If you want to talk about the history of Chinese gardens, the Yuanmingyuan, which once had the title of The Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens, is an insurmountable mountain in the history of gardens.
The construction of the most prestigious garden of the Qing Dynasty, the Yuanmingyuan, gathered the whimsy and wisdom of several generations of skilled craftsmen, the wealth of the country's strength, and countless rare treasures to decorate it, so that the garden of ten thousand gardens was magnificent and beautiful.
However, due to the weakness and incompetence of the Qing Dynasty, the centuries were destroyed in one dynasty, and posterity could only see the ruins of the once golden royal garden.
The understanding of the Yuanmingyuan is either based on the sporadic fragments of the movie "Burning the Yuanmingyuan", or relying on the tourism of the ruins of the Yuanmingyuan, but the real understanding of the Yuanmingyuan is far less than that of the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace, and even the Chengde Summer Resort.
This royal garden, which can represent the rise and fall of the Qing Dynasty, is the pearl in the palm of the five emperors of Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng, which is not really familiar with or even ignored.
The Yuanmingyuan was a garden that the Emperor of the Qing Dynasty loved and relied on very much, and even the Yongzheng Emperor, who did not like to go out, went to live in the Yuanmingyuan 47 times since he became emperor, accumulating 2314 days 47 times, an average of 210 days per year, and the time spent in the Yuanmingyuan in each year exceeded the time in the Forbidden City, and only returned to the palace when he was in the suburbs, fasting and seeing the dynasty.
It can be said that many of the many instructions that changed the history of the Qing Dynasty and even China came from the Yuanmingyuan, the Jiaqing Emperor and the Xianfeng Emperor were also born in the Yuanmingyuan, while the Yongzheng Emperor and the Daoguang Emperor died in the Yuanmingyuan, and four of the five generations of Tianzi were related to the Yuanmingyuan.
Liu Yang, a member of the Academic Professional Committee of the Chinese Yuanmingyuan Society and has been engaged in the study of beijing's historical sites and the imperial gardens of the Qing Dynasty for many years, his new book "The Yuanmingyuan of Yuanmingyuan" combines classics and historical pictures to systematically introduce the relationship between the five Qing emperors and the Yuanmingyuan from the Yongzheng Emperor to the Xianfeng Emperor, as well as the major events that occurred in the Yuanmingyuan, telling the rise and fall of the Qing Dynasty from a special perspective.
Known as the Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens, the Yuanmingyuan, which is compatible with the Chinese and Western royal styles, is composed of the Yuanmingyuan, Changchun Garden, Qichun Garden, Xichun Garden, and Chunxiyuan, known as the Five Gardens of the Yuanming Dynasty, and later the Xichun Garden and the ChunxiYuan were separated to form the Three Gardens of the Yuanming Dynasty.
Built by five generations of emperors, the Yuanmingyuan was the longest-running imperial garden in ancient times, spending the most manpower and material resources, and was the largest garden in the Qing Dynasty, but its initial scale was only the private garden of Emperor Yinchen.
Before the forty-sixth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1707), the Kangxi Emperor gave the emperor's third son Yin Zhi and the fourth son of the emperor Yin Chan a piece of land near changchun garden, and let them build their own gardens, and Yin Zhi's garden was the Xichun Garden that was later annexed to the Yuanmingyuan, and Yin Chan's garden was the Yuanmingyuan that later became famous.
After Yin Chan's painstaking construction, in November of the 46th year of Kangxi, the Yuanmingyuan had begun to take shape, and it was possible to invite the Kangxi Emperor to come. In the forty-eighth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1709), the main project of the garden was basically completed, and the three-character plaque of "Yuanmingyuan" given by the Kangxi Emperor was hung above the lintel of the Yuanmingyuan Hall.
What does "Yuanming" mean? The Yongzheng Emperor later explained: "Yuanming" is taken from the Confucian classic "Zhongyong", "Round and into the gods, the gentleman's time is also in the middle; bright and universal, the wisdom of the people is also." That is to say, "yuan" means that personal morality is perfect and perfect, surpassing ordinary people; "ming" means that political achievements are bright and bright, perfect and wise.
The implication of the Yongzheng Emperor's words was probably that his father had long been interested in him, and pinned his hopes on Ming Jun, so that he would be wise and insightful as an emperor in the future, and this little masterpiece would put gold on his face (this point was purely personal speculation).
Because of the number given by the Yuanmingyuan, Prince Yong, who prides himself on the good way of the Buddha, also gave himself a "Yuanming Resident" Dao number (the reason for taking the number is also a personal speculation), and there is the "Quotations of the Yuanming Residents".
The first time the Qianlong Emperor met his grandfather, the Kangxi Emperor, was also at the Peony Terrace of the Yuanmingyuan, and on March 25, the sixty-first year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1722), Kang Yongqian's three heavenly sons enjoyed peonies in the Yuanmingyuan, which was later blown by the Qianlong Emperor for a lifetime.
After the Yongzheng Emperor succeeded to the throne, because of the needs of the garden administration, he began to expand the Yuanmingyuan, and during his reign, at least thirty-three scenes of the Yuanmingyuan had been formed. The Qianlong Emperor, who was still a crown prince at the time, was given the taohuawu in the northwest of the lake in the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726), and he changed his name to Wuling Chunse after he ascended the throne.
In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), the Qianlong Emperor was again given the lotus hall, where he lived for six years, because yongzheng eleventh year (1733) was given the title of Changchun resident by his father, so after he ascended the throne, the lotus hall was renamed Changchun Xianguan.
The Qianlong Emperor liked luxury, and during his sixty years of reign, the scale of the expansion of the Yuanmingyuan was quite considerable, probably around the tenth year of Qianlong (1745), he built a new Changchun Garden on the east side of the Yuanmingyuan and the former site of the former University Scholar Pearl's Yiyuan Garden, and after the scenery in the garden was formed, the guanyuan was officially set up in the sixteenth year of Qianlong (1751).
Since Qianlong's first southern tour in the 16th century, the Qianlong Emperor, who had seen the Gardens of Jiangnan, began to rebuild, add and imitate the famous gardens of Jiangnan in the Yuanmingyuan and Changchun Garden, and also built a European-style garden complex in the northern boundary of Changchun Garden.
Because when he was a child, he went to the Chengde Mountain Resort with his grandfather and was given the reason to live in the Jingjia Room (that is, the JianShi Zhai of the Wanyuan Songfeng), the Qianlong Emperor named the Wanren Songfeng "Ji'en Hall" in the thirtieth year of Qianlong (1765). In the following year (1766), the place where he first met his grandfather, the Peony Terrace in the Yuanmingyuan, was also renamed Ji'en Hall, and a record of Ji'en Hall was written to commemorate the Kangxi Emperor's care and nurturing of him.
In the thirty-second year of Qianlong (1767), after Prince Cheng's yin zhi was knighted, the confiscated garden Xichun Garden (that is, the garden built in the same year as the Yuanmingyuan) was also officially incorporated into the Imperial Garden.
First it was the Jiaohui Garden given by Prince YunXiang of Yi, and later the Chunhe Garden, which was given to the university scholar Fu Heng, and was also officially incorporated into the Yuanmingyuan in the thirty-fourth year of Qianlong (1769), and was given the name Qichun Garden, which was located in the south of the Yuanmingyuan and Changchun Garden, and the three gardens were inverted "pin" in the plane.
As early as the twenty-eighth year of Qianlong (1763), Shuchun Garden, which had existed, was not sure when it would become a subsidiary imperial garden of the Yuanmingyuan, but it was not until the forty-fifth year of Qianlong (1780) that a deputy of the Eight Pins Garden was set up, and in the forty-seventh year (1782) it was renamed Chunxi Temple. At this point, the Five Gardens of the Yuanming Dynasty in the heyday were finalized.
If it is said that the Yuanmingyuan was built by the Yongzheng Emperor and the Changchun Garden was built by the Qianlong Emperor, then the Qichun Garden was mainly built by the Jiaqing Emperor, who in the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799) and the sixteenth year (1813) successively merged two gardens in the west of the Qichun Garden, namely the Xishuang Village of Prince Yongyao of Cheng, and the Hanhui Garden of Princess Zhuang Jing and Princess Shuo. The Jiaqing Emperor also followed the example of the Emperor's father in summarizing the Yuanmingyuan into forty scenic spots and the Qichun Garden into thirty scenic spots.
However, it was also from the hands of the Jiaqing Emperor that the Five Gardens of the Yuanming Dynasty became the Four Gardens of the Yuanming Dynasty, and in the seventh year of Jiaqing (1802), the Jiaqing Emperor gave the Chunxi Courtyard to the fourth daughter, Princess Zhuang Jinggulun (later changed to Zhuang Jing), making the Chunxi Courtyard the shortest-lived imperial garden in the Five Gardens of the Yuanming Dynasty.
After the Daoguang Emperor succeeded to the throne, he transformed the Qichun Garden, Changchun Garden, and Yuanmingyuan, and transformed the area around the Qichun Garden, the emperor's residence during the Jiaqing period, into the residence of the empress dowager and the harem women's relatives.
In the second year of Daoguang (1822), the Daoguang Emperor divided the Xichun Garden into two parts, the eastern half, that is, the original middle and east two houses, and gave it to the third emperor's brother Miankai, the name of the garden, which was still the same, and was later renamed Qinghua Garden by the Xianfeng Emperor; the western half was rewarded to the fourth emperor's brother Rui Prince Mianxin, named Near Spring Garden.
At this point, the five gardens (four gardens) of the Yuanming Dynasty, which had been flourishing for a time, were finally finalized as a three-garden pattern composed of the Yuanmingyuan, Changchun Garden and Qichun Garden.
After the Xianfeng Emperor succeeded to the throne, even if the state affairs were eroded, the ministers could not stop the heart of the Xianfeng Emperor stationed in the Yuanmingyuan, and when the smoke in Jiangnan was everywhere and internal and external troubles were abounded, the Xianfeng Emperor was still playing with the Four Spring Niangniang in the Yuanmingyuan, until August of the Xianfeng Decade (1860), on the eve of the Anglo-French coalition army to force Beijing, this weak tianzi fled Beijing, and also abandoned the Yuanmingyuan that had been in love with him.
The five generations of emperors from the Yongzheng Emperor to the Xianfeng Emperor often took the palace relatives to the Yuanmingyuan, where the emperor was located, and many major events naturally occurred in the Yuanmingyuan.
In the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), the Yongzheng Emperor met with the Portuguese envoy Medela four times, and three times were arranged in the Yuanmingyuan. In the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730), the Yongzheng Emperor ordered that sweet potatoes be planted in the Yuanmingyuan as imperial supplies. Also in November of that year, he began to make a fire to refine Dan in Xiuqing Village, Yuanmingyuan, and until August of the thirteenth year (1735), a total of 157 times in 59 months were used for alchemy.
In the eighteenth year of Qianlong (1753), Portugal sent envoys to daqing for the third time, and the Qianlong Emperor also met with the envoy Ba Zhege twice in the Yuanmingyuan and invited him to watch the Dragon Boat Boat. In July of the forty-fifth year (1780), the Sixth Panchen Lama, who accepted the invitation, came to Chengde to meet the Qianlong Emperor, and on the first day of September, he entered the Xihuang Temple in Beijing, accompanied by the sixth prince Yong Yao and Zhang Jia guoshi, and spent three days in the Yuanmingyuan.
On the third day of September in the 60th year of Qianlong (1795), the Qianlong Emperor announced at the Qinzheng Hall of the Yuanmingyuan that yongyan, the fifteenth son of the emperor, was made crown prince, and renamed him Yan Yan, and ordered him to move to the Ouchi Yuqing Palace on the same day. On the seventh day of the first month of July in the twenty-first year of Jiaqing (1816), the British envoy Amyster came to the Yuanmingyuan and did not enter the garden for a visit because of the ceremonial incident.
For these five generations of emperors, the Yuanmingyuan is more like home than the Forbidden City, the Jiaqing Emperor was born in the Spring of the Yuanmingyuan Tiandi family, and the Xianfeng Emperor was born in the Chengjing Zhai of the Qingyan of Jiuzhou in the Yuanmingyuan. The Yongzheng Emperor and his beloved concubine Nian Guifei, as well as the unfavored but infinitely blessed Empress Chongqing, all died in the Yuanmingyuan; the noble concubines favored by the Qianlong Emperor in the early period and the favored concubines in the later period also died in the Yuanmingyuan; if it were not for the fact that Nianguan had to return to the palace, I am afraid that old Qianlong would also die in his favorite Yuanmingyuan.
Such a beautiful summer palace of the Qing Emperor was destroyed on October 18, 1860, the Xianfeng Decade (1860), when the British and French troops burned the Yuanmingyuan for three consecutive days, and the Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens, which was built, added, repaired, renovated, and built by five generations of emperors at great expense, was destroyed.
As the residence of the five emperors of the Qing Dynasty, the Yuanmingyuan naturally collected a large number of precious cultural relics, and a large part of the calligraphy and painting collection collected by the imperial family in the Kang Yongqian era was once collected in the Yuanmingyuan.
In particular, Chunhuaxuan behind the Hanjing Hall in Changchun Garden is the richest collection of calligraphy and paintings, but unfortunately, most of the collection of Chunhuaxuan was lost in the disaster of the Xianfeng Decade (1860).
According to the will of the Qianlong Emperor, around the ninth year of Qianlong (1744), the court painters Shen Yuan and Tang Dai were depicted on the ground and then refined with a brush, each painting was accompanied by the Qianlong Emperor's "Forty Scenes of Inscription Poems" written by Gongbu Shangshu Zhuang Youdun, and the "Forty Scenic Pictures of the Yuanmingyuan" installed in the Fengsan Selfless Hall of the Yuanmingyuan, like the collection of Chunhuaxuan, who died in Xianfeng for ten years and was plundered by the French Colonel DuPan.
After returning to France, Dupan was auctioned at a public auction on 1 March 1862, and was later sold to a Parisian bookseller for 4,000 francs, and purchased by the Bibliothèque Reichstag (now the Bibliothèque Nationale de France) for 4,200 francs, which became the collection of the museum.
In the late 1920s, when Mr. Cheng Yan of Anhui Province was roaming Europe, he accidentally saw this set of "Forty Pictures of the Yuanmingyuan", and after coordination with many parties, he obtained permission from the museum and used photography to pass it all on, and then the Zhonghua Bookstore printed it with glass into "Forty Leaves of the Yuanmingyuan" and publicly distributed it to the whole country in 1928.
The Yuanmingyuan built Chinese was burned by crooked nuts, so that future generations had no chance to see his beauty, even if they wanted to see his grandeur, they needed to use this set of albums that were snatched away by crooked nuts to get to know this royal garden, which was also quite sad to think.
History tells us that to fall behind is to be beaten. As a witness to the history of the rise and fall of the Qing Dynasty, the Yuanmingyuan experienced the prosperity of the Qing Dynasty, witnessed his decline, and even became his funeral companion, destroyed under the greed of the people's hearts, it is also a great sorrow, so beautiful garden, how can those people get their hands on it!
The book "Yuanmingyuan of Yuanmingyuan" tells the story of the Yuanmingyuan in detail, and the book is also equipped with a large number of exquisite collection pictures, which makes people can't help but sigh, it is indeed the power of the whole country for one person to enjoy, it is really enjoyable to be an emperor, what is difficult to pull in the beautiful imperial garden, how to look at it is all sentimental.
The author Liu Yangzhen is worthy of engaging in garden research, the scenery of the Yuanmingyuan is a number of family treasures, well-known, the system of introduction of the allusions to the Yuanmingyuan is detailed, the fly in the ointment is that some historical errors, clerical errors and the like are not mentioned, there are three single historical errors.
First, on page 149, Qianlong "lowered his will to personally appoint Empress Daxing's title as 'Filial Piety'". This mistake is the same as "I Filial Piety", Xiaoxian is the nickname of the Fucha clan, "Pure" is the nickname of the Qianlong Emperor, until after the death of the Qianlong Emperor and is caught up by her son, Empress Xiaoxian can be called "Empress Xiaoxian", but when Qianlong is alive, she can only be "Empress Xiaoxian".
Second, on page 177, Qianlong has appointed three crown princes, the first named Yong Lian, the second called Yong Chun, "Yong Chun's blessings are not enough, and after two years of standing, he will die of illness." As we all know, Qianlong only established two princes in his lifetime, Yonglian and Yanyan, and Yongzhen's little were just a prince, and he was never made a prince.
Third, on page 179, Yan Yan's childhood is speculated in the following notes: the woman who is in the painting with Xiao Yanyan is mostly Lu Qingfei, and the reason for speculation is that Yan Yan's biological mother "Wei Jiashi died very early". In fact, Lu Jia died half a year earlier than Wei Jia, Lu Jia died in July of the 39th year of Qianlong, and Wei Jia died in the first month of the 40th year.
Although such a beautiful "Yuanmingyuan of Yuanmingyuan" has made a little historical mistake, it seems a little careless, but it does not affect the integrity of the book, "Yuanmingyuan of Yuanmingyuan" is still a collection of pictures and texts worth seeing, if you are interested in the story of Yuanmingyuan, then this introductory basic small book can not be missed. @Tsinghua University Press
That's it.
The image comes from the internet intrusion and deletion.
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