(8) Private ownership of all other types of commerce
A. Private property of the catering industry
In the private catering industry of the officials of the Northern Song Dynasty, except for the above-mentioned smuggling of tea, salt, wine, vinegar and other matters, the private sale of food and grain was the most. For example, the History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 274, says that Tian Qinzuo:
The envoy was transferred to the capital of Jinzhou. ...... The monthly offerings of the corn are many sellers of profits. It was sued by his subordinates. He was responsible for the training of the Muzhou regiment.
Volume XX of the Continuation of the Chronicle also contains this:
The introduction of the Fenzhou defense envoy Tian Qinzuo to protect the Shiling Guantun Army. ...... The opium that the moon enters into is more than it, and it is priced at a good price, and its profit is regulated. It was sued by his subordinates. Edict of The Commandment. Chinzor is a volt. He was tasked with training envoys in the Muzhou Regiment and still defended the army.
Selling "the moon-worshipping millet" as a commodity is considered to be more law-abiding. Some lawless officials are even better at using official money as capital to sell food and grain. History of the Song Dynasty:
(Taiping Xingguo 6th year) In November Ding You, the inspector Yushi Zhang Bai sat in The Zhicai Prefecture Daily False Loan Official Qian Lingzhi and abandoned the city. (Volume IV, Records of Emperor Taizong)
(Teng) Zhongzheng recommended the supervision of Yushi Zhang Baizhi Caizhou. Fake loan officials money two hundred, millet wheat to shoot profits, sit on the abandoned market. Zhongzheng was demoted to the position of Ben Cao Ren Wai Lang, still aware of chores. (Vol. 276" Teng Zhongzheng Biography)
Volume 22 of the Continuation of the Chronicle of the Continuation of the Tong Dynasty also contains the six years of the Taiping Revival:
In November, Ding You, overseeing the abandonment of the city of Yushi Zhang Bai. Bai Qianzhi Caizhou, fake loan official money, millet wheat live to shoot profits. Teng Zhongzheng, the secretary of the miscellaneous affairs of the Catering Department Lang, tasted the white and was responsible for the foreign lang of the Cao Yuan.
In addition, the Song Hui Zhi Guan Guan Also contains this matter:
On November 3, the sixth year of Emperor Taizong's Taiping Revival, Teng Zhong, the attendant of emperor Shishi, was responsible for the miscellaneous affairs of The Outer Lang of the Cao Dynasty, who still knew the chores. First of all, the supervision of Yushi Zhang Bai sat on the caizhou day, the fake loan official Qian San ("Song History" as "two") Bai Guan, the millet wheat to shoot profits, abandoned the city. Zhongzheng sat down to recommend Bai Guye.
The above is the situation of northern Song dynasty officials smuggling food. As for the Southern Song Dynasty, according to the "Song Huijiao", there are the following:
On the twenty-sixth day of the first year of Chunxi, Ding Yunwen, the master bookkeeper of Sinong Temple... Let it go. Yi Yunwen tasted bribes from the ministry gangren, allowed him to cheat, and sold rice and rice and rice from himself... Deposed.
April 27... Zhiyang Prefecture Qian Zhiwang specially descended straight emblem Youge. In the words of the courtiers... Hope will be prepared for the pile of money, rice resale operation.
In addition to the above, the private catering industry of the officials of the Song Dynasty opened fish and fish shops. Zhu Wen Gongwen Collection, volume 18, "According to the Third Form of Tang Zhongyou":
Zhongyou is in the township and opens a fish shop. Last year there were customers selling salmon to a boat, where hundreds of festivals. It is not allowed to be bought by households in the state, and sold by the family at a low price. And sent Honshu soldiers to transport other seafood, all of which are called yes. To this day, there is a continuous flow of traffic.
In addition, there are cattle slaughter to sell. Verse 7 quotes the Song Hui Yao Guan (宋会要官) 73 as saying that Wu Yi Lang Shi Hun :
Conniving at men, not retreating and gathering, beating up residents, sourcing, vinegar, slaughtering cattle, lawsuits cannot be prohibited.
(b) Private ownership of the cloth industry
The private cloth industry of the Officials of the Northern Song Dynasty had four characteristics that enabled them to obtain great profits: (1) Tax evasion. For example, the History of Song vol. 260 "The Biography of Mi Xin" Yun:
(Duan Gong) for two years, changed to the town of Heng Navy. ...... Taste the private market silk attached to the official, called the official property, so as not to be conscripted. Shang (Taizong) was honest and knowledgeable. For four years, he was summoned as a general of the Right Guard.
Volume 30 "Xue Ying Biography" Cloud:
Ying yi yi yi consulted the doctor to know Hangzhou. ...... Not in harmony with (Yao) Hyun, so Fa Hyun... Ayara Hiroshi does not lose taxes. Emperor Zhenzong sent the imperial historian Chu Ying to impeach Hyun Deshi and demean the Lianzhou script.
"Song Hui Zhi Zhi Guan" June Fourth also contains Jingde's three years:
On October 13, the two Zhejiang transitors removed Yao Xuan from the Zhishiguan of the Living House and named Lianzhou Literature. Hyun is in office... The governors of Tuohu, Wu and Mu prefectures are not counted... Sent by Xue Ying of Hangzhou. The temple should take an official in the case of a crime. Special edict to cut the nationality.
This matter is also found in volume 64 of the Continuation of the Chief Editor:
Hyun and Young-tsz are at odds. Ying Sui Fa Hyun... Ayara Hiroshi, don't lose taxes... Shang sent Yushitai to investigate the official Chu Gong ("Ying" in the "History of Song"). Impeached Hyun. The temple should take an official in the case of a crime. The special edict was de-named Lianzhou Literature.
(2) Private servants are sold to save money for other employees. For example, the "History of Song" volume 288 "Biography of Sun Yuan" says:
In Hezhou, private servants traveled to and from Qingzhou and Linzhou to sell yarn, silk, cotton, paper, and medicine.
(3) Using political power to purchase goods at low prices. This is due to the following Sun Yuan's oppression of the merchants who raised the price of yarn, it can be known:
Counselor Wu Ji and Yushi Shenqi knew that Hangzhou Sun Huan was adulterous and uninspected... And the Messenger plays the song... In Hangzhou taste from Xiaoshan people Zheng Man City yarn, Man Gao qi straight, qiu for hate. Huiman trade yarn has a hidden and non-tax matter. In fact, tens of thousands of people who do not pay taxes are taken from the bookkeeping and bookkeeping, and they are assigned to The State of Manta. (Ibid.)
(4) When an official goes out on business, he takes the opportunity to sell cloth for personal gain. Volume 247 of the Continuation of the Long Edition of the Continuation of the Tong Dynasty contains the following issues in September of the sixth year of Xi Ning:
Yu Shi Cai confirmed: "Wen Jingdong and Hebei Road Tigao tax inspector Wang Boyu pursued profits from the merchants in his department. He went to Que and went out on a tour to, selling Jingdong and Hebei into the Beijing Division, and reverting to the Beijing Division. It is often traded with the headquarters public scales. Home has several machines, more self-weaving. Bo Yu's character is the lowest, fortunately appointed as an envoy, taking the case investigation as his duty, and he does not obey the law, and the voice of greed is flowing on the road. The beggar officer investigates the matter in order to refrain from the gentry. "Zhao Jingdong and Hebei Transport raised the volume of the Prison Division to smell. After that, he said one by one, "Bo Yu is in office, and there are unfair cases in trial. "Send the official of the Northwest Road of Beijing to investigate it." Bo Yu sat in pursuit of the four officials and stopped, and Tang Prefecture was resettled.
Volume 36 of the Luan Chengji (栾城集) "On the Five Pests of Shu Tea" says that officials smuggled cloth and clouds when selling tea:
Now that the officials and officials are adulterous, they have sold cloth... etc. ...... In the meantime, all the saros were sold into Shaanxi and robbed the merchants of Jia's profits.
The private cloth industry of officials in the Southern Song Dynasty was the most important book, with Tang Zhongyou in Zhitai Prefecture opening a color shop. His method of running a color shop is found in the Zhu Wen Gongwen Collection, volume XVIII, "According to the Third Form of Tang Zhongyou". He operated by using public labor without paying compensation:
Honshu bribed thousands of catties of comfrey, and the dyeing households were dyed red and purple in the houses and public treasuries. ...... The rest of the dyed true red and purple cloth was sent back to Wuzhou Benjia ColorEd Cloth Shop for sale.
Use of public production tools:
He also took advantage of the situation to carve a flower board, print and dye the genus of the spotted cheekbones, and send dozens of pieces to the home to collect and shop for dyeing.
Use of public raw materials:
Zhongyou was forced to break through the construction of weapons, buy cattle and sheepskin armor before and after, and play bow and crossbow strings with raw silk. Its cattle and sheepskins are bought very little, and the money is not returned. The raw silk purchased, in addition to being used as a bow and crossbow string, was distributed to the home color shop for weaving and selling.
Using public capital:
Zhongyou is greedy and shameless, and is not honest. At the beginning of the official, it was appropriate to see that the minister's treasury had accumulated more than 100,000 yuan of official money from the former government, so there was a sweeping intention. He chose yao Shunqing, a traitorous envoy, as a supervisor, and shook hands with the public treasury hand, and plotted to make the official money of the public treasury officials into a famous color branch, change it into an official meeting, and use a bamboo cage to store it in the house. He ordered his sons to carry the baggage of the text as a sign. Tens of thousands of taels before and after, all of which have real traces. And dyeing real purple veils and other things, moving to thousands of horses, all with official money. In the name of personnel, it was sent back one by one, thinking that it was the capital for the sale of goods. Other things that are not urgent are often called yes.
In this way, the cost (private capital) of Tang Zhongyou's operation of the color shop is very light. However, although the cost is very light, when the goods are sold, they collude with people to raise the price:
And in November last year, the second son married a woman, and all the curtains of the account were dyed with purple silk and hundreds of horses, from hundreds of collars of people's clothes, to the clothes of prostitutes, and the money of the minister of Shiwuku Lu kanzhi, to the private Wuzhou of Zhongyou's private house, wuzhou, to buy three or four hundred horses of dark flowers and melon seeds, and hundreds of pounds of safflower.
The above is the situation of Tang Zhongyou's private color shop. In addition, other officials also privately owned the cloth industry. "Song Hui Want" Cloud:
(Chunxi 13 March) On the 22nd day, Jia Wei of Lianzhou was known to be ransome and deceitful, and could be chased and stopped by the three officials.
First of all, Wei... And the governor Guo Gao nai Yan Wei tried to sell three thousand horses of Sichuan cloth with the army, and did not buy it at a high price, so he had a fate. (The Official, 72)
(Jiading) The ninth day of the first month of the eighth year... Zhifang Prefecture Liao Shi let go. In the words of the courtiers... At the beginning of his term of office, many private servants trafficked in gauze and embezzled and poisoned. (The Official, 75)
C. Private ownership of the timber industry
The custom of the private timber industry of officials in the Song Dynasty was the most prosperous in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty. At that time, most of the high-ranking officials and nobles sent people to Qin and Longjian in Shaanxi to buy bamboo and wood, transport them back to Bieliang duty-free, and sell them at high prices to obtain generous profits. The History of Song, vol. 257, "The Biography of Wang Ren Zhan" (volume 21 of the Continuation of the Tong Jianchang Edition has a similar record) contains the Taiping Xingguo:
In the fifth year, Ren Zhan Lian was close to the chancellor Qi Li sent people to zhumu Qin and Longjian in the city, and joined the raft to the capital division; the guandu passed, and the correction system was exempted; even to the point, the thick knot had a division, and the city of Xigong was doubled. Ren Zhan Secret Played It. Emperor Taizong was furious, with the deputy envoy Fan Man of the Third Division, the Hubu judge Du Zai, and the Kaifeng judge Lü Duan a subordinate official. Man and The Vehicle Fu Yi Shang (續通典) as "Gui") City Bamboo Wood entered the official; Duan was Qin ("Continued Tong Jian" with an extra "Wang" character) government official Qiao Lian asked the deacons. He is demoted to Fangzhou Sihu, Zaijun Prefecture Sihu, and Duanshang Prefecture Sihu. Sentenced sifangguan minister Cheng Deyuan (309 copies of the History of Song as "Xuan". The ancestral name of the Qing Dynasty was Xuan Ye ( 玄烨 ), so the Qing Dynasty carved the book xuan xuan as yuan ), Wu De made Liu Zhixin , Han Lin made Du Yangui ( " Jue " ) , Zhao Yanpu ( " Yan Pu ) was commanded by The Four Carriages of Tianwu , Dou Shenxing ( " Ren Bao " ) was made deputy to Wu De ( " Ren Bao " ) , Zhang Yongde ( " Ren Bao " ) , Zhang Yongde ( " ) general of the Left Guard , Qi Tingxun ( Qi Tingxun ) was the general of the Left Army , and Wang Chengyan ( " Yan " ) of the Horse Commandery ( " Yan " ) . According to the 205 Biography of Wang Zhenqiong in the History of Song, Zhen Qiong had two sons, Chengxing and Chengyan: the person who smuggled bamboo for the sake of Ma Duwei was Chengyan, not Chengyan), Shi Baoji, Wei Xianxin, and sat on the bamboo to enter the official, and was punished and punished.
According to Qin, Long ErZhou belonged to Shaanxi Road in the Song Dynasty and was the production place of forest trees. The History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 87, Geographical Chronicles, says:
Shaanxi Road... There are copper, salt, gold, iron, silk, citrus, forest trees.
Volume 270 "High Defense Biography" Cloud:
(Qin) northwest of the sunset town, even the valley, how big wood.
In addition, Volume III of the Continuation of the Long Edition also says:
Qinzhou Sunset Town, the land of ancient Fuqiang County. To the northwest is the great grass, and the timber is planted.
In the early Song Dynasty, the political center of the new great empire, the population increased sharply, whether it was political organs, or other buildings, the old ones were not enough, and there was a need for a large number of civil engineering. History of song vol. 293 "Tian Xi Biography" Yun:
Tian Xi... Three years of Taiping Revival... He who is a counselor is one of the important people who have donated the military and the state, and four who are generally in the imperial court. It is briefly stated: "... Erzhuyu County Pingning, Beijing division rich. The military camp horse supervisor is not revered. Buddhist temple Dao palace, Siddhartha wheel. Jia also opened the West Garden, Guangyu Pond, although the Spirit of Zhou, the Kunming of Han, is not enough to compare. And Shangshu Province's Xiang Pass is especially serious, Lang Cao has no bureau, Shangshu has no hall affairs, the two corridors of the Nine Temples and Three Prisons Yutian Street, and the Gongyuan is the Wucheng King Temple, is it the system of Taiping? May His Majesty not repair the provincial temple and use the rank of official. This is roughly three also. ...", you gave half a million yuan.
However, the bieliang itself did not produce wood, so it had to use Qin and Long as the main timber supply area. "Continuation of the Long Edition" Yun:
Qinzhou Sunset Town, the land of ancient Fuqiang County. To the northwest is the great grass, and the timber is planted. The Rong people have long been good at profit. and Shang Shu Zuo Gao defended Qin Prefecture because of the proposal to set up a procurement business. Hundreds of miles of land were set up, forts were built on key points, and three hundred people were killed. From Wei to the north, it belongs to Zhu Rong; from Wei to the south, it belongs to me. He was given to Kyoshi by Ogi Wanben. (Volume III)
(Zhang) Ping, Linqu people. At the beginning, the right ban hall directly supervised the city of Muqin and Long. Ping si li li disease, more establish a new system, build the capital wood affairs. Counting the costs of water and land, in the spring and autumn at the second hour, the giant raft, from the Weida River, the pillar of the calendar, in order to gather in the Beijing division. Between the years, good materials accumulate. (Volume XXVIII)
These two events are also found in the History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 270, "Gao FangChuan", and 276, "Zhang Ping's Biography". This trade in timber between the places of production and the places of consumption, in addition to government management, because of the profits, officials often sent people to and from the private sector. The situation is as described in the "Biography of Wang Renzhen" quoted above. Most of the officials who participated in the smuggling mentioned in the biography, with the exception of Du Zai, can be examined in the biographies of the History of Song, and are now divided into the following:
(1) Fan Man's "History of Song" Volume 249 "Biography of Wang Qian" Yun:
Summoned (Fan Man) as the Right Counselor Doctor, deputy envoy of the Third Division, and judged in the Third Division. He also served as an official. The division is also added to the matter. At the request of the people, he entered the official position in the city of bamboo and wood, and was sent by Wang Renzhen to degrade the Fangzhou Sihu.
(2) Lü Duan 281 "Lü Duan Biography" Cloud:
The King of Qin, Tingmei Yinjing, summoned the examiner Wailang and served as a judge of Kaifeng Province. ...... Seeking to sit in the royal palace to ask the deacons, violating the edict of the city bamboo wood, degrading the Shang Prefecture Sihu to join the army.
(3) Cheng Dexuan 309 "Cheng Dexuan Biography" Yun:
It is the autumn of the (three years of taiping revival), leading the history of the state. From Zheng Taiyuan, for the palace envoys. Shi also changed the judgment of the four square pavilions with merit. Russia moved to lead the Honshu regiment to train envoys, and then added the Honshu defense envoys. For five years, he sat in the city of Qin and Longzhumu, joined the raft into the Beijing Division, was exempt from calculation, and overestimated his estimation of entering the official, which was sent by Wang Renzhan to entrust the envoys of the Eastern Gate and lead the history of the Honshu Assassination. The southwestern transport of Shaanxi Province made Zuo Shiwei Wusheng, the transfer of Jingxi made Cheng Neng, the judge Right Zanshan Dafu Shi Zai, sitting on the Zhongde Xuan equal to his subordinate smugglers, Wu Sheng Neng and reprimanding right Zanshan Dafu, Zai will be a supervisor.
And "Continuation of the Long Edition of the Tong Tong", Volume 21 contains the five years of taiping rejuvenation:
(September) Ding Wei, Jingxi transit made the living quarters Cheng Neng blame right Zanshan Doctor, judge Right Zanshan Doctor when he was responsible for the general as a supervisor, sitting in Cheng Deyuan is equal to his subordinates smuggling bamboo, not to sue also.
(October) A noon, left to pick up the widow Wei Wusheng to give the right Zanshan doctor. Sitting as a transfer envoy day for the North Shaanxi Road, Cheng Deyuan was equal to his subordinates smuggling bamboo and wood, and did not raise impeachment.
(4) Liu Zhixin 463 "Biography of Liu Zhixin" Cloud:
Emperor Taizong ascended the throne and entered honshu (Jinzhou) tian lian envoy and bai wude envoy. From the east of the Zhenghe River, he was also an envoy to the palace. In the five years of the Taiping Revival, he sent his cronies to the city of Zhumu in Qin, Long, and corrected the exemption from the excessive calculation of the official, taking more of his straight, and left the military weapon depot envoy, leading the Jinzhou Assassin History.
(5) Du Yangui 463 "Du Zhenqi Biography" Yun:
(Du) Yan Gui started as the deputy envoy of Rokuya and moved to Hanlin. ...... Sit in the city of bamboo and wood correction exemption, responsible for the LuoYuan envoy, Raozhou thorn history.
(6) Zhao Yanpu's 254 "Biography of Zhao Chao" contains Taiping Xingguo:
Five years later, Bai Jinchao in front of the palace was a pawn, and on the same day, (Zhao) YanPu was the commander of the left and right chambers of the Tianwu Dynasty, and the former yu of the palace was waiting for things. He was sent to the city of Zhumu, who had passed through the pass, and was responsible for the training of the Dengzhou regiment, and ordered him to take up his post.
(7) Dou Shenxing is found in the 466 "Dou Shen Bao Biography". But there is no mention of the smuggling of bamboo and wood, only that:
Dou Shenbao... Brother Shenxing, the left leader of the Wei General Zhishi.
(8) Zhang Yongde 255 "Zhang Yongde Biography" Cloud:
In the second year of the Taiping Revival, he came to the court and paid homage to the general of the Left Guard. For five years, he sat in the city of Qin and Longzhumu, and was demoted to the rank of General of the Guards.
(9) Qi Tingxun 261 "Biography of Qi Tingxun" contains the Taiping Xingguo:
In the winter of the following year, he changed to the left to lead the general Wei. For five years, he sat on the smuggling of bamboo and wood, and Gui yu became an official, and was responsible for the general of the Wei Dynasty.
(10) Wang Chengyan's 250 "Biography of Wang Zhenqi" contains Kaibao:
In the third year, (Wang Chengyan) Princess Zhaoqing, the daughter of Shang Taizu, was awarded the title of Right Guard General and Lieutenant of The Horse Guard. ...... Taiping Rejuvenation... Three years, plus inspection of the School Taibao. Sit in the city of bamboo and wood Qin, Long, correct tax exemption, and punish one season.
(11) Shi Baoji 250 "Shi Shouxin Biography" Yun:
(Stone) Baoji character 祐之. ...... Four years of Kaibao... Princess Yanqing, the second daughter of Emperor Taizu, was a general of the Left Guard and a lieutenant of The Horse Guard. History of the Russian-collared Love State. At the beginning of the Taiping Revival, he moved to the defense envoy of Honshu. For five years, he dispatched zhumu Qin and Longjian in the city of Zhumu to correct the crossing of the pass, which was issued by Wang Renzhen and punished for one quarter.
(12) Wei Xianxin 249 "Biography of Wei Renpu" Yun:
Kaibao in... (Wei) Xianxin... Princess Chengqing was elected, and was awarded the title of Right Guard General and Lieutenant of The Horse Guard. Over the years, he was released from the history of The Assassination of Jizhou. At the beginning of the Taiping Revival, he really worshiped the defense envoys of Honshu. ...... For five years, he sat on the west side of the city of Mu, corrected the tax calculation of the exemption from the house, and fined him for one quarter.
In addition to the officials who privately held timber between Qin, Long, and Bieliang, Zhao Pu, the prime minister, was also suspected of smuggling. History of Song Vol. 256 "Biography of Zhao Pu" Yun:
The Palace of Time forbade smuggling of Qin and Long Damu. Pu tasted the pro-official Yi City house materials, and joined the raft to the Jingshi Zhidi. Officials stole goods from Damu, pretended to be Pushi, and loans were all down. Quan Sansi made Zhao Arsenic honest and incorruptible, in order to smell. Taizu was furious and urged him to chase after the class and drive the subordinate system out of the country. Lai Wang Pu played the interpretation.
Volume XII of the Continuation of the Chronicles is described in more detail:
The former right guard general Zhao Arsenic was not embarrassed. One day, Zhao Pu entered the dynasty, and the horse rebuked Pu short. Hearing of it, summoning arsenic and pu in the temple, confronting them. Arsenic vilifies the rules of the wood sellers. First, the officials forbade the smuggling of Qin and Long Damu. The General Dispatch of Relatives to the City House, Together with the Raft, to the Jingshi Zhidi. Officials stole trade from the capital. Therefore, arsenic is a word. Anger on the upper, he urged Yan Men to gather hundreds of officials and drive the lower system to the general. The edict asked the crown prince, Wang Pu, and others, "What sin is Pu deserved?" Pu Fu's envoy Song Yun said, "Slander the chancellor." "The upper mind is suddenly solved. Regurgitate and rebuke the arsenic, and order the samurai to laozhi. YuShi is in the court. Puli Rescue. Shang Nai te forgives his punishment and helps him out. (Kaibao 4th year) Summer April Bing Yin Shuo, responsible for Ruzhou Dental School.
This incident is also found in Wang Xian's "Eastern Capital Chronicle" and Li Yuangang's "Hou Delu". "Dongdu Chronicle" Volume 26 Cloud:
Pu sent pro-officials to Muguan and Long. The official private city of Damu, pretending to be the city of Pusuo, is profitable. The first three divisions made Zhao Arsenic white Taizu. The edict asked the crown prince, Wang Pu, and others, "What is the crime of pudding?" Pu waited: "Zhao Arsenic slandered the minister." "It is out of arsenic for the Ruzhou Dental School."
Hou De Lu Volume Three Clouds:
Zhao Zhongxian Gongpu ordered the pro-official Guan and Longshi Muzhidi. Pro-officials thus smugglers. The Third Division made Zhao Wei dive into Bai Taizu. Taizu Summons Pu and Arsenic Texture. Arsenic sells wood. Taizu was furious and chased after the class, and would chase after the generals. The edict asked the crown prince, Wang Pu, and others, "What is the crime of Pude?" Pu Song: "Zhao Arsenic slandered the minister." Taizu understood, because of the order to help out. Arsenic was demoted to Ruzhou Dental School.
According to these records, Zhao Pu seems to be an innocent person who has not sold wood. However, according to some facts, whether Zhao Pu really has no smugglers is really a question worth considering. At least, his suspicion of smuggling is very important and difficult to get rid of:
(1) Zhao Pu is a very greedy person. The legend of the History of Song:
(Kaibao) six years, the emperor (Taizu) was fortunate again. When the King of Qian proudly sent a letter to Yu Pu, and ten bottles of sea objects, placed under the bow. Will drive the car, the pawn can not reach the screen. Emperor Advisors. Pu Yishi is right. Shang: "The sea will be good." "That is, the destiny is revealed. All melon seeds gold also. Pu Panicked and bowed his head in thanks: "The minister has not issued a book, I really don't know." The emperor sighed, "It doesn't hurt to receive it." He said that all state affairs are up to Ru Shusheng! ”
Pu also uses the gap to privately and easily eat vegetable gardens, so as to live in a wide range.
Who can guarantee that such a greedy person is not a smuggler of bamboo and wood like a noble relative at that time?
(2) This biography also says that he "operates the di dian li" (the meaning of di dian is detailed). In terms of shops, he is a businessman, but in terms of smuggling bamboo, it is difficult to guarantee that he is not a businessman.
(3) The above article says that he "sent relatives to the city house materials" and "sent relatives to the city of Muguan and Long". According to the above records, anyone who sends his relatives or cronies to Qin and Longshimu is tantamount to selling bamboo and wood himself, and he absolutely cannot just slander too many officials. as:
(Liu Zhixin) sent his cronies to Zhumu in Qin, Long... (436 Biography)
(Zhao Yanpu) sent relatives to the city of bamboo wood... (254 "Biography of Zhao Chao")
(Shi Baoji) sent relatives to zhumu Qin and Longjian ... (250 "Shi Shouxin Biography")
(Wei Xianxin) sent relatives to the west of the city of Mu... (249 "Biography of Wei Renpu")
Therefore, Zhao Pu sent pro-official Shimu and pro-official smuggler, I am afraid that it was not the free will of the pro-official, but what Zhao Pu told him to do. In this way, Zhao Pu could not resign his blame.
(4) Taking a step back, it is Zhao Pushi's wooden purpose is to repair the house, and it does not need much wood, and it does not have to be transported on the scale of the "giant raft".
(5) In the end, Wang Pu defended him, and Taizu suddenly stopped being angry, which was also justified. He was a hero of the founding of the Song Dynasty, and had a profound historical relationship with Taizu and a good friendship. For example, the legend of the "History of Song":
Taizu counts micro-lines, passing through the meritorious family. Pu Every retreated from the dynasty and did not dare to wear plain clothes. One day of heavy snow to night, The Puyi Emperor did not come out. For a long time, I heard the knocking on the door, and I was eager to come out. Di Li in the snow and wind. Pu was afraid to greet him. Emperor Yue: "I have made an appointment with the King of Jin." "It's too much. Set up a heavy mat, sit in the hall, and burn the meat with blazing charcoal. Pu's wife drank wine, and the emperor called it to his sister-in-law. Because of the Taiyuan with the General Plan.
And the "Eastern Capital Chronicle" Volume 26 Cloud:
Taizu pampered Puru like a left and right hand. The Dali Temple was sentenced to be angry that he belonged to Fupu and increased or decreased his sentence because he asked to see Taizu. The words were not inferior, Taizu was furious, and he said, "The ding bell still has ears." Ru does not hear zhao Puwu's society Ji Chenhu? "Dehua sat and degraded Shangzhou, and then degraded Lingwu.
Punishing him for a momentary lapse does not seem good in general. Therefore, Wang Pu rescued him for a general plan. Taizu, because he thought about his past relationship with him, had to get by and forgive him.
The above is an overview of the private timber industry of the Officials of the Northern Song Dynasty. As for the Southern Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty will ask for officials four or five clouds:
On July 14, 16th year of Chunxi, the courtiers said: "Today, the superintendent has been selling wood plants, and the movement is high. High value, in order to make a good profit. As for the sale of goods, it is still necessary to change the state and county to which it belongs. The state is responsible for the county, the county and the people, until there is a production to be paid. The rafts are exempt from taxation, and there is no extraction of the places where they live and sell, which not only secretly loses official goods, but also robs the merchants of their profits. Begging is strictly prohibited. If there is any violation, Xu ling neitai pickets and re-establishes the true constitution. "From there.
And "Official" seven or three years to celebrate the first year of the new year:
On April 27, Huaidong raised Chen Zhizhi and sentenced Zhao Shilang to release him. ...... In the words of the courtiers... Shi Lang went to buy wood on the river, and the knot was sold in Zhenzhou, usurping the profits of the merchants.
The second verse also quotes the Yijian Jiazhi volume 16 that Hunan raised Zheng to instigate the sale of giant sequoia to Weiyang, and made ten times the profit.
D. Private ownership of the printing industry
Regarding the private printing industry of Song Dynasty officials, the Song Hui Zhi Zhi Guan (宋会要官) celebrates may of the fourth year of the 64th year of the calendar:
On the fourteenth day, Wei WeiSi's Qiu Mao demoted the military governor of Rao Prefecture to supervise the liquor tax of the Wu Army. The upper sealer Yan Mao first composed a hundred poems, slandering the government and the government, and his words were contemptuous. ...... He also printed books and ordered the prefectures and counties to buy them by force, in order to make a lot of profits. ...... Therefore there is fate.
This was the case of the Northern Song Dynasty officials printing and selling books. As for the Southern Song Dynasty, Tang Zhongyou's private sale of books was the most important. He printed books and used public money as capital. Zhu Wen Gongwen Collection, volume 18, "According to the Third Form of Tang Zhongyou":
Since zhongyou arrived in office, guan ji magazine craftsmen have carved small prison collections on the side of the small hall. Two thousand ways per episode. The publication board is completed, and the goods are sold by the home furniture. Its first publication of the board, printed and sold will be manga. Now I have gathered craftsmen and published them again. All materials, rations, paper, ink, etc., are the expenses of the officials.
Volume XIX "According to the Fourth Form of Tang Zhongyou" Cloud:
According to Ye Zhi and other confessions, in the draft book, Zhongyou used official money to open four books, "Xun", "Yang", "Wen Zhongzi", and <Khan), that is, it is not necessary to give all the gifts to the he official.
After the books are printed, except for a small part that still belongs to the public, most of them are taken back to their own homes for sale. Volume XIX "According to the Sixth Form of Tang Zhongyou" Cloud:
Tang Zhongyou carved the four sub-printing plates of "Xun", "Yang", "Han" and "Wang", which were printed in total, and installed 6606 copies. Fifteen volumes each. In addition to the two hundred and five departments sent to the sojourner officials since February this year, and the seven departments seen in the academy, the three parts settled in the book table division, and the thirteen departments of the Honshu History Professor, Fan Silu, Shi Sihu, and Zhu Judicial were exchanged for paper by the state, the remaining three hundred and seventy-five parts, the thirty departments of the mouth table print, and the three hundred and forty-five departments of the yellow altar paper printed, Tang Zhongyou sent them back to the Wuzhou residence one by one. On February 13, Dong Xian, a member of the academy, and Chen Xian, an indian smith, were ordered to make a horn, and the cage was used as a seven-carton storage, and Ren Jun, a military officer, was sent to the house. And on the ninth day of the first month of June, the watch-back smith Yu Shuo made a hundred horns, also made seven quintals, and stored them in a cage, and sent Nguyen Chong's pledge to the main house. and one hundred and seventy-five parts, on July 14, the printer Chen Xian and others were ordered to make horns, and the same as other books, they were also stored in cages, and a total of twenty cartons were made.
Although it is not explicitly stated here that Tang Zhongyou sells books, he once brought the public silk, dyeing utensils, etc. to the color shop he opened himself to sell, so this time, he brought back the books printed with public funds, and naturally he also brought them to his bookstore or other shops to sell; because even if he wanted to use them himself, he could not use these many.
In addition to printing and selling books, Song Dynasty officials also monopolized the expansion of stone carvings in order to obtain rich profits. Xu Du's "But Sweeping Compilation" rolled up in the clouds:
The eastern slope is channeled south, and the speakers ask for the removal of the text they have done. Obey it. Therefore, the hidden of the scholar's family did not dare to come out, and the officials were afraid of disaster, and the stone carvings where they were located were often destroyed. Xuzhou Yellow House, made by Dongpo. And the son is endowed by it, and Poe writes from himself. When the defender alone could not bear to destroy, but threw its stone city in the middle, and yi lou famous view. In the last year of Xuanhe, the prohibition was relaxed slightly. For a while, the expensive tour was still in the form of the eastern slope, and the beards were sold. Therefore, the workers are slightly in the middle of the moment. Those who have Miao Zhongxian are suitable for keeping, because of their fate. Day and night copying. Having obtained thousands of copies, Ku Yu said: "Su's study, the prohibition of the law is still there, why does this stone exist alone?" "Break it up. People smell of stone destruction, and the price of ink increases. Zhongxian ranked full, and took it to the Kyoshi to do his best, and the reward was not rewarded.
E. Private ownership of the shop industry
In the Song Dynasty, the officials of the private residence shop industry included Zhao Pu and He Zhizhong, the prime ministers, and Mi Xin and Bao Ji on the military attaché side. Regarding Zhao Puzhi's Jingguan Di Shop, the History of Song 256 "Zhao Pu Biography" Yun:
general...... And the business is a house shop.
Volume XIV of the Continuation of the Long Edition:
LuDoson was in Hanlin, and because of the summons, he destroyed the short pu. And the words are universal... Camp shop, grab the people's profits.
And "Song Hui Wants to Be An Official" 78 Yiyun:
general...... Guangying Di shop for profit. Taizu knows what he knows, and every one of them is tolerant.
Regarding He Zhizhong's private residence store, Dong Mang's "Idle Yan Talk" Yun:
In zhenghezhong, He Zhizhong was the first taiwan, and the production was widely cultivated. There are many shops in the mansion, and A is in the beijing division. From time to time, the old printing of ji guan guo's test "For the King's Difficulty Small Scriptures", called the Emperor's Imperial System, people even recited it. At the feast, the officials said for the good drama: "What do the officials do when they have all the opportunities?" "But Yan Leer!" "Otherwise, it is like lifting a son to write a meaning." Asked, "How do you know?" "Then I recited "For the King's Difficult Righteousness." With his hand raised, Hokigo exclaimed, "The Holy Will Bandit alone with Webb's soldier, keeping nerves, looking up to the deep meaning of conscientious efforts, and uneasy in perseverance." The world is blessed. He also asked, "What did the Prime Minister do when he withdrew from the dynasty?" "Also written." Asked, "What does it mean?" "It is not easy to be righteous for a subject." Nai criticized his cheek: "It is not easy to plunder one hundred and twenty house money in a day!" "Gai slang is not easy to be poor.
As for the private residence shop on the military attaché side, Shangguan Rong's "Friends Gathering Talk" is rolled up:
Therefore, Cangzhou Jiedushi made Mi Xin, the yinxia tribe. With military merit, tired palace to add knots. Slim and thick, despised by the times. Jingshi Dragon and Qu Zhu Dadi, Outer Camp Pastoral, Inner Mansion House, Daily Income Calculation, What Is It? Its eldest son... And the letter is buried... The cost of indulgence is more than the previous. As far as the Garden, the shop. Not yet old, and the daily use of the yarn is also extinct.
From this, it can be seen that "Di Dian" is also known as "Di She". Also "History of Song" vol. 250 "Baoji Biography" Yun:
Bao Ji... The family is rich, and there are mansions and villas.
According to the di shop, or mansion, that is, the current hotel or inn, is used to rent to the four-party guest hotel to live. "Ghost Dong" (author) volume two clouds:
Shen Weng, Tianmu ren, famous treasure. The family is rich. There are several houses in the house, including a four-way guest travel. In the heavy snow, a man dressed in green and brown farmers stayed overnight. ......
Those who open such shops make a lot of profits. Quoted in the "Idle Yan Chang Tan", He Zhizhong opened a mansion shop in Bieliang and "plundered one hundred and twenty rooms a day". Therefore, Yang Jian even wanted to change the Taiping Xingguo Temple into a mansion for profit. Yi Jian Zhi Ding Volume 1 Cloud:
Politics and middle... Yang Jian also proposed to convert the Taiping Xingguo Temple into a mansion and a private house to collect the money. At the beginning of the demolition of the main hall, the statue of the Buddha was under the foundation of the temple, and the branch was broken. He has died of chest and abdomen ulceration. When there is a person who wants to destroy the Holy House, sit down and stop.
According to the History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 468, "The Biography of Yang Jian": "Yang Jian ... In the fourth year of zhenghe, he paid homage to the emissaries of the Changhua Army. ...... Li Zhen'an, Qinghai, Zhendong three towns. From Inspector Taibao to Taifu. ...... Xuanhe three years, death. Gifted to Master Wu Guogong. ”
Self, others
(1) The Smuggling of Various Industrial Products in the History of the Song Dynasty:
There are pro-school Duan Hongjin to steal official wooden utensils, and the city takes its straight. (Vol. 270 The Tale of The High Defense)
(Prudent Congji) The family is rich in wealth, especially able to govern life. It is often used as a negative seller, so that the coffin is in the city. (Vol. 270, The Tale of the Prudent Knowledge)
(Yang) Reverential and greedy. Long-term military service. ...... On the day of the clan town, the soldiers worked as puppeteers, painted with Danbai, and the boat carried in the Beijing Division. (Vol. 290 Biography of Yang Chongxun)
And "Song Hui Wants to Be An Official" six or seven years of Yuan You:
On the twelfth day of the first month of the eighth year, Wen Junyi, the Right Dynasty's grand master, dismissed Tongzhou and ordered the officials to send them together. First of all, Yushi came to Shao Yan, Junyi zhi Yaozhou, and sent his sons to carry pottery into the Beijing trade. The volume of the household is real, so there is life.
And the Luan Chengji, vol. 36, "On the Five Harms of Shu Tea", says:
Now that the officials and officials are adulterous, they have... Vendors and other items.
(2) The History of Song, Vol. 387, The Biography of Wang Yingchen, a smuggler of various products, says that the Wang clan smuggled mercury clouds:
Deoksugul's official stone pond is filled with mercury floating gold on it. Emperor Gaozong instructed: "Mercury is lacking, and this buys the Wang (Yingchen) Shang Shujia." Shang Fu said: "Wang Yingchen said that he was fighting for the profit of the people in the corridor, but he was selling mercury evil by himself?" "It should be known and strive to go."
And the Song Hui wants to be an official, 75, says that the official took advantage of the situation to bribe Bai Teng to gain profits:
(Jiading 15th year) March 4,...... Chen Ji of the New Zhi Yingde Province resigned from his new post. In the words of the courtiers... On the day of the Jishou Fuji Prefecture, its county produced more white vines and bought it. The people composed "Buy Vine Song", and there is a saying that "all articles are fate, and bundles are unjust souls". Therefore there is fate.
(3) The Smuggler of Shengkou "Official" in the first month of the fourth year of the 74th year of the Qingyuan Dynasty:
On the eighteenth day, Zhi Linjian (Jiang? Jun Zhan let go. According to the courtiers, he was old and specialized in selling raw mouths; he returned to his hometown before and after, and there were sixty or seventy boats; his parents were separated, and the cries were shaking, and the people who heard it were miserable.
(4) The private "Luan ChengJi" of the pawn industry, volume 36, "On the Five Evils of Shu Tea" Yun:
Now the official's fate is adultery... As for the sale and purchase, it is also questioned. In August and September last year, Li Andian, a man who bought a wine shop in Chengdu, had 10,000 yuan of glutinous rice, and each bucket paid eight dollars. Half a year has not been redeemed, but it is still more interested in two points. Other illegal, such as.
(Lu Shimin) also used the money to confiscate all kinds of things, violated the laws and regulations, and deceived the imperial court.
(9) The characteristics and influence of private business of officials
The private commerce of song dynasty officials is roughly as described above. Now to sum it up, compare it with the business of the average businessman to see what is special about it:
(1) Using public funds as capital, as stated in the Song Hui Yao Officials 64 saying that Biansu uses public funds as capital to do business:
(Side) SuQian zhi zhenzhou, with public funds and money to change the quality of profits.
The History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 301, "The Biography of Biansu", says:
Before the purge, the state traded privately with public money.
Volume 77 of the Continuation of the Long Edition also says:
It is necessary to try to trade with public money.
In addition, the Song Hui Zhi Guan (宋会要官) 69 is also published in Xuanhe and April of the seventh year:
On the eighteenth day, the King of Minting Money on Jiangnan East Road was mentioned to be removed from the name. Because of his greed, he was also known for his patrolling jia vendors, stealing official money, and mentioning criminals and visiting for inspection and treatment.
This was the case in the Northern Song Dynasty. As for the Southern Song Dynasty, the Song Hui wants to cloud:
April 27... New Zhixing Army Wang Dingguo... Strike the new office. Judge the country by the speaker... Zhigao Postal Army, transferred official money, re-trafficked neighbors, and gave money to the deceased.
On February 2, Zhao Bodong of Xinzhi New Prefecture resigned from his new post. In the style of supervising Yu Shijin, he guarded Leizhou yesterday, broke more official money, bought commercial goods, and sailed home.
The eighth verse also says that Zhang Bai of Zhicai Prefecture and Qian Zhiwang of Zhiyang Prefecture sold food and grain privately, and Tang Zhongyou of Zhitai Prefecture opened a color shop, which also used public funds as capital.
(2) Using public property as commodities or commodity raw materials, History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 201, Criminal Law Chronicle:
Six years of auspiciousness... The main official stole and sold official property, and gathered at night to become a demon, and this old law was reduced from saltiness.
There are many records in the Biography of the History of the Song Dynasty of officials selling public property privately:
Officials have stolen silverware, and weapons (Hang) state prison. Zi Chen is the private chef of the transfer envoy (Jiang) Jun. More than half of the house was sold. (Vol. 298, "The Biography of Sima Chi")
(Liu) Yuanyu is greedy, to steal and sell forbidden things, and personally competes with villains for power. Time to despise. (Volume 304 "Biography of Liu Yuanyu")
Emperor Taizong took the throne, heard his name, summoned him to Que, and granted the title of Overseer of the State. ...... (Guo) Loyalty and forgiveness without prosecution, indulgence in defeat. ...... When good at official goods, take their straight. The edict reduced death, and the rod was sent to the state. (Vol. 442, "The Biography of Guo Zhongshu")
Regarding Guo Zhongshu's mastery of official affairs, volume XVIII of the Continuation of the Tong JianChang also says:
Guo ZiJian 's master Guo Shu 's staff was imprisoned in Dengzhou. Forgiveness first, that is, loyalty and forgiveness. ...... And good at official property, take its straight. Anger, so misfortune.
Verse 6 also speaks of the private commerce of officials, section 7 of which deals with the private monopoly trade of officials, and section 8 of which says that most of Tang Zhongyou's private printing industry uses public property as commodities. As for the use of public goods as raw materials for commodities, the eighth section says that Tang Zhongyou returned the raw silk hair of the public family to the family's cai shu shop to weave goods and sell them, and Duan Hongjin stole official wooden utensils and sold them, which is the most obvious example.
(3) Trafficking in official boats such as the "History of the Song Dynasty":
On the day of Kaifeng, king Yushi impeached him for his drunkenness. And for the Hebei transport envoy, Naifa along the funeral leave official Boat Jia seller. (Vol. 265, "The Biography of Zhang Qixian")
In the second year of the Taiping Revival, (and Da Nang) zhi yan prefecture. Changed to Jingdong transshipment envoy. Da Nang is harsh and stingy, good breeding, and insulting people. Try to use official ships carrying smugglers to make profits. At first, he played for judge Zheng Tongdu. Even Zhangxinjun Jiedu Liu Yu also spoke. According to the truth, sit and cut the nationality with Ruzhou. (Vol. 439 The Tale of Hedan)
And "Song Hui Wants to Be An Official" for six or six years yuanfeng five years:
On November 2, the Zizhou Road Transporter Judge accepted Lang Cheng's talent, and Zhao Ding, the Grand Master of Xuzhou Dynasty, was replaced. The talent sits... Ding sat on the official boat with private goods also.
In addition, verses 6 and 7 also say that the officials of the Gang transported goods by official boats.
(4) The use of public labor force such as the "Song Hui Yao And Officials" 70 years of Shaoxing In May 19:
On the eighteenth day, Zuo Wu Dafu Guozhou Regiment practiced to make Chang Jite chase zuo Wu Dafu an official, stop it, and send the Infantry Division to serve himself. The former Ma Junjun general broke the law... The private servants sold and collected interest, and sent it to Tian Sheng, which was a fate.
In the eighth verse, it is also said that Tang Zhongyou opened a fish and fish shop, "sending other seafood to the soldiers of The Prefecture (Taizhou)"; opening a color shop, "the dyeing households of the daily detention department turned red and purple in the mansion and the public treasury"; and also said that Yang Chongxun "tasted the puppeteers for the work of the soldiers, painted danbai, and carried the boat to the Beijing Division." ”
(5) Buying and selling at a low price, or monopolizing them, such as the "Song Hui Wants to Be Officials" 72 years of Chun Xi for six years:
On June 8, the Jinghu North Road Pacification Department of the Zhi Secretary Cabinet was released from the office of Tian Gongfu. Sit on the high-priced market of private horses and the divine army, and buy them at a low price with their own army.
And "Luan Chengji" volume 36 "On the Five Evils of Shu Tea" Yun:
In recent years, Shi Min begged for an extra million guan for an extra. The Imperial Court promised it. So he begged in Chengdu to set up a tea farm in the capital. The guest traveler did not see the money to buy tea, and promised to exchange gold and silver goods. Therefore, in the name of folding Bo, more public people were sent to the public to enter the public goods, and they bought and sold at a low price. The harm is too easy.
Wang Mingqing's "New Chronicle of Jade Illumination", volume IV, says:
Former officials Wailang Wang and his... Trade in private goods, and profits from official goods.
Verse 4 also says that Yongzhou Tong sentenced Hu Wanqing to buy raw gold at a low price; the eighth verse says that Sun Yuan of Hangzhou oppressed the merchants who sold yarn and his merchants at high prices, Jia Wei of Zhihan Prefecture sold Chuanbu at a high price, and the close ministers and noble relatives of the early Song Dynasty sold Qin and Long timber at high prices. As for the monopoly of the private business of officials, the eighth section says that Miao Zhongxian of Xuzhou monopolized the Tuoben of the stone carvings of Su Dongpo in the Yellow House of Xuzhou, and the Chen JiZhi Bureau of Zhiteng Prefecture bribed Bai Teng, and also said that Tang Zhongyou opened a fish shop:
There are customers selling salmon to a boat, where hundreds of fish. It is not allowed to be bought by households in the state, and sold by the family at a low price.
In addition, volume 171 of the "Records of the Chronicle of the Chronicle of the Lineage" also says that Li Chunnian of Zhiwu Prefecture "took the yin to save money, called ping zhuanwu, and did everything possible to cage the goods of a county and usurp the interests of the people."
(6) Tax Evasion "History of the Song Dynasty" Volume 186 "Food And Goods" Yun:
In the second year of Xuanhe, the merchants of the Gongguan Monastery's courtiers ordered GuanJin to search for it, such as the Yuanfeng Law. At the end of the year, the number of times is reported to the Transport Division for purposes. Chuyuan Fu Ling Pin Guan is exempt from taxation for household consumption. By the beginning of the Jianzhong Jingguo, horses, cattle, chi, donkeys, and mules were no longer included in the case. And there are many people who are more profitable than the ministers. Many of the temples and monasteries have the purpose of special tax exemption, and they are all sold by boats. Therefore, there is an edict.
There are many records of tax exemptions for officials and smugglers in the biography of the History of Song, such as:
Chai Zongqing, the word Tianyou, a big celebrity. Zu Yuxi, Zhenning Junjie envoy. ...... Princess Lu, the daughter of Emperor Taizong of Zongqing. ...... Yu Xi 卒, zhenbai Kangzhou defense envoy. Change the state. Old system: the princess houses are all miscellaneous to buy and buy market goods. Zong Qing sent his servants from Waizhou City to charcoal, and the passing was exempted. To the end. The resumption of the market is in business. Since it is a miscellaneous purchase of the princess's house and city property. ...... Enter the Quanzhou tube to observe the envoy. He also said that he had gone to the capital division of Shaanxi City and asked for taxes from the city of Shaanxi. Zhenzong said: "Xiang Zhiru does not smuggle to rob the people of profits, and now he is evil? "Even if Hedong proposes to punish Zong Qing for privately making people and horses, he will not lose taxes." Loans are not asked. (Vol. 463, The Biography of Chai Zongqing)
Yuezhou Tong sentenced that the embezzlement of private property was a private request from the marriage of the Ge Dynasty.) (Vol. 298, "The Biography of Sima Chi")
The second section also says that Li Hanchao smuggled qin and long timber, the fifth section said that diplomats were privately engaged in commerce, and the eighth section said that Mi Xin, Yao Xuan, and other private cloth industries, as well as close courtiers and noble relatives who smuggled Qin and Long timber, also avoided taxation.
The above are the characteristics of the private business of the Officials of the Song Dynasty. Finally, please describe its impact. There are about three main points:
(1) Officials who have become rich by virtue of their political power and private business can take advantage of everything in the public, can pay no taxes, can buy and sell at a low price, or monopolize on a large scale, and naturally it is very easy to make profits. For example, volume XVIII of the "Examination of the Yu Cong" says that Zhang Jun's wealthy situation of private overseas trade and the establishment of liquor stores is cloudy:
The generals of the Southern Crossing are extravagant and extravagant, and they are also the predecessors of the degree. Guan Songren's "Yuzhao Xinzhi", "Yi Jianzhi", "Driving Lucky Zhang Fu Jiluo" and other books can be seen briefly. Zhang Junnian collected 640,000 yuan in rent... Emperor Gaozong was fortunate to be lucky. Junsuo's clothes play with pearls and jade splendid embroidery, all worth tens of thousands. Below the prime minister, there are gifts. Extended to its grandson anchor, the garden pond sound trick the world. At each feast, the ten prostitutes are in a team, and the teams are different in their clothes, and the ten easy starts. When the guests went, ji waiters more than a hundred people sent the guests, and the candle flowers and incense mist were like a fairy cave.
Verse 2 also says that the government allows the generals to do business, and as a result, the generals are rich.
(2) If the government loses the private business of officials and makes use of public funds, public property, and official boats, the government will of course suffer great losses. As for tax evasion, government tax revenues must be sharply reduced. For example, in the Luan Chengji, vol. 36, "On the Five Pests of Shu Tea", Yun:
And the tea officials illegally sell hundreds of things, business travel is not good, not only tax losses, but also harmful to the liquor department.
Verse 7 quotes the Song Hui Zhi Zhi Guan (宋会要官) as saying:
For decades, the wines that the priests have made privately have grown in age. The wine in the city of the first is only the general office, so the amount of lessons lost is not very much. Later, it split into four or five, each with its own interests. Since the liquor class has been secretly divided, it has lost more than 200,000 yuan in net interest every year; it is often embezzled and exchanged for regular money, and it is not used as a business cover. Seeing that he has now invaded the regular money of 440,000 yuan, he owes more than 830,000 yuan to the imperial court. If you do not make a clear accusation based on the interests and stakes, turn backwards to see the wolf.
(3) The private business of the injured officials and officials of the merchants can take advantage of everything in the government, and they can buy and sell them cheaply or monopolize them; the unarmed merchants are certainly not their opponents, and they are often overthrown by them in the market. In particular, in terms of taxation, the treatment of officials and businessmen is even more profound. When merchants and civilians transport goods through various places, local governments impose heavy taxes. For example, Zhang Qian's "Mingdao Magazine" Cloud:
Hanyang and Wuchang are riverside and fishy. The soldiers took the river fish and cut it all. No salt. On the banks of the stormy river, there are thousands of people. Although the summer was defeated by the flies, it was ignored. When it is dry, it is pressed by the object as a fish, which is called a light fish. Sold to Jiangxi. ...... A boat of fish, its straight hundreds of thousands, the tax is also extremely heavy. Every time there are three light fish boats in Huangzhou tax property, there is no worry about the profit of one day.
And Fan Chengda's "Record of the Luan" Yun:
Three days, Po Yan State. Cross the river on the pontoon bridge and visit Bao'en Temple. ...... Shepu fir row, under the Biji Bridge to re-enlist. Business travel is very difficult, and there are those who have been stuck for several months and cannot pass. When Yu Shu was in the midst of the storm, he knew a lot about yishan in the Xiuning Mountains. Natives rarely cultivate fields, and most of them are engaged in planting fir. Cedar is also a thing that is easy to live, so it is difficult to take it poorly. When you go out of the mountains, the price is extremely cheap. Arrived in the county town, has been extracted. If it is stricter than that, it will be hundreds of times more severe. Yan Zhi's official Fang Yue: "Wuzhou has no profit holes, micro-shedding fir, and is not a state." Looking at this, when will the disease of the business trip be paralyzed! Cover a wood out of the mountain, or not straight a hundred dollars. To the gradual river, it is sold for two thousand. Are re-levied and long-time guest fees to make it.
However, officials who trafficked goods could evade taxation; if they pretended to be imperial ancestors, the local governments did not dare to stay in trouble (see section VI), which was even more convenient and rapid. In this way, of course, merchants who are hindered in their business cannot compete with officials who are facilitated in their business. Therefore, the eighth verse says that the officials of the Southern Song Dynasty who smuggled timber "snatched the profits of the merchants"; this section quotes the "Records of the Chronicles of the Chronicles of the Lineage" volume 171 and also says that Li Chunnian of Zhiwu Prefecture "did everything in his power to cage the goods of a county and usurped the interests of the people". And Ouyang Xiu's "On the Status of Untalented Officials" (Ouyang Wenzhong's Collected Writings, vol. 116) Yun:
Zhifen Prefecture Yubu Langzhong Fan Yin was old and dim, unable to discipline his children, selling in the state, and harassing the people. submit
He also Zhang Yuhu's "Shen Transfers and Demotion System" (Yuhu Jushi Anthology, vol. 19) Yun:
Forever remembering the capital of the Seven Fujians, it is not worth the curse of the years again. Trade and migration want to exhaust the millimeter, swallow without leaving a blood. Adultery and wretchedness, public opinion boiling!
June to July 1936
postscript
Recently, the second half of "Song Huijiao" was photocopied and published, of which "Food Goods" was three or six years:
Chongning two years
On October 3, the capital raised the tea farm division: "The survey meeting has not been placed before the water mill tea farm, and the merchants sell tea to Beijing, which is a private residence shop stacking." Waiting for the goods to be pawned, or flipping out of the outside, the self-reported stack of household money and the house of the store. ......”
It can be seen that the mansion of the Song Dynasty, in addition to having the characteristics of today's inns or inns, was used as a stack or warehouse for storing goods.
Supplemented on March 5, 1937