Qihu Cemetery is located about 300 meters southwest of Beixindian Village in Shaozhuang Town, about 1,000 meters southwest of Yaowang Mountain, and 1,000 meters northwest of Tianhe Tomb. There is a man-dug ditch to the north and south. The existing seal soil of the tomb is in the shape of a bucket, with a length of 55 meters from north to south, a width of 40 meters from east to west, and a height of 15 meters. Yellow and laterite are rammed each other, and the rammed layer is about 0.10 meters thick.
For the Qihu Cemetery, there are many records in the historical documents. The Northern Wei Li Daoyuan's "Notes on water classics" says: "Turbid water (Beiyang River) flows northeast, passing through Yaoshan Mountain, looking west at Hu Gongling. Yuan Yuqin's "Qi Cheng" Yun: "The person to the southeast of Tian He's tomb, said to be the Qi Hu Gong Tomb, is in the county. ”
The tomb has a long history, the shape is huge, the sealing soil is well preserved, from its land, shape, scale, ramming form, for the study of the Qi monarch mausoleum system, distribution characteristics, provides reliable physical data, has a high historical value and research value.
The basic appearance of this tomb is well preserved. The tomb has been stolen many times in history, and many of the caves have been exposed. There are many modern tombs on the north and south slopes of the tomb. Natural factors such as heavy rain erosion and destruction of animals and plants have a greater impact on the original appearance of the tomb sealing soil. On April 3, 2000, the Weifang Municipal People's Government announced it as the first batch of Weifang municipal key cultural relics protection units in the name of "Qihu Cemetery". Now it belongs to the provincial key cultural relics protection unit.
The earliest royal tomb burial in the State of Qi
Qihu Cemetery is the earliest tomb of the King of Qi on the land of Sanqi. The tomb owner Qi Hu Gong, surnamed Jiang, whose original name was Lü Jing, was the fifth grandson of Jiang Taigong and the sixth monarch of the State of Qi. His elder brother Lü Buchen was the fifth monarch, known as the Duke of Qi, and his half-brother Lü Shan, who was the seventh monarch, was known as the Duke of Qi.
In the 11th century BC, after the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang, it began to divide the princes. The King of Zhou made Taigong Jiang the Marquis of Qi. Taigong Jiang built the capital Yingqiu and destroyed the Pugu Kingdom. The State of Qi replaced Pugu and placed Dongyi and Huaiyi under its own military and political control. However, incidents of open and secret struggles between Dongyi, Huaiyi, and the princes and the disaster of the Xiao Wall occurred from time to time.
At the beginning of Jiang Taigong's coming to Qi, there were often Donglaiyi people who came to fight for territory and make state affairs restless. The "History of the Family of Taigong Qi" has the descriptions of "Lai Hou came to cut down and fought with qiu camp" and "it was to fight with the Taigong to fight for the country". Taigong exerted great efforts to govern, and became a great power in the East because of "revision of government" and "conquest".
The Book of Rites and Tan Bows says: "Taigong was sealed in Yingqiu, bi and V, all of which were buried in Zhou. The Yuan Dynasty historian Chen Peng commented: "Although Taigong was enfeoffed in Qi, he left Zhou as a Taishi, so he died and was buried in Zhou. The descendants did not dare to forget their roots, so they were also buried in Zhou in qi, in order to follow the signs of the ancestors, and the fifth generation was exhausted and then stopped. "From Taigong Jiang to Ding Gong, Yi Gong, Duke Yi, Duke Yi, and Duke Wu of the Ai Dynasty, their tombs were not in Qidi, but were all buried back in Zhou, near Hojing.
Sima Zhen of Tang said in the Chronology of the Twelve Princes of history: "Duke Hu of The Fifth Dynasty of Taigong Sun Xiangong. "Here it is said that it was Xiangong who killed Duke Qi hu and established himself as the monarch of the country, and Xiangong was the fifth generation grandson of Jiang Taigong. Duke Hu of Qi, duke of Qi ai, and Duke Xian of Qi were both sons of Duke Qi, and in terms of lineage, they were also the fifth, but Duke Hu was killed by his brother, so he could not be buried in Zhou, but became the first prince of Jiang Qi to be buried in Qi since the founding of the country.
Hu Gong migrated to the capital
To the east of the State of Qi, it is adjacent to the State of Ji. The Ji clan is a descendant of the Shennong clan, which originated in the Chengji period of Tianshui, Gansu. At the end of the Xia Dynasty, it was forced to move to the Shandong Peninsula region, and the founding of the state was called "Ji", and in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it was sealed, and the capital was in the area of Jitai Village in present-day Shouguang City. The State of Qi was only separated by the Zi River from the westernmost city of the Ji Dynasty (around present-day Imperial Town in Linzi District).
Before the Duke of Qihu, the Duke of Qi'ai lived in great luxury, liked to hunt, and often went to the territory of neighboring states. This annoyed Ji Hou, who ran to Zhou Tianzi and falsely accused The Prince of Mourning of setting up an altar to sacrifice the heavens and wanting to rebel. During this period, it happened that the Zhou royal family was in a stage of decline, some of the princes did not come to pay tribute, some of them attacked each other, and Zhou Tianzi wanted to kill chickens to show the monkeys. Therefore, the Duke of Lai was severely punished, and Zhou Tianzi killed the Duke of Qi in public with cooking. "Zhou Gong cooked mourning gong, and set up his brother Jing." Lü Jing is the Duke of Qihu.
After the death of duke Qi Ai, the Ji people were very proud and often harassed the eastern border of the State of Qi, making the Duke of Qi very afraid that he would be plotted by the State of Ji. Therefore, in the second year of Hu Gong (866 BC), the capital was moved from Yingqiu to Pugu. This move was a great shock to the people, and people complained.
Pugu, now fifty miles northwest of Linzi, was first mentioned in the Ninth Year of Zuo Chuan Zhaogong: "and King Keshang of Wu, Pugu, Shang, and Wudong Tuye." In the "Bamboo Book Chronicle" discovered in the fifth year of Jin Xianning (279), there is also a record of "Tai Peng, Fifty-eight Years, Chengpugu".
The time when the Duke of Qi hu moved his capital to Pugu was the time of King Yi of Zhou. The reason for qihu's relocation of the capital is not clearly recorded in history, and it is mostly inferred to be the threat of the avoidance of discipline. In addition, some historians believe that although the nobles surnamed Jiang in the early Zhou Dynasty were stationed in the East and feudalized the country and established a state, they still remembered their hometown in the West, and it was also this psychology that made Jiang Taigong destroy Pugu and did not build a capital at its original site, but took Yingqiu as the capital. At this time, the Duke of Qihu, feeling hopeless of returning to the west and facing the threat of Ji Guo, moved the capital from Yingqiu to Pugu's hometown.
Pugu's time as the capital of the State of Qi was extremely short, but it can be seen from it that the Duke of Qi Hu made efforts for the survival and continuation of the State of Qi.
Death of Hu Gong
In 859 BC, duke Hu of Qi, who reigned for 8 years, was killed by his half-brother Lü Shan and the yingqiu people led by the private party. In ancient books, it is recorded that "the mountain, beheaded Hu Gong at 'Bei Shui'". Lü Shan succeeded to the throne as Duke Xian of Qi and reigned for nine years.
The Gong of Sacrifice and the Duke of Sorrow are compatriots of the same mother, while the Duke of Hu and them are not born of the same mother. According to the primogeniture system, the Duke of Ai first inherited his father's throne. When Zhou Tianzi cooked the Duke of Sorrow, the State of Qi did not establish the then young Duke of Qi's concubine Xiangong (Lü Shan), but lishu Zi Hu Gong laid the root of "resentment". After Qi hu moved to the capital, he lost control of the hostile forces, and Ren Xiangong developed and grew up in Yingqiu, and after many years, he finally led to the disaster of killing.
As the Song dynasty Ouyang Xiu said in the Spring and Autumn Treatise: "Since the decline of the Zhou Dynasty, the subjects have slaughtered the king, the son has killed the father, and the princes have slaughtered each other and fought for the king, and the whole world is also." "At this time in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the rebels were separated, the princes were not in the dynasty, and Zhou Tianzi was too busy to take care of himself, and for the rebellion that occurred in the State of Qi, it was really beyond the reach of the whip, so he had to let it become a fact.
Duke Xiangong of Qi accepted Hu Gong's lesson, and immediately after taking the throne, he expelled all of Hu Gong's sons from the State of Qi and moved the capital to Linzi. As a result, the history of QiHugong using Pugu as the capital of the State of Qi came to an end, and linzi became the capital of the State of Qi.
Talk about Hu Cemetery again
Qi Hugong died in the "BeiShui" near Pugu, how could the cemetery appear near Beixindian Village in Shaozhuang Town?
To be sure, it was the dedication that buried him here. Lü Shan, the Duke of Xian, resented Duke Hu for stealing his throne, and after years of preparation, although he beheaded his brother Hu Gong, he did not dare to disobey the Zhou rites, and he had to solemnly do the aftermath for Hu Gong.
According to the ancient custom of king tombs, tombs are not too far from the city where they were alive. This place is far away from Pugu, so there is only one possibility - close to the camp hill.
Yingqiu was the capital of the early days of the founding of the Qi Dynasty, and there are different opinions on where its land is. Now there are basically the following theories: Linzi said, Changle said, Qingzhou said. Linzi said that it believed that Yingqiu was Linzi, and the specific location was in the area of Hanxinling in the northeast corner of the old city of Linzi; Changle said that the reason was that there was Yingqiu Village and Fengshentai in the fifty miles south of Changle. Qingzhou said that it believes that Yingqiu is the ancient Qingqiu, and "Qing" and "Ying" are the same.
Sima Qian, the author of the "Chronicle of History", once personally visited the homeland of the State of Qi, "Wu Shiqi, from the Langdi of Mount Tai, was covered by the sea in the north, and the soil was anointed for thousands of miles." It should be said that there is a corresponding understanding of the alignment, but it is only said that Qi Xiangong "because of the migration of Pugu, all rule Linzi." "Don't say Fudu Yingqiu, change the name to Linzi." Therefore, it has left a mystery for eternity, so that future generations have not been able to clearly interpret it.
The capital city is the center of political rule, but also the center of economy and culture, and the choice of city site should be: the plain is vast, the land and water transportation is convenient, the water source is abundant, the terrain is moderate, the climate is mild, and the products are abundant. "Guan Zi Riding a Horse" once said: "Whoever establishes a country is not under the mountains, but above the Guangchuan River." High is not close to drought and has enough water, and the lower is not close to water and ditch to prevent provinces; because of genius, it is advantageous. "The vast area around Qingzhou City, especially the confluence of plains and mountains, has this advantage."
Qi Hugong was born in Yingqiu and grew up in Yingqiu, and is a witness to the ancient city of Yingqiu. "The ancient city of Yingqiu, when it was in the area of today's Qingzhou city, the specific location was near Yaowang Mountain." The Qihu Cemetery provides strong evidence for this theory.
In the village near the circumference of the Qihu Cemetery, there is a saying that thieves "send ancient tombs and get copper coffins". The "copper coffin" should be a misrepresentation of the "tong coffin", because after examining the relevant information, there is no "copper coffin". "Tong coffin" is a coffin made of paulownia wood, because of its simple texture, it means a thin burial. "Zuo Chuan , The Second Year of the Duke of Sorrow": "The coffin is three inches, and there is no genus." "The Duke of Qi hu was killed by the Gong Gong and buried hastily.
It is impossible to have very beautiful and valuable things to accompany the burial in the Hu Cemetery, and daily utensils such as pots and pans are of course indispensable, and the dedication will not be stingy about these. Today, it seems that these things have become cultural relics, and each broken pot has a high historical value.
The source of the book
Historically, in the history of the theft of the Inqihu Cemetery, the inscription on the coffin was found to be Lishu. Hu Gong's coffin turned out to be the empirical evidence of the earliest origin of the Lishu.
The origin of Lishu was originally thought to have begun in the Qin Dynasty. The history of calligraphy is said to have begun before the Spring and Autumn Period, which originated from the Northern Wei Dynasty. The Northern Wei Dynasty Daoyuan (466-527) "Water Commentary on the Valley Water" says: "Sun Changzhi tasted the Qingzhou Thorn Shi Fu Hongren said... Fa Gu Tsuka, Detong Coffin, Qian and Wai Hidden as a subordinate character, saying 'The Coffin of the Sixth Grandson of The Prince of Qi's Grandson Hu Gong' also. But the three words are ancient, and the rest are the same as the present book. The evidence is from ancient times, not from Qin. ”
The meaning of this passage is: a man named Sun Changzhi once saw Fu Hongren of Qingzhou and said... Tomb robbers excavated the tomb of Qi Hu Gong and found a paulownia coffin, and the front and outer of the coffin were written in a lishu, which read "The Coffin of Sun Hu Gong of the Sixth Duke of Qi". Only three characters are ancient fonts, and the rest are the same as those in today's Lishu. This proves that the Lishu did not start from the Qin Dynasty, but since before the Duke of Qihu.
According to the special historical material of the State of Qi, the "History of the Family of Qi Taigong", the Duke of Qi Hu died around 859 BC, so the coffin inscription of "the coffin of the sixth grandson of the Sixth Duke of Qi" should also be written at this time. From this point of view, the origin of China's lishu art has a history of at least 2800 years.
There is no doubt that the Duke of Qihu is the fifth grandson of Jiang Taigong, mistakenly referred to as the "sixth grandson", whether the original coffin is wrong, or because of the sixth generation of the reign, it is not known.
No matter how future generations evaluate Hu Gong's life, because of the discovery of the Lishu on his coffin, the name of Qi Hu Gong has also been remembered and passed on in the history of Chinese calligraphy, resulting in the rhyme of Qi Hu Gong, which is indeed an interesting thing. (Liu Shouqiang)