Daqing Bridge around 1900
The so-called "state of documents" literally refers to articles, books, and cultural relics; "dedication", xianye, refers to the learned literati and sages. "Wen" and "dedication" have complemented each other since ancient times. In the Ming Dynasty, the famous Menwang clan of Kedi Lu appeared in Ningbo City, "a family of three shangshu and a door of ten jinshi", which refers to the Jingchuan Yang family. The Collection of Ten Thousand Volumes in Tianyi Pavilion is of great significance to the circulation of literature in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Tianyi Pavilion was closed to the public for a long time, until the famous scholar Huang Zongxi, as the first outsider, went upstairs to read. Huang Zongxi opened a sermon at the Yongshang Witness Academy, and recommended outstanding disciples, and the Zhejiang Eastern School became famous...
Let us follow the story of Qian Maowei, professor of the Department of History of the School of Humanities and Media of Ningbo University, travel back to the city of Ningbo in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and understand how Ningbo became a "state of documents" in the development of history.
How did the suburban gentry settle in the city?
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, how did the people in Ningbo live? What is known is unknown, but one thing is certain, after the 20th century, people preferred to live in cities, because all aspects of the facilities gradually improved, but before that, cities were not ideal places to live.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, some people gradually migrated to the city, one was an official, and the other was a businessman. Professor Qian Maowei took the Jingchuan Yang clan as the object of his investigation and introduced how this family settled in the city.
The Yang family, originally living in Dongyang Village and Xiyang Village in the present-day Haishu District, from the Yuan Dynasty onwards, this family slowly developed, and at its peak, "one family and three shangshu", namely Yang Shouchen, Yang Shoulan and Yang Shousui.
There are four places where the Yang family moved to the city:
The first is the government-academy side. In the first year of Ming Hongzhi (1488), Yang Shouchen's eldest son Yang Maoyuan built the Jingchuan Book House on the right side of Ningbo Chengfuxue (the east side of the old Ningbo Library) in Ningbo, preparing for Yang Shouchen to live after retirement. This was the first residence built by the Yang family in Ningbo. After six years, Li Xing, the prefect of Ningbo, deeply admired Yang Shouchen's virtue and theory, borrowed the site of the Jingchuan Book House and established the Wenyi Ancestral Hall to encourage Yang Shouchen's students to gather here to give lectures. The Wenyi Ancestral Hall was later renamed "Jingchuan Academy".
The second is the shore of the Sun Lake. "A tower in the heavens is a literary pen, and the sun and moon double lakes arrive at the Yanchi Pond", which shows that the literary style of this place is very strong. In the sixth year of Koji (1493), the three brothers separated. After the separation of the family, yang Shoulan's descendants went to the city to establish a new residence, and established Otsuka Zaidi and brother Shangshufang at the Cailian Bridge in the east of Rihu Lake.
In the late Qing Dynasty, the family produced another merchant, Yang Wenlin, to rebuild a Bichuan Ancestral Hall and set up a compulsory school on the shore of Rihu Lake.
The third is the moon lake. Yang Shou accompanied the official to the Ministry of Works Shangshu, and he built the first place in the West Bluestone Bridge of Yuehu Lake, known as "Kang Jian Gongdi". Another branch of The Western Yang Dynasty, Yang Meiyi, was an official to the Shaoqing of the Taibu Temple. Because of his discovery, Yang Meiyi moved from Xiyang to Guifang Bridge (present-day Guifang Lane, Kaiming Street, Ningbo), known as The House of Yuanqing, with Yongqing Hall and Rishi Institute. Later, because of his officialdom, he erected a pillar in front of the Pingqiao Bridge and a Large WenzongFang in Guifang Bridge.
The fourth is the east gate. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, if people who studied books could not pass the examination, there were two ways, one was to do business, and the other was to be a master. After Yang Dehua became Xiucai, he rationally gave up the road of the imperial examination and embarked on the road of the master, and did not return to his hometown until he earned money in his old age. Yang Dehua died in the twenty-second year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1683), and the Yang Dehua mansion at the East Gate was completed a year after his death.
In short, the Jingchuan Yang clan has at least four branches in Ningbo City, and the chosen place of residence is a good location.
How did Tianyi Pavilion enter the field of vision of scholars?
After Fan Qin built the Tianyi Pavilion, he did not completely close the Library, and occasionally invited friends to come to the Pavilion to enjoy. After Fan Qin's death, Tianyi Pavilion was not opened to the public for a long time, and the Fan clan established strict family rules and a book collection system to protect more than 70,000 volumes.
Until the help of Fan Qin's descendant Fan Guangxie, the famous scholar Huang Zongxi, as the first outsider, climbed the stairs to read the books. Since then, Quan Zuwang, Ruan Yuan, etc. have also been able to ascend to the pavilion, and the Tianyi Pavilion has entered the period of limited opening from full closure.
If you think that the people who can ascend to the Heavenly Pavilion are all big people, it is wrong. In the tenth year of Daoguang (1830), Feng Dengfu went to Ningbo to serve as a professor of Fuxue, which was near present-day Zhongshan Square, not far from Tianyi Pavilion. Feng Dengfu was a native of Jiaxing, and he ascended to the heavenly pavilion no less than five or six times, once to accompany people to visit, twice to give away books, once to take books for soldiers, and several times to find "Min Zhi". He also left an article called "The Collection of Tianyi Pavilion Books".
Qian Maowei said: "Before, Huang Zongxi wrote the "Tianyi Pavilion Collection Secretary", and Quan Zuwang also wrote it. In a way, this article of Feng Dengfu is more important, because Huang Zongxi's article only introduces Tianyi Pavilion from the perspective of ancient and modern books, and Quan Zuwang's article also writes about the origin of Tianyi Pavilion from a historical point of view, but Feng Dengfu first set rules for Tianyi Pavilion. ”
There are a few rules that are very interesting: the cabinet book does not go out, and its borrowing and borrowing money is still listened to. The cabinet book does not use cloth covers and brocade corners, so it is also anti-beetle. The books in the collection are only neatly bound and tidy, and there is nothing to look at. Whether the books in the collection have been engraved or not, as well as written by ancient and modern people, they should be valued by those who are confident and can be transmitted and rare in the sea. If the books in the future are more than 100 volumes, they shall be supplemented in the bibliography and indicated.
The second half of the "Tianyi Pavilion Book Collection" focuses on the "establishment of rules", and puts forward requirements in terms of delivery, numbering, volume, borrowing, decoration, purpose, and collection.
Because it was a private residence, the Tianyi Pavilion was not seen on the map of Ningbo Province during the Yongzheng period. In 1857, foreigners began to mark Tianyi Pavilion on the map, because they wanted to borrow maps from The Tian yi Pavilion in the Zhejiang Local History to prepare for the attack on the provinces of Zhejiang. "The mastermind yimu is Robtan, the most cunning, and lists the books of the Fan clan Tianyi Pavilion of Ning County and the records of the prefectures and counties in Zhejiang every day." From February 1842 to July 1843, the British Meiwei Tea traveled back and forth to Zhoushan and Ningbo several times. On a hand-drawn map of the outskirts of Ningbo in 1853 by Mei Wei Cha, the location of Tianyi Pavilion is marked, but he marked Tianyi Pavilion as a library.
From 1939 to 1941, the "Historical Traces of Chinese Culture" compiled by the Japanese scholars Tokiwa Daisuke and Sekino Sadashi were published one after another, and several photos of Ningbo were published in the fourth series, including Tianyi Pavilion. This is probably the earliest old shadow of Tianyi Pavilion that we have seen photographed by foreigners.
How did Huang Zongxi spread scholarship in the city?
Huang Zongxi initially lectured with his teacher Liu Zongzhou at the academy in Shaoxing, but later left Shaoxing for Ningbo due to the inconsistency of purpose between the brothers.
In the seventh year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty (1668), Huang Zongxi founded the Yongshang Witness Academy, which was formerly known as the Yongshang "Pulpit" founded by 26 people including Vance Da in the previous year. The venue of the lecture is uncertain, including the Gao Clan Ancestral Hall in GuangjiQiao, Yanqing Temple, Wanshi Baiyunzhuang in the west of the city, Huang Guotang (Zhang Clan Ancestral Hall), Chen KuiXian Family and other places.
"Yongshang Witness Academy has the characteristics of a private school, the prototype of a modern school, and even the feeling of some university forums. All students, regardless of age, can listen to lectures together and discuss an issue together. Qian Maowei introduced.
Huang Zongxi spent seven or eight years in Ningbo, and more than 100 people listened to the lectures at the Yongshang Witness Academy, and disciples of Wan, Chen, Zhang, Dong, Zheng and Li participated in the activities. Among the disciples, there were 18 people who were recommended by Huang Zongxi, who were either good at scripture, or good at history, or good at literature, such as Wan Sixian, Vance Da, Vance Tong, Dong Yunxuan, Dong Yunxuan, Wan Yan, Chen Kuixian, Chen Xigao, Li Yisi, Zheng Liang, and so on.
Since then, the Zhejiang Eastern School has been well-known and occupies an important position in the history of Chinese thought.
How did Siming Talk Help create Ningbo's human geography?
During the light years of the Qing Dynasty, there was a reader named Xu Zhaoyu in Xiantang Street in Ningbo City, who was neither interested in becoming an official nor in business, but only loved to bear the wind and sleeves of the moon, walked all over Ningbo, and came to a "deep tour". He basically traveled through the Siming landscape and wrote a book of geographical wonders, called "Siming Talking about Help".
"From "Four Ming Talks about Help", we can understand the situation in Ningbo at that time. Xu Zhaoyu is an outstanding expert in the protection of cultural heritage, and more than 80% of the monuments selected in the book are now protected. Nowadays, when local cultural workers read the "Four Ming Talks about Help", they will have a sense of seeing each other and hating each other. Qian Maowei introduced. "Four Ming Talks about Help" is an ideal carrier of human geography, and the combination of history and place is also a major innovation. Cities are introduced one by one according to the direction. It can make people now understand that a certain road, a certain street and a certain alley originally carried so much cultural heritage.
"I have always had an idea that "Siming Talks" could be adapted into "Ningbo Humanistic Memory". The book was published in 1828, nearly 200 years ago. If you rewrite it in a language that can be understood by today's readers, with maps, photographs, and supplement the events that happened in the history of 1828, I believe this book will be popular. Qian Maowei said.
(The content of the speech is from TianyiGe Academy and Guoxuetang, with abridgements.) Gu Wei Wu Yangyang