The British Isles: Celtic, Gaul, Germanic, who has invaded the Barbaric Lands? The Celtics came across the sea: brought civilization, established kingdoms, and the priests of Gaul crossed the sea to England, the Roman Empire, and 3 expeditions to establish provinces Three "Seven Kingdoms Era" and "Danish Gold": Anglo-Saxons and Vikings Wanton Norwegian kings and Normandy Principalities came to fight for the right to inherit

Scholars at the end of the Qing Dynasty were limited by the cognition at that time, accustomed to calling britain the "British Isles", in fact, the United Kingdom did not have 3 islands, only two islands, the big island of Britain including England, Scotland, Wales, and the small island of Ireland. The full name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, referred to as the United Kingdom or Britain, Chinese referred to as the United Kingdom.

Currently, the British territory includes England, Scotland and Wales on the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland in the northeast of the island of Ireland, and small coastal islets; in addition to the mainland of Great Britain, there are 14 overseas possessions.

British Overseas Territories

In terms of territorial area, the United Kingdom is not a big country, with a land area of 243,610 square kilometers, which is not as large as Japan, and Japan's area is 377915 square kilometers.

As an island country near the mainland, Britain's early development was no different from Japan's, and even worse than Japan's. Britain was invaded, ruled, and colonized by waves of foreign races, and finally Britain once became an "empire where the sun never sets", of course, it is now "the sun has set".

<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the Celts came across the sea: to bring civilization and build kingdoms</h1>

The Region of Britain, which has not yet left the European continent

Archaeology shows that Britain was connected to the European continent 3 million years ago, and there were already signs of human activity on the island 250,000 years ago. Of course, the so-called humans are actually Homo erectoids. It was not until the 8th century BC that the early inhabitants of France on the other side of the sea began to cross the sea, these people were called Celts, and the Celts brought iron technology, civilization, and established kingdoms.

The next few hundred years can be roughly divided into three stages and three migration waves. The reasons for the relocation are simple and realistic: the inability to survive in the original homeland and the inability to resist the invasion of foreign races from the East.

The first emigrants came from the Rhine region of present-day Germany. History does not explain, what happened to the original inhabitants of the island after the Celtic invasion, the reality is that no one in later generations has repeatedly claimed to be the "owner of this land", and the invaders have eliminated the indigenous people with swords and arrows and axes.

300 years later, the second group of Celts in the 5th century BC crossed the sea, known as the Burituns (ancient Celtic tribes), who seized the idyllic lands and wives and daughters of the indigenous and former inhabitants by force. Since then, it has been called Britain by the Europeans, which means the land of the Britons.

400 years after the Bretons settled, a third group of Celts, a group of Gauls living in belgium in what is now northern France, called the Bilgais, were mainly of the priest class and their people, who retreated to the island because of their defeat against the Romans. History repeats itself, and they also seized the pastoral lands and wives and daughters of the first inhabitants by force, and established several kingdoms on the island.

< h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > Gallic priests crossed the sea to England, the Roman Empire, and established provinces on 3 expeditions</h1>

The Roman conquest of Britain

The rise of the Roman Empire in the 3rd and 4th centuries BC, initially in northern Italy and southern France at the time set up two colonies then known as "provinces", and in the following centuries, the power to the east included Greece and West Asia, south occupied North Africa and Egypt, and west into present-day France, the Netherlands, Belgium, this land was called Gaul, and even reached Spain, which was still very backward at that time.

Barbarian invasion

At that time, Gaul was divided into hundreds of tribes, large and small, and in addition to the chiefs, the tribes also had priests who held the power of religion and education. After the invasion of the Roman forces, the Romans adopted a lenient assimilation policy towards their subjects, and the tribal leaders received special treatment and status from the Romans, most of whom obtained Roman citizenship and entered the Roman Senate.

However, the priests lost their original status, and although the Romans did not reject foreign religions, the right to educate priests was lost after the Gauls accepted Latin civilization and learned Latin, and the status of priests plummeted. Disgruntled priests began to rebel against Roman rule, advocating national consciousness.

The City of London founded by the Romans

The reality was that the Roman legions could not be defeated by a single mouth, and after the death of their compatriots, the priests could no longer gain a foothold in Gaul, so they crossed the sea to England with the remnants of their men. Braving the natural dangers of the English Channel, he continued to drum up gaulous gaulous compatriots across the sea against the Romans.

Roads built by the Romans

In the 1st century BC, in order to stabilize Gaul, Caesar took two legions on an expedition across the sea in August 55 BC. The Roman military system had about 6,000 men in a single legion, plus logistics totaling about 10,000 men. 20,000 men defeated the Bilgai, but due to the storm at sea, the Logistics of the Roman Army could not be received on time, and Caesar had to rush back to Gaul with the Bilgay hostages.

Purple is the Roman-controlled area, red orange is the Germanic settlement.

As soon as the Romans left, the Bilgai people fought with the Emperor of Heaven, immediately overturned the peace treaty, and harassed Gaul on the other side, continuing to encourage the Gauls to rebel against Rome. The following year, Caesar took 5 legions on an expedition across the sea, and the Bilgai were defeated and defeated, and could only use guerrilla warfare to harass the Roman army. However, at this time, Caesar was faced with the unfavorable domestic political situation and there were signs of instability in Gaul, so Caesar had to withdraw his troops again.

On the eve of rome's demise, the isolated island of England was also entered by the Germans.

Soon after Caesar's retreat, he led his army back to China to start a civil war, and after the struggle of the first three heroes and the last three heroes, Octavian finally unified Rome and established an empire.

The escape of the Brytons

The Bilgays never forgot them and harassed Gaul continuously. In 100 years after Caesar's two invasions, Claudius, the fourth emperor of the Roman Empire, sent four legions on an expedition to England in 43 AD. As a hundred years ago, the Bilgai were again unable to form an army, and this time the Romans did not let them ask for peace, and the Romans occupied most of England and set it up as a province. The Romans began to colonize and rule Britain, but their sphere of influence was only the southern half of the present-day British Isle of Britain, which is now England. The remaining Bilgai fled west across the sea to Ireland.

The map shows the genetic origins of 192 Irish and 1611 Britons

The Romans brought civilization to England, but also to construction. England, which embraced Roman civilization, and Ireland, hostile to Rome, have since had different national feelings that cannot be reconciled.

Hadrian's Wall and Antony Wall

Because Roman rule did not exterminate the local natives, so that the colonial period experienced several rebellions and killings, in 122, the Roman Emperor Hadrian toured the British provinces, instructed the construction of a Great Wall of more than 100 kilometers in the north of England, known as Hadrian's Wall, in order to defend against the barbarian invasion in the north, which won a hundred years of peace and prosperity for England, but also let the British Isles be divided into two peoples, the south is Romanized England, and the north of Scotland failed to accept Roman civilization. Relatively backward by hundreds of years.

Hadrian's Wall

More than 300 years later, the Roman Empire began to weaken and decline, and the empire was repeatedly invaded by barbarians from the north. In order to defend the country, Rome began to withdraw its garrison from England in 398, and completely withdrew in 407. Roman legionnaires were not allowed to marry during their service, and after retiring at the age of 40, they usually married and settled with local women in the garrison.

After the Romans left, England entered an era of no law and no fists to reason in everything, when the inhabitants of the island were Ofeton and hybrid Roman descendants.

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<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > "Seven Kingdoms" and "Danish Gold": Anglo-Saxons and Vikings</h1>

Anglo-Saxon migration

A hundred years later, England faced another invasion, this time mainly germanic barbarians from Europe. The invading Germanics were called an Anglo-Saxons. History repeats itself, and before long, the invaders have seized the idyllic lands and wives and daughters of the indigenous people by force, becoming the new owners of the island. After the 5th century it was renamed England, meaning an Anglo land.

The distribution of ano-Saxons came to the country after their arrival

By the middle of the 7th century, the Anglos had established countless kingdoms of various sizes on the island, which was an era of killing, and after a period of conquest and annexation, there were finally 7 kingdoms left, known as the "Seven Kingdoms Era". "A Song of Ice and Fire" is a story set in this era.

The Seven Kingdoms Era

A hundred years later, however, in the 8th century there were new foreign enemies on the island, this time by nordic barbarians known as the Vikings. At first, they were like ordinary pirates, but they came across the sea from time to time to plunder, burned and plundered, and took away their goods, livestock and beautiful women.

Later, some Vikings felt that it was very troublesome to always take a boat to plunder, and simply came to settle. They have their own language, laws and customs, and their character is brave and violent. The English called their place of residence the Danish Quarter, a curse word in English, but later became the name of Nordic Denmark.

In the 9th century, the Kingdom of Wessex in the Seven Kingdoms produced a wise and brave king, known as Alfred the Great (849-899), only he defeated the Vikings, but only stopped the Vikings from harassing and plundering from the south, and the two sides demarcated the border, the Vikings lived in the northern Danish region, Alfred ruled the south, and the area he ruled was now England.

However, after his death, his successors were incompetent, and the Vikings began to invade frequently. Like the Song Dynasty in China, in the face of the burning and plundering of invaders, the English people paid a huge amount of money every year for peace, which was then known as "Danish gold".

The situation in 886 AD shows that the Danish legal area, that is, the purple part is still quite large

In 1015, the Danish prince Cnut landed in England with a fleet of 200 ships, occupied all of England and proclaimed himself king, and then he succeeded to the thrones of Denmark and Norway, known as Cnut the Great. Cnut managed England with care, and was also quite localized, appointing a large number of natives as officials. However, the result of indigenization was that after cnut's death in 1041, he was overthrown by English officials and succeeded to the throne by the descendants of Alfred from Normandy, France.

< h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the King of Norway and the Duchy of Normandy came to fight for the right to inherit</h1>

The three barbarian Germans, Slavs, and Celts

Alfred's last descendant, King Edward, died in 1066, causing civil war and invasion by foreign enemies, the first to invade the King of Norway, who believed that he was also eligible to inherit, and others invaded northern England and occupied Yorktown, but was defeated and killed in the ensuing battle.

Then, in the lower Seine region of present-day France, there was a Viking kingdom subordinate to the French king, called the Duchy of Normandy, and William, Duke of Normandy, also led an army to compete for the throne, and he landed in Pavoncy in southern England, and defeated King Harold II at Hastings. The English recognized him as King of England and became known as William the Conqueror (1028-1087).

A restoration of a castle in England in the 12th century, made of stone material that only powerful siege weapons could have captured

William the Conqueror brought continental civilization and institutions to England, he established the first Dynasty of England: the Norman Dynasty (1066-1135), and the year he came to england was the beginning of the orthodox history of England.

Looking back at the founding history of Britain, this is a history of foreign invasions, the killing and conquest of indigenous peoples, when the fate of the British was even more miserable than that of the Japanese.

For hundreds of years, the kings of England were foreign, some could not speak English for a lifetime, and some did not live in England for a long time. The remaining natives of Britain were repeatedly ruled by different races and assimilated by foreign civilizations.

Britain's territory covers a total area of 243,610 square kilometers, which is smaller than the Philippines (299764 square kilometers), but it can leap to the world's top power in the 18th and 9th centuries 700 years later, known as the "Empire of the Sun Never Sets".