above branches of medical disciplines is based on general surveying. It seems that the number of subjects has almost doubled, but what you really want to learn is greatly simplified. If you learn general surveying, you will be able to penetrate the measurement methods of all medical disciplines at once, and then you will find that the defects in the original medicine will be so large.
Fourth, how to cross all disciplines
The names and codes of all current medical-related disciplines are appended to the end of this article. In the previous article "Why do Western countries ignore China's successful anti-epidemic experience?" "In one article, I emphasized that professional problems need to be recognized by professional people or professional knowledge structures.
Some readers have asked me what my major is, and how many have I studied? My answer was "a catalog of all disciplines in the library." There are 62 first-level disciplines or subject groups, 676 second-level disciplines or subject groups, and 2382 third-level disciplines in the Chinese subject classification standard "GB/T 13745-2009". ”
Of course, many readers may still not understand how one person can understand so many professions, which is the sum of all human knowledge. How is it possible to do this in the current era of knowledge and information explosion? Of course there has to be a way. All science is based on mathematics and surveying, and a mastery of these two disciplines can span all scientific disciplines.
Let's take the two disciplines of drug statistics and medical statistics as examples. As long as you have mathematical statistics and statistics in general surveying, there is almost nothing new in these two disciplines of medicine: samples, variances, Gaussian or normal distributions, means, medians, mean variances, correlation analysis, least squares... Pick up the authoritative textbooks in these two fields, flip through the table of contents and prefaces, take a few chapters and glance at them, and in half an hour, you will kill both disciplines, and you will definitely not understand them worse than those who have studied medicine for a semester or two.
Demography also has some specific professional content, such as birth rate, mortality rate, total fertility rate, natural growth rate, population age distribution, etc., while in drug statistics and medical statistics, even such specific concepts are rare. There are many statistics in specific subject areas, but no matter what kind of statistics in specific disciplines, its knowledge cannot go beyond statistics in mathematics. If there is any more, it will be summarized in the statistics of mathematics. Therefore, as long as you master statistics in the field of mathematics, statistics in all specific disciplines is just a few statistical homework problems.
Another article published alongside this article , "What's The Problem with Nucleic Acid Testing?" "We will be based on general surveying, not only in one article to give the reader a real understanding of the principles of all nucleic acid measurements (almost the same level as PhD students in this field), but also to understand the measurement methods of many other disciplines in this article at the same time, such as lasers, semiconductor amplifiers, Geiger counters for microscopic particle research (photomultiplier tubes), low-light night vision instruments in the military (microchannel plates), nuclear reactions, network propagation, microscopes... This is called a belden. One article can give you an idea of the key things in hundreds of disciplines.
As long as you are proficient in the two sciences of mathematics and general surveying, it will be very easy to enter any specific field of science. Now, "the foundation of all sciences in mathematics", everyone in this scientific community is fully aware. And "ordinary surveying is the foundation of all science", many people, including scientists in the entire scientific community, are still not fully aware of it. The problem this creates is that each discipline independently develops the corresponding knowledge and skills, and each has a number of different professional names. This makes the layman look like going to another country to get to the language barrier. But in fact, it is only a difference in language, and it is actually the same content.
If the language of mathematics is not unified, the calculus names of various disciplines are different, and the concepts are different, one discipline is called derivative, the other is called retention number (originally Newton was this name), and then there is another called "praise number", "typing", "standing difference", "yu on", "warp points", "differences", "differential differences", "medical points"... You think that various fields are magical, a lot of professional knowledge, interlaced like mountains, in fact, tell you that it is the "black words" made by different disciplines themselves, there is nothing new, all derivatives. Fortunately, mathematics does not do this, and the concepts and knowledge are all unified. In any discipline, calculus notation and language are the same. The calculus of hydraulic engineering is no different from the calculus used in economics, naval architecture, astronomy, physics, and all other different fields. Otherwise, imagine how difficult it will be for you to go to various fields.
If the whole world speaks the same language, there will be no language barrier when going to different countries. Now a layman entering a new field feels interlaced like a mountain, not entirely because the knowledge content is different, most of them are just language barriers, in fact, most of the knowledge is the same. If one is proficient in the two common languages of mathematics and general surveying, just as one has mastered Esperanto, which is common in all countries, one can have direct dialogue in any country, and no longer needs to be translated. Then you only need to understand very few points of knowledge difference. At present, the language barrier in various subject areas is not caused by differences in mathematical language, but mainly because of differences in measurement language. Therefore, if the general surveying course is added, the world's scientific knowledge content will be compressed by at least 99.9%. That's why I can get involved in any subject area in the world with great competence, and even more professionally than the experts in it. Learning in this way is not more and more knowledge, but less and less learning.
Today's world is becoming more and more complex, there are more and more new technologies, and the problems we encounter are becoming more and more complex. Therefore, we need the cognition and processing ability to face new problems at any time. This requires a high degree of interdisciplinarity, as well as skills to learn quickly. One of the values of pure science is to solve this problem. When it comes to getting involved in a new business or an area of innovation, it's important to quickly understand what you know and don't know. The scale of human knowledge today is getting bigger and bigger, but that's not a problem. On the one hand, the actual new things are not as much as the scale shows, and most of them are simply due to the lack of guidance in general surveying, resulting in too many different professional names and languages, and the substantive content is much the same. As long as you are proficient in the above two most basic disciplines, it is enough to understand that any new subject area can be as long as a few days and as short as a minute. On the other hand, you don't need to learn and fully master every subject, just know what knowledge and abilities you need. If you don't have the ability to do it yourself, at least you know who to ask for advice.
Attached: Existing medical-related disciplines
310 Basic medicine
310.11 Biochemistry
310.14 Human Anatomy
310.1410 System Anatomy
310.1420 Local anatomy
310.1499 Other disciplines of human anatomy
310.17 Medical cell biology
310.21 Human physiology
310.24 Human histoelogy
310.27 Medical genetics
310.31 Radiology
310.34 Human immunology
310.37 Medical Parasitology
310.3710 Medical Parasitic Immunology
310.3720 Medical entomology
310.3730 Medical helminthology
310.3740 Medical Protozoan
310.3799 Other disciplines of medical parasitology
310.41 Medical microbiology (including medical virology, etc.)
310.44 Pathology
310.4410 Pathobiology
310.4420 Pathological Anatomy
310.4430 Pathophysiology
310.4440 Immunopathology
310.4450 Experimental pathology
310.4460 Comparative pathology
310.4470 Systems pathology
310.4480 Environmental pathology
310.4499 Other disciplines of pathology
310.47 Pharmacology
310.4710 Basic pharmacology
310.4720 Clinical pharmacology
310.4730 Biochemical pharmacology
310.4740 Molecular pharmacology
310.4750 Immunopharmacology
310.4799 Pharmacology other disciplines
310.51 Medical laboratory zoology
310.54 Medical psychology
310.57 Medical statistics
310.61 Biomedical engineering
310.6110 Biomedical electronics
310.6120 Clinical engineering
310.6130 Rehabilitation engineering
310.6140 Biomedical surveying
310.6150 Artificial organs and biomedical materials
310.6199 Biomedical engineering other disciplines
310.99 Other disciplines of basic medicine
320 Clinical medicine
320.11 Clinical diagnostics
320.1110 Diagnostics of symptoms
320.1120 Physical diagnostics
320.1130 Functional diagnostics
320.1140 Medical imaging (including diagnostic radiology, isotopic diagnostics, diagnostic ultrasound, etc.)
320.1150 Clinical radiology
320.1160 Experimental diagnostics
320.1199 Clinical diagnostics other disciplines
320.14 Health Medicine
320.1410 Rehabilitation medicine
320.1420 Sports medicine (including mechanics and sports medicine, etc.)
320.1430 Geriatrics
320.1499 Other disciplines of health medicine
320.17 Physiotherapy
320.21 Anesthesiology
320.2110 Anesthesia physiology
320.2120 Anesthetic pharmacology
320.2130 Anatomy of anesthesia application
320.2199 Other disciplines of anesthesiology
320.24 Internal Medicine
320.2410 Cardiology
320.2415 Respiratory disease
320.2420 Tuberculosis
320.2425 Gastroenterology
320.2430 Hematology
320.2435 Nephrology
320.2440 Endocrinology
320.2445 Rheumatology and autoimmunology
320.2450 Allergology
320.2455 Infectious diseases
320.2499 Other disciplines of internal medicine
320.27 Surgery
320.2710 Ordinary Surgery
320.2715 Microscopic surgery
320.2720 Neurosurgery
320.2725 Cranial surgery
320.2730 Thoracic surgery
320.2735 Cardiovascular surgery
320.2740 Urological surgery
320.2745 Orthopedic surgery
320.2750 Burn surgery
320.2755 Orthopedic Surgery
320.2760 Organ transplant surgery
320.2765 Experimental surgery
320.2799 Other disciplines of surgery
320.31 Obstetrics and gynecology
320.3110 Gynecology
320.3120 Obstetrics
320.3130 Perinatal medicine (also known as perinatal medicine)
320.3140 Midwifery
320.3150 Fetalization
320.3160 Obstetrics and gynecology
320.3199 Other disciplines of obstetrics and gynecology
320.34 Pediatrics
320.37 Ophthalmology
320.41 Otolaryngology
320.44 Stomatology
320.4410 Oral anatomy and physiology
320.4415 Oral histology and oral pathology
320.4420 Oral materials
320.4425 Diagnostic oral imaging
320.4430 Oral science
320.4435 Oral and maxillofacial surgery
320.4440 Oral orthopaedics
320.4445 Orthodontics
320.4450 Prevention of oral diseases
320.4499 Other disciplines of stomatology
320.47 Dermatology
320.51 Sex medicine
320.54 Neurology
320.57 Psychiatry (including mental health and behavioural medicine)
320.61 Emergency medicine
320.64 Nuclear medicine
320.67 Oncology
320.6710 Tumor immunology
320.6720 Oncology etiology
320.6730 Tumor pathology
320.6740 Diagnosis of oncology
320.6750 Oncology therapeutics
320.6760 Oncology prophylaxis
320.6770 Experimental oncology
320.6799 Other disciplines of oncology
320.71 Nursing
320.7110 Basic nursing
320.7120 Specialist nursing
320.7130 Special nursing
320.7140 Nursing psychology
320.7150 Ethics of nursing
320.7160 Nursing management
320.7199 Other disciplines of nursing
320.99 Other disciplines of clinical medicine
330 Preventive medicine and hygiene
330.11 Nutrition
330.14 Toxicology
330.17 Disinfection
330.21 Epidemiology
330.24 Infectious diseases
330.27 Vector biocontrol
330.31 Environmental medicine
330.34 Occupational diseases
330.37 Endemics
330.41 Social medicine
330.44 Hygiene laboratory
330.47 Food hygiene
330.51 Hygiene of children
330.54 Maternal and child health
330.57 Environmental hygiene
330.61 Occupational hygiene
330.64 Radiohythiasis
330.67 Sanitary engineering
330.71 Health economics
330.74 Eugenics
330.77 Health pedagogy
330.81 Health management
330.99 Preventive medicine and other disciplines of hygiene
340 Military medicine & special medicine
340.10 Military medicine
340.1010 Field surgery
340.1015 Military epidemiology
340.1020 Military environmental medicine
340.1025 Military hygiene
340.1030 Military health equipment
340.1035 Military ergonomics
340.1040 Medical protection of nuclear weapons
340.1045 Chemical weapons medical protection
340.1050 Medical protection of biological weapons
340.1055 Laser and microwave medical protection
340.1099 Other disciplines of military medicine
340.20 Special medicine
340.2010 Aerospace Medicine
340.2020 Diving Medicine
340.2030 Nautical medicine
340.2040 Forensic science
340.2099 Other disciplines of special medicine
340.99 Military medicine and other disciplines of special medicine
350 Pharmacy
350.10 Medicinal chemistry (including natural medicinal chemistry, etc.)
350.20 Biopharmaceuticals
350.25 Microbial pharmacology
350.30 Radiopharmaceuticals
350.35 Pharmacy
350.40 Pharmacodynamics
350.45 Pharmacomaniac administration
350.50 Drug statistics
350.99 Other disciplines of pharmacy
360 Traditional Chinese Medicine & Traditional Chinese Medicine
360.10 Traditional Chinese Medicine
360.1011 Basic theories of Chinese medicine (including meridian science, etc.)
360.1014 Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine
360.1017 Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine
360.1021 Surgery of traditional Chinese medicine
360.1024 Orthopedics of Traditional Chinese Medicine
360.1027 Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine
360.1031 Pediatrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine
360.1034 TCM Ophthalmology
360.1037 Otolaryngology of Traditional Chinese Medicine
360.1041 Oral Science of Traditional Chinese Medicine
360.1044 Geriatrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine
360.1047 Acupuncture (including acupuncture analgesia and anesthesia, etc.)
360.1051 Massage and Tuina
360.1054 TCM health rehabilitation (including Qigong research, etc.)
360.1057 TCM nursing
360.1061 Dietary Therapy of Traditional Chinese Medicine
360.1064 Prescription Materia Medica
360.1067 Literature of Traditional Chinese Medicine (including Difficult Classics, Neijing, Typhoid Fever, Golden Outline, Acupuncture, etc.)
360.1099 Other disciplines of traditional Chinese medicine
360.20 Ethnic medicine
360.30 Integrative Medicine
360.40 Chinese Pharmacy
360.4010 Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine
360.4015 Pharmacology of Chinese medicines
360.4020 Materia Medica
360.4025 Medicinal botany
360.4030 Identification of Chinese medicines
360.4035 Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing
360.4040 Pharmacy of Chinese medicine
360.4045 Resources of Chinese Medicine
360.4050 Management of Chinese Medicines
360.4099 Other disciplines of Chinese pharmacy
360.99 Traditional Chinese medicine and other disciplines of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Wang Tao
The advocate of the "Third Scientific Revolution of Mankind" and the founder of the pure scientific theory system, after more than 30 years of research and practice, he has formed a scientific economic system.