On September 28, 2020, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held the 23rd collective study on the latest archaeological discoveries and their significance in China, and General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered an important speech. As Xie Fuzhan, president of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and secretary of the party leading group, said, General Secretary Xi Jinping's important speech has pointed out the way forward for the development of Chinese archaeology in the new era, and provided important guidelines for better understanding of Chinese civilization and strengthening cultural self-confidence.
In 2020, the study and interpretation of the history of the party, the history of new China, the history of reform and opening up, and the history of socialist development are allowed to be hot spots, historical nihilism has basically been curbed, the achievements of advocating social form research and consciously constructing contemporary Chinese historical hermeneutics have attracted attention, the combined research of archaeology and heirloom documents has been further strengthened, and the origin of civilization and country, the history of political systems, the governance of ancient countries, the construction of the "three major systems" of historiography, the construction of historical data libraries, and the study of global history constitute the focus. Detailed content, allowed to be introduced separately.
Study of Ancient Chinese History
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Pre-Qin history. China's splendid civilization of more than 5,000 years was conceived and laid in the pre-Qin period. In 2020, historians deepened their understanding of the historical development path, the way the state was produced, and the characteristics of civilization from the Neolithic Era to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
(1) The study of the origin of civilization and country continues to warm up. In recent years, a growing number of archaeological discoveries have provided reliable evidence for the origin of ancient Chinese civilizations and states. Li Xinwei proposed that all regions of prehistoric China developed by leaps and bounds around 6000-5300 years ago, forming an "ancient country" like "full of stars". More than 5,000 years ago, Chinese civilization has been formed. Liu Qingzhu believes that the concept of "neutralization" and "neutralization" is not only the gene of Chinese history and culture, but also the root and soul of Chinese culture; Chen Shengqian pointed out that as early as the prehistoric period, hard-working, tolerance, peace, holistic thinking, and social integration have become the cultural genes of Chinese. Dai Xiangming believes that the early embryonic states that were born on the East Asian continent around 4000 to 5000 years ago, unlike the early small city-states in other parts of the world, showed oriental characteristics at the stage of national origin. Sun Bo believes that during the Longshan cultural period in China, there has been a differentiation in the sense of political power, and there may have been a considerable concentration of political power.
Li Yujie proposed that in the process of early state formation, including the Central Plains and surrounding areas, religious factors gradually tended to fade. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the function of shamans was gradually integrated into the state sacrifice system and the imperial court ritual system. He Believes that Liangzhu culture was eventually crushed by the ecological crisis due to its over-reliance on theocracy, "extreme democratization", and excessive consumption of natural resources.
Is the legend of the "Five Emperors" true? Shen Changyun proposed that the existence of the Five Emperors era was an objective fact. Jiang Linchang believes that the Era of the Five Emperors is roughly equivalent to the Longshan Era in archaeology, and the stage of social development should belong to the stage of the chiefdom; the Chinese civilization in the Five Emperors Era originated at the same time, diversified and developed in parallel, and by the Xia and Shang Dynasties, it was transformed into a pluralistic and integrated pattern with the Central Plains culture as the core. Supported by archaeological materials, more and more scholars tend to affirm the authenticity of the Five Emperors and the Five Emperors era.
What were the forms and influences of communication among early civilizations? Han Jianye proposed that at the end of the 2nd millennium BC, at the turn of the Longshan Era, two large-scale cultural changes occurred, which should be the result of fierce wars between tribes. In the Neolithic age, war and civilization were mutually causal and mutually reinforcing. Yuan Jing and others found that Liangzhu culture lacked exchanges and competition with other cultures, and did not have the pressure and motivation to promote the development of productive forces. Dai Xiangming proposed that from the late Neolithic period in the 4th millennium BC, China's core cultural regions successively began a process of social complexity or civilization, until the emergence of early states. Since then, Chinese civilization has always shown strong vitality and cohesion, becoming one of the rare civilization systems in the world that runs through ancient and modern times. Xu Yihua believes that the ancient Chinese realized the integration of clan and state through the religiousization and nationalization of ancestral gods. The politics and society of the pre-Qin period showed distinct blood ties.
Erlitou culture has always been valued by the academic community. Regarding its connotation, Xu Hong proposed that the relics of the ritual system are an important perspective for observing the reform of the ceremonial system, the population structure and the social conditions of Erlitou Duyi. Wang Qing and others believe that the Xia people inherited important cultural and artistic traditions from prehistory, and the image of the animal face in the Erlitou cultural period should be the direct source of the Shang Zhou "gluttonous pattern". The above discussion provides new evidence for understanding the profit and loss relationship between the three generations of liturgical music contained in the literature.
With its grand scale and unique appearance, the Shi'an site has aroused strong concern from the academic community. In December 2020, the American Archaeological Society selected the world's top ten archaeological discoveries in the past 10 years, and the Shi'an site was on the list. Shen Changyun once proposed that the ancient city of Shi'an was the residence of the Yellow Emperor. In 2020, a number of scholars disputed this. Meng Qingxu believes that the "Shi'an ethnic genus" may be related to Di Shun, Chen Minzhen believes that the ethnic genus of the Shi'a culture is still difficult to determine, and Sun Zhouyong believes that the Shi'a culture spans the late Longshan era and the early Xia Dynasty, and is a typical representative of the archaeological culture in the northern region, which together with other cultures promotes the process of the origin and development of early Chinese states.
(2) The reconstruction and re-understanding of the history of the Western Zhou Dynasty are deepening. Re-understanding the Western Zhou Dynasty on the basis of Tsinghua Jian has become a bright spot. For example, regarding the identity of the King of Zhou in the "Regent", there are two opinions: King Mu and King Xiao. In November 2020, "Tsinghua University Tibetan Warring States Bamboo Jane (Pick)" was published, including five kinds of eight articles in the bamboo Jane "Four Notices", "Four Hours", "Si Shi", "Line Name" and "Sick Prescription", all of which were unprecedented.
Jin Wen material is also a great contribution to the study of The History of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Chao Fulin proposed that the theme of the image of King Wen in the inscription on the wall plate is to accept the Mandate of Heaven and the ancestors of the Zhou people, while the theme of the image of king Wu is mighty and strong. Did the concept of mandate of heaven prevail during the Western Zhou Dynasty completely decline after entering the Eastern Zhou Dynasty? Luo Xinhui proposed that the political consciousness of the impermanence of destiny and the only auxiliary virtue advocated by the traditional doctrine of mandate of heaven continued to spread during the Spring and Autumn Period. According to the three Pieces of Babor Bronze Gui unearthed in The Western Wing City of Shanxi, Feng Shi believed that the Overlord of the Kingdom not only had the responsibility of treating salt for the Western Zhou royal family, but also had the mission of guarding the safety of the salt pond. Regarding the Zhou Dynasty's management of the Eastern Lands, Chen Hao started from the analysis of the complexity and prosperity contained in the Jin Wen, and pointed out that the Wenshui River Basin was the transportation point of the Eastern Expansion of the Central Plains Dynasty. Regarding the system of dividing feudalisms and the history of the kingdoms of Zeng, Wu and Yue, Xu Shaohua proposed that the inscriptions of Zeng Hou and Zhong were based on the situation in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, especially the Spring and Autumn Period, to describe the scene of Zeng Hou's being enfeoffed at that time, beautifying and praising the merits of his ancestors. Xu Lianggao proposed that there was a unique regional archaeological culture in the southeast region during the Western Zhou Dynasty, and it was closely related to the Wu and Yue cultures in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
(3) Theoretical discussions with basic concept reflection as the core have received attention. Around Su Bingqi's theory of the origin of state and civilization, the discussion was quite heated. Li Xinwei proposed that more and more archaeological evidence shows that the so-called "great unification" cognitive "strange circle" is inconsistent with historical facts; Su Bingqi's three forms of civilization origin need to be refined and supplemented. Yi Jianping proposed that Su Bingqi's definition of core concepts such as "ancient culture", "ancient city" and "ancient country" is not clear, and the theory of the origin of national and civilizations that is more in line with China's local reality and has a strong voice and influence in the international academic community should be introduced.
Compared with foreign countries, the relationship between Chinese archaeology and historical research is obviously closer. Chen Xingcan, Chen Chun and others believe that in the past 100 years, especially in the past 70 years, Chinese archaeology has played an irreplaceable and important role in reconstructing China's prehistory and pre-Qin history, and empirically verifying the continuous history of China's civilization for more than 5,000 years; Chinese scholars should make China's civilization exploration achievements reach the international level.
Medieval history. The Qin and Han dynasties to the Sui and Tang dynasties (221-907 BC) lasted more than 1,100 years, and the unification time lasted for more than 770 years. The six contracts and the tradition of the great unification of the four seas and one family were integrated into the blood of the Chinese nation, and the imperial court, counties, land, taxes, imperial examinations, supervision, and military systems in the feudal era were established and consolidated, and the Chinese civilization shifted from the civilization of ritual music to the civilization of etiquette.
(1) New achievements have been made in the study of institutional history and national governance. The study of medieval institutional history has continuously broken through the model of static institutional history, and the understanding of the ancient land system has become more delicate and in-depth. Zang Zhifei, Zhou Guolin, Geng Yuanli, Sun Zhengjun, Du Wenyu, and others deeply discussed the issues closely related to the changes in the land system from the Warring States to the Sui and Tang dynasties, or summarized the experience and shortcomings of the Qin and Han economic systems in applying the Qin and Han economic systems to unified state governance from the aspects of the establishment and improvement of the household registration system, the nature and content of the land system, and the center of gravity, functions, and limitations of the economic system; or focused on the meticulous design of the rank sequence of Emperor Wu of Han and the neat and orderly tendency embodied in the reform of the official system and ceremonial system, revealing the "Han family system" that Emperor Wu of Han wanted to emulate in later generations. Or through the systematic study of the system of official selection and appointment, examination supervision, and audit checking of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms of the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty, the characteristics of the times and the practice gains and losses of the main systems were excavated. The research of Yan Yaozhong, Zhu Xuliang, Li Jun and others on the reforms during the reign of Emperor Xiaowen and the "sealing of Zen" during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang is also impressive.
(2) Use new materials to expand new dimensions. In recent years, the results of excavation of archaeological relics in the Middle Ages, Jian Mu, inscriptions, epitaphs and other collations and interpretations have been continuously published, expanding the dimension of investigation. Shen Gang used the Eastern Han Inscription to propose that the ancestors of the Eastern Han Dynasty wrote, the distant ancestors wrote as virtual, the near ancestors did not necessarily write true, the ancestors within the subordinate were written according to the truth, and the rise of the great clan and the prosperity of Confucianism were the social basis for the ancestors written in the Eastern Han Inscriptions. Rong Xinjiang examined the way the Hu people from the Northern Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty used burials and the use of epitaphs, and proposed that the Hu people used the traditional Chinese way of writing epitaphs, which were basically originally written by the Han people, and then some Hu chiefs' epitaphs were written in Hu-Han bilingual. Yang Zhenhong pointed out that most of the "congren" belonged to the aristocratic class of the Six Kingdoms engaged in anti-Qin activities, but there were also non-knighted soldiers and shuren. This study provides new ways and examples for studying the change of the Qin and Han dynasties.
(3) The study of social nature is becoming more and more refined. Li Zhi'an proposed that in recent years, the "rich people's society", "agricultural and commercial society" and "imperial agricultural and commercial society", the exploration of the service of the people and the integration of the north and the south, and the combination of "five golden flowers" and "diversity empirical evidence", are a good attempt to "integrate ancient history" and multi-dimensional interpretation. Starting from the analysis of power and population control, Li Hu believes that ancient China successively experienced a society of "no monarch gathering", a society of "king power and people", and a society of "imperial power officials and people". Xu Yihua divided ancient China into clan society, aristocratic society, Hao society, and clan society. Xue Haibo pointed out that the rigidity of the military and town system and the corruption of the town generals triggered the rebellion in the six towns, which became a turning point in the division of the Northern Wei Dynasty; the ruling cliques of the Eastern Wei Northern Qi and the Western Wei Northern Zhou carried forward the spirit of Emperor Xiaowen's reform, created key systems such as the prefectural military system, gave birth to the Guanlong clique, and promoted the historical process of the integration and unification of the middle and ancient ethnic groups.
(4) Certain achievements have been made in the exploration of new paths. Wei Bin, Sun Zhengjun, Qiu Luming, Takuji Nagata, Hu Hong, Wu Chenghan and others discussed the topic of "The Possibility of Redrawing medieval history" in order to open up new problems and new fields. Hou Xudong proposed that the advancement of the study of commonly used chinese words, following the characters to see people, and viewing history from words, is expected to become a possible approach to historical research. Sun Yinggang examines the influence of the introduction of Buddhism and believes that the reconstruction of knowledge and belief systems also had a profound impact on the political theory and practice of the time. Zhang Guogang summed up the purpose and characteristics of the compilation of important historical works of the Tang and Song dynasties, and expounded the significance of the historiography of the classics for governing the country. Chen Huaiyu proposed that China's medieval society had a multi-lingual, multi-ethnic and multi-religious character, which could be compared with Byzantine, Arab and other medieval societies.
(5) New expansion of research on the Integration of the Silk Road and Civilization. During the Middle Ages, exchanges and mutual learning among different civilizations in the world were expanded. Shang Yongqi proposed that the Western Han Dynasty's perfect construction of the genealogy of national horse resources improved the mobility of territorial management and laid the core cultural cohesion of the "Han" national name. Chen Yexuan and Hu Xiaodan, with the title of "Research on the Culture of the Silk Road", discussed the geographical picture of the Development of the Silk Road and the influence and integration of politics, economy, culture and other aspects of the East and west from the epitaphs, court porcelain found in shipwrecks, and the oriental cultural factors in the ancient Persian script of Turpan documents, respectively, and many of the information was not seen in the documents passed down from generation to generation.
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History of the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. As the second half of China's feudal society, the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties have made research progress and achieved fruitful results.
(1) The study of institutional history has received considerable attention. Starting from the application of the "approval letter" in Shangshu Province of the Southern Song Dynasty, Cao Jiaqi discussed the institutional setup and division of power of the "three provinces", revealing the essence of the "unity of the three provinces" in the central administrative system of the Southern Song Dynasty. Miao Runbo pointed out that "LiaoShi, Yingweizhi, Xingying" is a second-hand patchwork of materials, which cannot reflect the actual state of the Liao generation's bowl system. Li Xiaobo examined the changes in the system pushed by civil officials at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and proposed that institutional factors were an important reason for the establishment of scientific and daoist officials and interfering with normal administrative operations. Liu Fengyun pointed out that the establishment of the Yongzheng Dynasty's system of returning envy to the public and raising clean money is a structural reform of the state system that "corrects its system", but it cannot solve the problem of insufficient local funds. Many scholars have examined the changes in the system and discussed the political changes behind them. Han Guanqun examined the operation of military and political documents, and proposed that the first 20 years of the reign of Emperor Xiaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty were the monarch's dictatorship, and in the later 7 years, the central politics returned to the pattern of co-rule between monarchs and subjects. Li Zhi'an discussed the Yuan-Ming system of governing the people, and held that the Yuan Dynasty was characterized by inclusiveness, and the Ming Dynasty "assigned households to be errands", regardless of the north and south, and implemented it uniformly, and proposed that the combination of the main trunk and the compatibility and diversity was the ideal model for the people to manage the government. Liu Xiangxue examined the Ming Dynasty's system of selecting and selecting the imperial history of supervision, and believed that the participation of the supervision of imperial history in political disputes was an important reason for the increasing decay and decline of the ming dynasty's politics.
(2) Research on national governance is steadily advancing. The concept and model of grassroots and frontier governance have received general attention. The macro thinking of frontier governance has been paid attention to. Li Dalong proposed that a discourse system for the formation and development of China's territory should be constructed from the perspective of traditional dynastic states to sovereign states. Jia Yi proposed that the interaction between multiple ethnic groups and the reference and absorption of governance methods under the concept and pattern of "great unification" are an important driving force for the continuous development and consolidation of a unified multi-ethnic country and the continuous improvement of the governance system in China's history. Wang Xiaopeng pointed out that the "inner-xinjiang-outer" governance model implemented in the Qing Dynasty maintained the unity and stability within China's "Tianxia system" for a long time, and basically laid the foundation for the territory of modern China. A number of papers have focused on the governance and governance of officials such as prefectures and counties, and attempt to better explain the traditional model of grassroots governance from the functional level. Gong Yanming and Bai Hua either discussed the changes in the functions of the lowest level of the Song Dynasty civil officials, or discussed the key points of local officials in the Ming and Qing dynasties, arguing that bureaucratic politics would lead to the neglect of the fundamentals of social governance. Gao Shouxian pointed out that the essence of "imperial power does not go down to the county" is that "the power does not go down to the county", and "the official does not go down the county" is only the premise.
(III) Monetary history and fiscal history have become hot spots. The understanding of China's currency since the Ming and Qing dynasties has been deepening, and how silver has evolved and played a role has attracted attention. In a written talk entitled "The Evolution of Silver in the Study of Chinese Economic History", Wan Ming, Chen Feng, Peng Kaixiang, Yan Hongzhong, Kishimoto Mio, Kuroda Akinobu, Qiu Yongzhi, Zhang Guokun, and others discussed the use of silver from the Ming Dynasty to the modern era, and the changes in the monetary system. Wang Wencheng proposed that from the Northern Song Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty treasure banknotes, the value benchmark of paper money completed the conversion from iron money to silver two. Dong Shenglan and Fan Jinmin started from the "gradual pricing of foreign money" in the civil goods trade of the Ming and Qing dynasties, studied the phenomenon of the source of silver and precious metals entering the Chinese market in the Ming Dynasty, and believed that it had an impact on China's monetary structure, financial system, and even fiscal economy and social life.
(4) The research on disease history and medical history has not decreased. Huo Bin examines the ancient diet and the emergence of diseases, and believes that behind the indiscriminate consumption of wild animals is witchcraft thinking. Lin Haimei and Min Xiangpeng believe that the traditional Chinese dietary taboo is not only a summary of the experience of the ancestors' health care, but also objectively plays a role in preventing epidemics. Through the study of the characteristics of plague prevention and control in the Song Dynasty, Han Yi proposed that the Song Dynasty recognized that medical knowledge was the fundamental and key to the prevention and control of epidemics. Liu Guihai presented the operation of county medicine in the Qing Dynasty and the complexity of local medical treatment from the aspects of official topping and function practice. Yu Xinzhong believes that although China's successive dynasties have accumulated rich and worthy of attention in epidemic response, they have not formed a systematic understanding.
(5) New trends have emerged from Jiangnan research. From the Tang and Song dynasties to the Ming and Qing dynasties, Jiangnan was in an important position, so the research on Jiangnan has not decreased. A group of special studies on "Social Research in the Southern Jiangnan of the Ming and Qing Dynasties" brought together the research results of Qian Sheng and many other scholars. Pan Weifeng and Wang Weiping, through their inspection of Yixing's Xu's Yizhuang, proposed that the clan Yizhuang in the Jiangnan region of the Ming Dynasty had many new characteristics of the times. With Shaoxing as the center, Chen Baoliang proposed that Wu culture and Yue culture maintained the convergence of Jiangnan culture, but there was also no lack of differences. Xiong Yuezhi reveals the process and reasons for the ming and qing dynasties Jiangnan Cultural Center to move from Suzhou to Shanghai after modern times. Chen Ping, Feng Xianliang, Xia Mingfang, Zou Zhenhuan, etc. reflected on and discussed the study of Jiangnan, or believed that the care of Jiangnan's political history should still be emphasized, or believed that Jiangnan should be placed in a broader space-time network or a nested "mountain and sea ecosystem" from the perspective of ecological history of the interaction between man and nature, or proposed that the history of Jiangnan in the Ming and Qing dynasties is also of great significance to the study of global history, and is a good example of communicating and integrating Chinese history and global history research.
Modern Chinese History, Japanese History Studies
In the field of modern Chinese history research, the theoretical history of historiography, institutional history, economic history and other achievements are remarkable. The collation of materials on the War of Resistance Against Japan and the publication of monographs have attracted attention. New People's History Research has emerged in many new categories, with a variety of topics and delicate expositions, and its relationship with the history of the Communist Party of China has become clearer. The research results of contemporary social history, economic history, and the history of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea are particularly prominent.
Boost the construction of the "three major systems". Through the review and combing of academic history, the construction of the "three major systems" has been promoted, which has become a prominent feature of theoretical history research. The study of the history of Chinese Marxist historiography has been strengthened. Some publications have organized written talks on the topic of the history of Chinese Marxist historiography. Song Yuehong pointed out that the reference to "sinicizing Marxist historiography" is inappropriate. Some scholars have proposed that the semi-colonial and semi-feudal theory breaks through both the feudal remnant superiority theory advocated by Bukharin and the capitalist dominance of Trotskyism, or that is to say, the original theory.
Xue Yuqin and Liu Zhengwei proposed that the contemporary Chinese discourse system has a historical relationship with the discourse transformation of modern China. Li Yumin pointed out that the most important task in the study of Sino-foreign treaty relations is to expose the fundamental interests and development needs of the state and the nation. The study of treaty relations should not only clarify and eliminate the colonial discourse in this field, expose the power politics and hegemonic logic of the Western powers, but also expound the common values of human society.
Focus on national governance. Guan Xiaohong analyzed the changes in the criteria for selecting officials after the Opium War from concept to regulation. Kang Wenlin examined the dynamic trends in the number and proportion of civilian officials before and after the New Deal. Li Guangwei and Zhang Cheng respectively examined the state's exploration of the governance model of frontier finance and power from the aspects of tax collection in the southwest and northwest frontiers and the competition between generals and inspectors for power in Xinjiang. Li Yu pointed out that compared with the Beiyang government, the Kuomintang did not change the essence of the politics of kidnapping by force, and even appeared the paradox of "correcting and benefiting" of "correcting and benefiting.".
The study of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom broke through the pattern of political and military history and went deep into the level of grassroots governance. Liu Chen pointed out that serious problems arose in the grass-roots governance of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the later period. Xu Cunjian analyzed the formulation of imperial court policies at different stages and the responses of the governors of different provinces, and further outlined the attitude of the governors to the central government's directives during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
The history of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the history of the Communist Party of China, and the history of the economy have attracted much 2020 marks the 75th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the Victory of the World Anti-Fascist War. Zou Cheng proposed that at the end of 1941, adhering to the principle of guerrilla warfare became the consensus of the CCP. Zhang Deming pointed out that after the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, although the Chinese Communists did not have the right to speak on the handling of issues left over from Japan, they still disposed of Japanese war criminals and traitors to the greatest extent possible. Gao Shihua pointed out that the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression against Japanese Aggression, which Chinese the people, was of great significance not only to the liberation of the Chinese nation, but also to saving human civilization and defending world peace. Zang Yunhu pointed out that the decision-making system and policy for the war of aggression against China established by modern Japan, headed by the emperor, the government and the military as the mainstay, and the political strategy and strategy as the core, prove that Japan's invasion of China and foreign wars are not only the responsibility of the military and militarism, but also the common responsibility of Japan's supreme ruling group.
The study of the history of the Communist Party of China has become more and more meticulous. After examining the examination, Jin Chong pointed out that there are 12 major CPC deputies and 15 people attending the meeting. Ying Xing and Rong Siheng analyzed the geographical factors that affected the CCP revolution and its organization from the perspective of historical geography, and identified the core, sub-core and marginal areas of the CCP revolution and its organization. Li Yue proposed that the CCP made a tough counterattack after the anhui incident and stopped the second anti-communist upsurge.
The study of economic history has been innovative, especially the study of monetary and financial history and fiscal history has attracted attention. Zhou Jianbo and Zeng Jiang believe that the competition between banks and ticket numbers in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty and the eventual complete replacement of ticket numbers is essentially the result of financial innovation and an important manifestation of the transformation of financial modernization. Zhong Weimin and Qiu Yongzhi proposed that the evolution path of the currency circulation system between China and Japan in the 16th and 19th centuries had two important divergences. From the middle and second half of the 16th century onwards, China was "the dominant power moved down"; Japan was "the dominant power moved up". In the second half of the 19th century, China's monetary sovereignty suffered a serious erosion; Japan established national monetary sovereignty. Han Xiang pointed out that after the Sino-Japanese War, the rapid replacement and accelerated depreciation of small currency in shanxi's urban and rural main entities, such as money-making, private money, copper dollars, and copper dollar coupons, and the complicated intertwining of the money shortage crisis and inflation, promoted a large number of small amounts of hard currency in urban and rural areas to flow into the government financial department, becoming an important source of profit for raising salaries and maintaining finances.
The construction of historical materials has been fruitful. In the field of anti-Japanese war research, he published a total of 100 volumes of the "Collection of Military Materials of the Chinese Nation's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression". The Selected Archives of Japanese Imperialist Aggression against China is divided into 20 special topics and 20 volumes. The 50-volume Selected Materials of Japan's Investigation archives on China is a survey material conducted by the Japanese South Manchuria Railway Co., Ltd. and its affiliated agencies in various parts of China from 1913 to 1943. Many materials in "Military Secret Files of Japan's War of Aggression against China, The Highest Decision-Making" and "Integration of China's Trial Archives of War Criminals against Japan" were released publicly for the first time. The "Series of Records of the Great Migration of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression" comprehensively examines the history of the migration of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, which attracts people's attention.
The fourth series of the "China Historical Documents Database and Modern Newspaper Database" was launched, and 100 new newspapers were added, including more than 30 red newspapers. The full-text search database of "Qing Shilu" and "Qinghui Dian" was officially opened to the public. The "Anti-Japanese War and Modern Sino-Japanese Relations Literature Data Platform" collects tens of millions of original archives, with more than 70,000 books, more than 2,000 kinds of publications, and more than 1,000 newspapers. The collection of overseas historical materials has been continuously strengthened.
World History Studies
Since the reform and opening up, the study of world history has accelerated its development. In 2020, the research on the basic theory of the discipline and the study of global history are particularly eye-catching.
Summarize the achievements of predecessors. Yan Shaoxiang summed up the situation of world history research in the more than 70 years since the founding of New China, and believed that the study of ancient world history cannot be without the unique perspective of Chinese scholars, and cannot blindly pursue the so-called new theories and new methods of the West. He Ping proposed that in the 1950s and 1970s, Chinese historians initially arranged world history with the grand vision of human history and constructed the basic system of world history. After 2016, new research paths and methods are being brewed in the study of world history.
Construct a theoretical system of world history. The rational consciousness of building China's world history research system has become more and more enhanced. Yu Pei proposed that the academic system of Chinese world history research is guided by the materialist view of history, and through original and critical research practice, a theoretical framework based on China, facing the world and paying attention to mankind has gradually formed. Its purpose is to use the Chinese-style Marxist theory of historiography to understand the complicated history of mankind, scientifically explain the general and special laws of the development of world history, and obtain historical enlightenment and wisdom, so as to grasp the reality and create the future more soberly. The "holistic view of world history" (holistic view of history) put forward by Wu Yuliu is the specific application and embodiment of the basic principles of the Marxist materialist conception of history in the understanding of world history, and its theoretical source is Marx's theory of "world history". Marx laid the theoretical foundation for the "holistic view of history". The "holistic view of history" has a milestone pioneering significance for the construction of the discipline of world history in China.
In the past 20 years, important changes have taken place in Western historical theory. Deng Jingli proposed that the overall changes in Western historical theories have bred the construction of a new theoretical system. Some scholars have made a relatively in-depth analysis of different aspects of contemporary Western historical thought.
Research into global history is on the rise. In the 1990s, the compilation of global general histories with the global perspective as the main theme entered a prosperous era. Since the 21st century, the global view of history has been widely disseminated in China. Yang Hua and Chen Zugen pointed out that there are not many domestic works on the practice of global history research, and the quality needs to be improved. Zhang Xupeng proposed that global history aims to transcend the nation-state narrative, but the goal of global history is not to transcend or dissolve the nation-state, but to reshape the understanding of the nation-state. Liu Wenming proposed that in cross-cultural interaction, when the West uses the "other narrative", it should be wary of the discourse hegemony in it. Xu Shanwei pointed out that Western scholars overemphasize the flaws of "cross-cultural interaction", and the prominent problem is the contempt for the "inner inheritance" of various civilizations. Sun Xuan proposed that transnational history tries to break through the analytical unit of nation-state history, but often unconsciously falls into the theoretical premise of taking the modern nation-state as the analysis unit, so it does not propose a new unit of analysis that can replace the writing of nation-state history.
Interdisciplinary research is valued. In the second half of the 20th century, the general trend in the study of international relations was to pursue more and more so-called "scientific". Wang Lixin analyzed this and proposed that the limitation of relevant research lies in adopting a reductivist way of thinking, highly simplifying and abstracting the complex international political reality, and ignoring humanism. Liu Debin proposed that the discussion of tribal and ethnic issues in the field of historiography, the interpretation of the relationship between empires and nation-states, the explanation of the changes and interrelationships between the East and the West, and the re-understanding of Chinese history and world history can provide a broader knowledge background for the construction of a more open, inclusive and global knowledge system for international relations. Li Jianming pointed out that the rise and development of political and cultural history research in the United States is the product of a comprehensive and profound academic reform movement, but if only the concept of "political culture" is introduced, and there is no support from the huge and rich academic resources of anthropology, sociology, psychology, political science, linguistics and other disciplines, and if it does not go hand in hand with new social history, new cultural history, global history (transnational history) and even emotional history, the political and cultural history of the United States is likely to be just a name for transforming the traditional history of political thought.
Vigorously open up new areas. In the second half of the 20th century, driven by the history of mentality and psychological history, psychological factors, including emotions, were valued by historians. In the 1980s, the history of emotions sprang up. Zhao Han reviewed and commented on the origin, development and theoretical construction of emotional history, and believed that emotional history makes emotions, emotions, moods and sensations objects of observation and exploration, and its advantages are unmatched by the branches of historiography such as gender, body, environment and space. Lu Qihong proposed that the history of emotions provides a new research model for the study of witchcraft in early modern times, which helps to explain the roots and characteristics of witch hunting in early modern times.
Remarkable achievements have been made in the study of maritime history, conceptual history, and asian, African, and Latin American history outside Europe and the United States. However, the focus on large countries over the neglect of many small and medium-sized countries persists.
(Written by: Historiography)
Source: China Social Science Network - China Social Science Daily Author: Department of History, China Social Sciences Magazine
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