The northeast fell for fourteen years in the War of Resistance. After the September 18 Incident, in order to further invade China and enslave Northeast China, Japanese imperialism established an organizational organization to suppress the Chinese people's war of resistance in the occupied areas of Northeast China, including four categories: army, gendarmerie, police, and secret agents, and because Japan supported the puppet Manchukuo regime to establish fascist rule, this set of repressive institutions was divided into two parts: the Japanese Kwantung Army, the Japanese gendarmes, the Japanese police, the Japanese secret agents, and the military gendarmerie of the puppet Manchukuo.
At present, we often vaguely refer to the Japanese imperialist forces that invaded China as Japanese armies, among which the Japanese gendarmerie is very "famous" in China, and these gendarmes often play the role of "vigilantes" who have long harassed and plundered the people and searched and arrested anti-Japanese soldiers and civilians. What kind of troops was the Japanese Gendarmerie during the War of Resistance? What are their main tasks in China? What kind of damage has been done to China?
<h1 class = "pgc-h-center-line" data-track= "2" > I. Russo-Japanese War - The origin of the Japanese Kanto Gendarmerie</h1>
Before the September 18 Incident, Japan already had a gendarmerie organization, which was originally established in 1881, but the source of the Japanese gendarmerie's invasion of China was the Russo-Japanese War in 1904. Japan has long coveted the Manchurian and Mongolian regions of our country, and after the victory of the Russo-Japanese War, it gradually used the gendarmerie organization to infiltrate the northeast.
In the autumn of 1904, Japan had occupied Lushun, Dalian, Jinzhou and other places, and established the Military and Political Administration Bureau and the Liaodong Garrison Headquarters here. The Military Administration Department included more than 40 Japanese military police officers, mainly responsible for the administrative affairs of the occupied areas such as Lushun. The following year, Japan abolished the Liaodong Garrison and changed it to the Liaodong Garrison, and the Military and Political Affairs Bureau was abolished and changed to the Kwantung Civil Affairs Bureau, and its duties remained unchanged.
Using these two organizations, Japan stationed 6 independent garrison troops and 1 division near important transportation lines and railway towns in Lushun and other places, during which the gendarmes under the Kwantung Civil Affairs Bureau were formally organized as the Kwantung Gendarmerie Corps, which was headquartered in Lushun and was subordinate to the Kanto Governor's Office, and set up gendarmerie detachments throughout the northeast.
The original duties of the Japanese military to the Gendarmerie were defined as: "the military police responsibility for the Japanese garrison and the administrative and judicial police responsibility for the Kwantung-Chau Manchurian Railway Dependency." ”
In this way, the Japanese gendarmerie seems to be some kind of special police, but in fact the Japanese gendarmerie is directly under the Kantō Command (the Kwantung Governor's Office was abolished in 1919), and in 1932 it was assigned to the Japanese Kwantung Army's combat sequence, after which the Japanese gendarmerie no longer exercised judicial police and administrative duties, they were actually military police, and their task was actually only one - to suppress the resistance of the people of the Tohoku Chinese.
< h1 class = "pgc-h-center-line" data-track = "4" > the development of the Japanese Kanto Gendarmerie after the Events of February and September 18</h1>
From the Russo-Japanese War of 1904 to the eve of the September 18 Incident in 1931, the Japanese Kanto Gendarmerie developed rapidly, and the size of the Gendarmerie gradually expanded. At the end of 1929, the Japanese Gendarmerie in tohoku had 1 headquarters, 8 detachments, and 7 detachments, with a total of 212 personnel. In 1932, the Japanese Kwantung Gendarmerie Command was established, moved to Shenyang, reorganized the detachment into two gendarmerie bases, and transferred more gendarmes from Japan, at this time the number reached more than 500.
In order to meet the needs of the Kwantung Army's occupation of various parts of northeast China, the gendarmerie formation was reorganized from time to time, for example, in 1932, the Fengtian Gendarmerie, a total of 115 people, was responsible for "maintaining law and order" in Shenyang and other places, blocking local transportation, and the Bank of China. With the development of the war situation, the size of the Japanese gendarmerie was further expanded after 1935, and the headquarters of the gendarmerie were set up in Chengde, Jiamusi, Dongning and other places.
After the famous Japanese war criminal Hideki Tojo was transferred to the commander of the Kwantung Gendarmerie Corps, the measurement of the Tohoku Japanese pseudo-repressive agency centered on the gendarmerie was strengthened, and the total number of the Japanese gendarmerie reached more than 1,400 the following year. At this time, the Japanese Gendarmerie had 19 headquarters, 105 gendarmerie detachments, and 61 detachments.
After 1939, in order to meet the needs of aggression, the Japanese gendarmerie also set up a special gendarmerie, such as the 86th Gendarmerie established in Shinkyo, which is a special gendarmerie team for radio detection and chemical reconnaissance, as well as a gendarmerie training team and a special police force, which are responsible for training gendarmes and collecting intelligence, respectively.
In addition, an ideological gendarmerie unit has been set up to study and deal with the ideological trends of the Chinese people at all levels and the dignitaries of japanese and puppet institutions. In 1941, the number of gendarmes reached 3894, and three field gendarmerie units were established to participate in the war against the Soviet Union.
On the whole, the number of Japanese gendarmes is not large, but the power is very large, and it has actually become the core and command of the Japanese and pseudo-repressive institutions. In this system, the fascist suppression of the Japanese gendarmerie was not only assisted by the Japanese police and spies, but also had a large number of puppet Manchukuo gendarmes, puppet Manchukuo policemen and spies under their command.
By 1937, there were about 6,600 Japanese police officers, and 77,000 puppet Manchukuo police, all commanded by the Japanese military, which became one of the tools of Japanese colonial rule.
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" data-track="6" >3. The atrocities of the Japanese gendarmerie against China</h1>
The Japanese Kwantung Gendarmerie was essentially set up to cooperate with the Japanese military's aggression against China, and the agency's primary atrocity was to cooperate with the massacre and suppression of Chinese soldiers and civilians by the Japanese puppet army. After the September 18 Incident, Japan's colonial rule aroused strong resistance from the people of Northeast China, and the anti-Japanese army developed rapidly in the upsurge of anti-Japanese sentiment, which caused great obstacles to Japan's invasion of China.
In April 1932, the Japanese garrison and gendarmerie team committed the Yokodo Hezi Massacre, massacred and arrested hundreds of Chinese people, raped and killed women, and plundered property. In the same year, the Fushun Gendarmerie and other military constituents carried out a brutal massacre at Pingdingshan, killing more than 3,000 Chinese civilians. In 1935, the Jilin Japanese puppet gendarmerie and the puppet capital gendarmerie team cooperated with the Kwantung Army to hunt down anti-Japanese soldiers and civilians in Yongji County, Jilin Province, and in June of the following year, more than 60 people of the puppet national capital gendarmerie killed the leaders and villagers of the Haiqing War of Resistance in Changchun City.
From 1940 to 1941, Japanese and pseudo-gendarmes created the "Three-Zhao Massacre" in Harbin, arrested more than 100 innocent Chinese and tortured, more than 40 were shot and burned, Ai Qingshan, Xu Zijun and a total of 32 martyrs were brutally killed in Zhaozhou, and since then more than 730 anti-Japanese martyrs have been killed in a year.
The Japanese gendarmerie "maintains law and order" every day, often leading the team to search and investigate in the residential areas of the Chinese people, killing innocent people, and the Chinese people deeply hate them. According to statistics, between 1932 and 1936, the Japanese and puppet military and police killed more than 48,000 Chinese people in China.
In addition, another major goal of the Japanese gendarmerie was to hunt down and maim the CCP's underground anti-Japanese armed personnel. In 1933, the Japanese gendarmerie and the Japanese army arrested dozens of communists, members of the Communist Youth League, and patriotic people in Yubara Prefecture, and after torture and torture, brutally buried 12 revolutionary martyrs and their families, including Pei Zhiyun, secretary of the county party committee, and their families.
During the command of Hideki Tojo, the Japanese gendarmerie strengthened intelligence and investigation work, carried out high-intensity reconnaissance and sabotage of the underground anti-Japanese organizations of the Ccp, and similar actions to hunt down underground Communists appeared in an endless stream, and in 1936 the Kwantung Army Command issued regulations on the handling of relevant personnel of the Communist Party, authorizing the Japanese gendarmerie to directly execute relevant personnel without legal investigation. During this period, the Japanese gendarmerie killed more than 4,300 revolutionaries.
Text/Lu soy milk
Resources:
1. "Japanese Pseudo-Gendarmes and Police", Huo Liaoyuan and Pan Qigui
2. "Japanese Pseudo-Gendarmes and Police and Criminal Acts During the Fall of Northeast China", Pan Qigui
3. "Study on the "Special Transfer" of the Japanese Kwantung Gendarmerie in the Puppet Manchu Period", Li Hanxi