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(1) 12-month-old out of the pen scheme: select a good breeding cattle or its modified cattle, and adopt more reasonable breeding in the calf stage, so that the average daily weight gain reaches 0.8-0.9 kg. 0 to 30 days old, 6 to 7 kg per day per head of full eyelet, 31 to 60 days old, 8 kg, 61 to 90 days old, 7 kg; 91 to 120 days old, 4 kg. Before the age of 90, calves are free to collect concentrates. 91-180 days old, each head is fed 1.2 to 2.0 kg of concentrate per day. When the 180-day-old weight reaches 200 kg, it is transferred to the fattening period, and the diet needs to be prepared according to the nutrition of more than 1.2 kg of weight, and the daily feed amount of concentrate is provided at 1.5% of the body weight, and the roughage is freely fed. At 12 months of age, he weighs about 450 kilograms and is out of the pen when he is in high condition.
(2) 18-month-old out of the pen scheme: Hybrid calves weigh 150 kg at 7 months old and start fattening to 18 months old and weigh 500 kg when they are out of the pen. The average daily weight gain is 1 kg, of which the daily weight gain is 0.8 kg in July to August, and the weight gain in the mouth of 17 to 18 months is more than 1.2 kg. Roughage with silage corn stalks and grain grass. They are allowed to eat freely, and the amount of concentrate is fed at 1.2% of body weight.
(3) The rapid fattening technology of shelf cattle is usually to raise cows in pastoral areas or semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas with good grasslands and rich agricultural and sideline products, breed calves, breed shelf cattle, and then transfer 1 to 2 years old rack cattle weighing more than 300 kg to feed, agricultural areas with superior climatic conditions or special rack cattle fattening farms for short-term fattening, and quickly reach the market weight for sale. Rapid fattening of rack cattle requires attention to the following aspects:
(1) Strict selection of shelf cattle: most of the cattle that have come to the white grassland or mountain farmers to raise free-range, unfatified cattle, should be based on hybrid cattle breeds, it is best to choose cattle with an age of 1.5 to 2 years old, a hugh weight of 250 to 350 kilograms, and a large shelf, but a thinner cow.
(2) Strengthen transportation management to reduce fat loss and death: the rack cattle cannot be overfeed and drunk before loading the car. When loading the car, it is generally appropriate for each cow to be able to rise relatively freely, not to be overcrowded, and the area that each cow should occupy according to its weight is: less than 300 kg, 0.7 to 0.8 square meters, 300 to 350 kg, 1 to 1.1 square meters; 400 kg, 1.2 m2, 500 kg, 1.3-1.5 m2. In the process of transportation, we should pay attention to keeping warm and cold in winter, and pay attention to shading and heat protection in summer, so as to add materials and drink water frequently. In order to reduce fat loss, sedatives and vitamin A can be injected before transportation, such as intramuscular injection of chlorpromazine 30 minutes before transportation, or 2 to 3 days before transportation, each cow is given oral (or intramuscular) vitamins in 250,000 to 1 million international units per day, or 1 to 3 days before shipment is started with anti-stress additives (such as Chinese herbal medicines).
(3) To reduce the stress of new to the rack cattle, it is necessary to let the new shelf cattle adapt to fattening feed as soon as possible. Adult shelf cattle are free to feed on long hay, followed by corn silage and sorghum silage. Do not feed high-quality alfalfa hay or silage, otherwise it is easy to cause transport heat. It is best to add a buffer (calcium chlorocarbonate) to neutralize acidity when using silage, and feed 2 kg of concentrate per cow per day from day 1 to day 5 by the following method:
(1) Feed 1 kg of feed containing rumen protein, add blood meal, corn protein to form a protective bean cake. And for the first 28 days each cow is fed 350 mg of antibiotics plus 350 mg of sulfonamides per day for the first 28 days to eliminate transport heat. Newly arrived shelf cows should not be fed urea for the first 28 days
(2) Each head is fed 1 kg of energy feed into beet residue per day. After the 6th day, 0.5 kg of energy feed per cow per day is added until 1 kg of concentrate is fed every 100 kg of body weight. New to the shelf cattle generally lack inorganic salt, it is best to use 2 parts of calcium diphosphate plus 1 part of salt to let the cattle eat freely. At the same time, each head is supplemented with 5,000 IU of vitamin A and 100 IU of vitamin E per day
New calves are prone to problems such as not eating feed, not drinking water, acid in green, swelling and diarrhea. The reason for not eating feed and not feeding water is that the newly arrived calves are not familiar with the environment and are not suitable for fattening feed. The cause of acidosis is too much concentrate in one feeding, which leads to the accumulation of lactic acid in the rumen and an increase in acidity in the blood. By initially feeding cattle with a high proportion of coarse materials and then gradually increasing the concentrate, acidosis can be avoided, and swelling disease and diarrhea can also be prevented by the above methods. At the same time, strengthen management, ensure adequate drinking water, keep the cattle farm quiet, do a good job of cleaning and hygiene, and prevent mosquitoes and flies from interfering.
(4) Segmented fattening:
(1) Transitional deworming period, about 15 days. For newly purchased shelf cattle, it is necessary to expel internal and external parasites and necessary vaccinations. First of all, let the newly entered cattle eat the roughage freely, and the roughage should not be cut too short, about 5 cm long. After the trough, it is still dominated by roughage, which can be cut into about 1 cm. Each cow is controlled with 0.5 kg of concentrate per day, mixed with coarse feed and fed. The amount of concentrate is gradually increased to 2 kg, and the transition period is completed as soon as possible
(2) The pre-fattening stage; on the 16th-60th day, the dry matter intake of the shelf cattle should gradually reach 8 kg, and the diet is crude protein.
The level is 11%, the lean-to-rough ratio is 6:4, and the daily weight gain is about 1.3 kg.
(3) Late fattening period (fattening period): more than day 61. The amount of dry matter eaten is 10 kg, the dietary phase protein level is 10%, the special group ratio is 7:3, and the daily weight gain is about 1.5 kg.
(5) Grasp the amount of feed and feeding methods
(1) The relationship between feed dosage and weight gain rate, there are currently two methods; One method is that after the shelf cattle arrive at the fattening farm, they will be based on free intake of concentrate until slaughter, and the other method is to restrict the feeding of the shelf cattle after they arrive at the fattening farm, and freely collect concentrate and fatten in the later stage of fattening. Fertilizer farms with large investment and high maintenance costs can use the former method. The latter method can increase feed efficiency by 5%. In general, the content (air-dried substance) of beef cattle is about 2,5% to 3,0% of body weight.
(2) Factors affecting feed intake:
First, weight: The amount of dry matter ingested by beef cattle is related to body weight.
Second, age, with age, beef cattle unit weight intake decreases.
Third, the ratio of dietary essence to coarseness: As the level of dietary concentrate increases, the energy concentration increases, and the feed intake of beef cattle decreases.
Fourth, the environment should be micro, high temperature, low temperature, mud and other adverse environmental conditions will lead to environmental stress of beef cattle, so that the amount of food intake decreases.
Fifth, the concentrate crushing method: the phase crushing of the concentrate can improve the feed intake of beef cattle more than fine crushing.
(6) Issues that should be paid attention to in the fattening and management of beef cattle,
(1) Beef cattle fattening should be out of the pen as soon as possible.
(2) After the rack cattle arrive at the fattening farm, individual weighing is carried out and numbered for records. Weigh again after one month of fattening and weed out the cattle that do not gain weight or are sick as soon as possible.
(3) Good fattening cattle should be out of the pen quickly, do not wait for a batch of all fattening good before coming out of the pen, to fully reflect the rapid turnover of their own military cattle. Quick-acting features.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="31" > second, adult cattle fattening technology</h1>
Adult cattle used for fattening are generally old, weak, lean and disabled cattle in the herd of enslaved cattle, dairy cows and meat cows that have lost their production capacity and breeding value. These cattle are old, their digestion and absorption function is degraded, their productivity is reduced, and their physical condition is poor. This kind of cattle through short-term fattening, can increase muscle fiber to fat deposition, meat taste and tenderness is improved, can improve the slaughter rate and net meat rate, improve economic benefits. Adult cattle fattening is mainly to increase the deposition of body fat, diet is mainly energy feed, other nutrients as long as it meets the needs of basic life activities.
(1) Prepare adult cattle for fattening:
(1) Do a good job of health examination, and conduct a comprehensive inspection of the purchased eliminated cattle. Cattle that are toothless, have difficulty feeding or suffer from serious diseases, have no fattening value and should be eliminated so as not to waste feed and labor.
(2) Do a good job of deworming, there are more parasites in the body and outside of the elderly cattle, and before fattening, they should be expelled according to different situations.
The aqueous solution of the enemy worm can be used to rub the cattle body to drive away the parasites outside the body; Oral endothiobendazole (20 to 30 mg per kilogram of body weight) is used once to repel parasites in the body.
(3) Do a good job of stomach work, after deworming, appetite is still not strong, indigestion of cattle, take stomach medicine, in order to enhance appetite, promote digestion and improve feed utilization.
(2) Strengthen the feeding management during the fattening period:
The fattening period of eliminated cattle should not be too long, generally 2 to 3 months is appropriate. Too long a time, cattle weight gain and meat quality improvement is limited, waste of feed, increase costs, too short time to achieve the effect. For cattle with poor fat, they can be fed with nutrients with lower weight gain to adapt them to fattening diets, and then improve the nutritional level of the diet after a month of re-fating, which can avoid the occurrence of digestive tract diseases. There are grass hills, pastures or fields nearby, and during the grass period, lean cattle can be grazed and raised, and the grass can be used to rejuvenate the cattle, and then fertilize. During the fattening period, the feed supply should be based on energy feed with high digestion and utilization rate, increase the supply of concentrate, and also feed a certain amount of urea. Pay attention to the processing and modulation of feed, improve the palatability of feed, and the concentrate should be ground or steamed. The rough material should be selected with some high-quality feed with a soft texture and easy to digest.