The "Northwest Horses", which was prominent in modern Chinese history, whose ancestral home is in Xixiang, Hezhou (present-day Linxia County, Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province), traces its origins and comes from the families of Ma Zhan'ao, Ma Haiyan and Ma Qianling. Most of their representative figures have participated in many major events in the modern history of Hezhou, Gansu and even northwest China, and played a leading role in them, and have become the supreme rulers of Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai and even the northwest region. Their social and political influence not only spread to the northwest, the whole country and even overseas.
In the early 1960s, the author specifically visited Lao Qingxian, collected information, listed the above three family genealogies in detail, and accumulated more than 200,000 words. Because all the notes and materials were lost in the "Cultural Revolution" copy, when I was asked to draft in 1979, only the first draft of the "History of the "Three Horses" in Hezhou" of more than 100,000 words was sorted out. Later, due to busy official duties, the manuscript was abandoned. This article is only based on the limited space, a brief overview of the "three horses" family in Hezhou, in order to seek the advice of the sages.
The three major families of Ma Zhan'ao, Ma Haiyan and Ma Qianling not only lived in Xixiang, Hezhou, but also were in-laws from generation to generation, relying on each other and promoting each other, but often competing for power and profit, and the relationship between them was very close and very complicated and delicate. Therefore, it is inevitable that there will be crossovers in the narrative.
1. The Ma Zhan'ao family
Ma Zhan'ao, the character Kuifeng, the word Dingchen, is known as Abduri Azez. Originally from Dali, Shaanxi, he moved to Chaidunling Village, Monigou, Hezhou in the early Qing Dynasty. Later, due to the bankruptcy of a Han landlord surnamed He in Monigou, he moved to the He family. When Ma Zhan'ao was a teenager, he invited famous teachers to painstakingly study the Islamic classics, and at the age of twenty or four, he successively taught in Mo Nigou and Dahejia Mosque, and in the spring of the third year of Qing Tongzhi (1864 AD), Ma Zhan'ao took Hezhou as the center and engaged in anti-Qing activities between the Tao and Huang rivers. And with Ningxia Jinjibao Ma Hualong, Suzhou Ma Wenlu, Xining Ma Wenyi and Ma Benyuan, Ma Guiyuan brothers colluded, across the long right. In the eleventh year of Tongzhi (1872), after winning the Battle of Nanxin Road slope at Taizi Temple (present-day Guanghe County), Ma Zhan'ao decided to surrender when Zuo Zongtang had nothing to do, so he sent his eldest son Ma Qiwu and ten others to surrender to the Xiang army camp in Anding (present-day Dingxi) and present 50 horses to Zuo Zongtang. Zuo Zongtang was overjoyed and gave Ma Qiwu the name "Anliang" and the word "Hanru". Zuo Zongtang saw that the overall situation had been decided, so he moved from Anding to Lanzhou, and Ma Zhan'ao, Ma Haiyan, and Ma Yongrui were summoned from Hezhou to Jinjian. Ma Zhan'ao and Ma Haiyan tied their arms and prepared a pair of sika deer to write a four-character silk banner of "Taiping under heaven", hung between the antlers of the two deer, and handed over weapons and horses as a ceremony for the surrender. At that time, when the anti-Qing rebels in Hexi and Xinjiang were swarming, Zuo Zongtang took advantage of the situation and reorganized Ma Zhan'ao's department into the three banners of the horse team, Ma Zhan'ao was appointed as the commander of the three banners and the middle flag pipe belt, and Ma Anliang, Ma Haiyan, and Ma Yongrui were respectively appointed as flag officers, and they were under the control of Hezhou Town. After the qing dynasty, Ma Zhan'ao moved from Monigou to Dahejia (now part of Jishishan Autonomous County) with a mild climate, fertile land, convenient irrigation and abundant production. In the twelfth year of Guangxu (1886), Ma Zhan'ao fell ill and died.
Ma Zhan'ao had three sons, the eldest son Ma Anliang, the second son Ma Guoliang, and the jizi Ma Yuliang, of which Ma Anliang was famous. After Ma Zhan'ao's death, Ma Anliang took over his father's post and oversaw the Zhennan Erqi Horse Team. When the Hehuang Incident broke out in the 21st year of Guangxu, Dong Fuxiang was ordered by the Qing court to lead the Gan army to aid the crackdown, with Ma Anliang as the guide, to break the siege of Hezhou, and hunt down the leaders of the uprising, Ma Yonglin, Zhou Seventy, and Ma Laojiu. Ma Anliang was promoted to the rank of deputy general of Hua Ling and wore a yellow coat.
In the Battle of Gengzi in 1900, Ma Anliang was ordered to recruit the King of the Tenth Battalion of the Western Army, and led the brothers Ma Fulu and Ma Fuxiang with the army to resist the Eight-Nation Alliance. Ma Fulu and others were killed in the bloody battle of Zhengyang Gate. Ma Anliang and Ma Haiyan fled from Cixi and Guangxu to Xi'an. When Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor crossed the Yellow River at fengling in southern Jin, the wind and waves were strong and the waves were raging, and Ma Anliang stepped forward and led Ma Fulu, Ma Qi, and other relatives to take the helm, which was deeply appreciated by Cixi, thus paving the way for the ma family in Hezhou to soar.
In 1911, when the Xinhai Revolution broke out, Chang Geng, the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, and Sheng yun, the governor of Shaanxi, joined forces with the Gansu army to fight back against the revolutionary army, and ordered Ma Anliang to recruit the fourteenth battalion of the Western Army to "aid Shaanxi". In 1912, when Ma Anliang saw emperor Xuantong's abdication, he sent a telegram to Yuan Shikai to recognize the republic, so he led the "elite Western Army" to garrison Lanzhou, took charge of the power of Gansu Wenwu, and later moved to Hezhou. In the sixth year of the Republic of China (1917), Ma Anliang was appointed by the Beiyang government as an envoy to hexi to protect the army, and was ordered to go to Lanzhou, passing through Dongxiang Suonanba, when he suddenly fell ill and died.
Ma Anliang had eight sons, of whom the third son Ma Tingxun and the fourth son Ma Tingxian (the so-called "Three Young Army" and "Four Young Army" were famous.
From 1915 onwards, Ma Tingxun successively served as the commander-in-chief of Liangzhou and the town guard of Liangzhou, controlling the political power and taxation in the defense zone, selling wool, sheepskin and opium, making huge profits and amassing wealth. In the seventeenth year of the Republic of China (1928), when Ma Zhongying started an incident in Hezhou, it coincided with Ma Tingxun's return from Liangzhou to Dahejia Province, and he wrote to Ma Qi to try to stop it, but Ma Qi did not deny it, so he rushed back to Liangzhou. As a result, after Liu Yufen of the Nationalist Army entered Gansu, he suspected that Ma Tingxun was the mastermind behind the Ma Zhongying incident. When Liu Zhiyuan, the leader of Liu Yufen's department, went to Liangzhou to sell horses, he ventured into Ma Tingxun's mansion, dug the ground and dug cellars, and seized countless gold, silver and jewelry. Later, Ma Tingxun counterattacked the Nationalist army with the support of Ma Qi, the defender of Xining Town, and attacked Liangzhou, attacked Yongdeng, and attempted to capture Lanzhou. However, the Nationalist Army's Sun Lianzhong's army marched rapidly, and Ma Tingxun was powerless to resist, so he had to flee to Sichuan via Qinghai and Gannan. After the defeat of Ma Tingxun in Liangzhou, he first defected to the Northeast Army, and then leaned toward Chiang Kai-shek, but was detected by Feng Yuxiang, trapped at Zhengzhou Station, and killed in Jiaozuo.
Ma Anliang's fourth son, Ma Tingxian, together with Ma Zhongying, set off the Hehuang Incident and moved to Lintan and Tianshui. After the defeat of the soldiers, he took refuge in Beijing. Soon after, he returned to the northwest to occupy Longnan, but was later defeated under the strong military pressure of Feng Yuxiang and fled to Tianjin to settle for more than ten years. In 1947, he returned to his hometown of Liuji Taojia Village in Jishishan County. During the land reform, it was suppressed by the people's government.
Among Ma Zhan'ao's grandchildren, another figure with great influence is Ma Guoliang's eldest son, Ma Quanqin. Ma Quanqin's name was Tingbin, and when he became an adult, he served in the army of his cousin Ma Tingxun. After the warlord Cao Kun became president, Wu Peifu occupied Luoyang. Ma Tingxun sent Ma Quanqin to Luoyang in the name of "Commander of the Western Army" to send Ma Zhushou. At that time, Wu Peifu was ambitiously chasing after the Central Plains, and in order to win over local forces, ma Quanqin was introduced to Cao Kun, who appointed Ma Huiqin as a military attaché of the presidential palace and served in Beijing.
In the Second Zhifeng War, Cao Kun fell, and Ma Quanqin returned to Liangzhou to serve in the Western Army. In 1927, after Feng Yuxiang's Nationalist Army entered Gansu, it changed the Western Army into the 27th Division of the Nationalist Army, with Ma Tingxun as the division commander, Ma Guoliang as the deputy division commander, and Ma Quanqin as the regimental commander, stationed in Hezhou.
In 1933, Chiang Kai-shek appointed Sun Dianying as the governor of tun reclamation in the northwest to contain the "three horses" forces in Ganningqing, and the "three horses" jointly opposed it. In order to expand his strength, Ma Hongkui of Ningxia asked Ma Quanqin to be the commander of the second cavalry brigade under his command. Ma Quanqin recruited his own army in the Linxia area and marched to Ningxia, where he joined forces with Ma Bufang's army, which arrived later, defeated Sun Dianying, and consolidated the dominance of the "Three Horses" of Hezhou in Ganqingning. After the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, On the recommendation of Ma Bufang, Ma Quanqin served as a senior staff officer of the Commander's Department of the Eighth Theater of the Kuomintang under Zhu Shaoliang's department. In 1947, Guo Jiyao appointed Ma Quanqin as a senior adviser to the Gansu Provincial Government, and after Ma Bufang became the chief military and political officer of the Northwest in 1949, he appointed Ma Quanqin as the political councilor of the Northwest Military and Political Committee.
Ma Quanqin is more far-sighted. Before Ma Bufang fled, he had arranged for him to burn the Yellow River ferry boat in Dahejia and organize vigilante groups to fight against the People's Liberation Army. Taking into account the interests of the nation and the overall situation of the locality, Ma Quanqin not only failed to carry out Ma Bufang's orders, but also sent his brother Ma Jieqin to Linxia to surrender to Wang Zhen, commander of the People's Liberation Army Corps. Commander Wang Zhen welcomed him. After that, Ma Quanqin and Wang Zhen's army did a lot of work in Linxia, Xunhua and other places to pacify the masses, raise grain and grass, and disintegrate the enemy army, so on Wang Zhen's recommendation, he was appointed by Commander Peng Dehuai as the high counselor of the First Field Army.
2. The Ma Haiyan family
This is the most prominent family in the "Three Horses", in the competition with other "Two Horses", they won one after another, soared, and reached the peak of Ma Bufang, becoming the supreme ruler of the northwest region. Ma Haiyan's grandfather, Ma Zhili, left behind a large family with many descendants, and due to space limitations, only this small branch of Ma Haiyan is briefly described here.
Ma Haiyan's ancestors moved from other places to Monigou in Xixiang, Hezhou at the end of the Ming Dynasty. Generations of farmers can only feed themselves. When he went to Mahai for banquets, he traveled to and from Lanhe and He, "riding his feet" for a living, making frequent friends with merchants and merchants, seeing and hearing more and more, and having a little surplus, so he changed his business to business, and trafficked goods as far away as Longshaan. At that time, bandits along the way were uncertain, Ma Haiyan practiced martial arts for self-defense, often defeated the enemy with meteors, and was supported by high merchants. Less than ten years later, the family became richer, so he abandoned his profession and began to study the Quran, devoting himself to islamic religious activities. Soon, he turned to the neighboring villagers, the then Grand Imam of Hezhou, and his reputation grew. In 1867, he followed Ma Zhan'ao and Thirty Lipu Min Diancheng and other troops to rebel against the Qing, captured Hezhou, and became a strong force in the northwestern Hui rebel army. However, when the Battle of Taizi temple defeated the Ting army with the tactic of "black tiger digging out the heart", he followed Ma Zhan'ao and surrendered to Zuo Zongtang. After the Tongzhi Incident, Ma Haiyan chose the dense forest, fertile land, and clear streams of The Temple. His family settled here for eighty years.
In 1900, when the Eight-Nation Alliance marched into Beijing, Ma Haiyan and Ma Anliang and others ran away from Empress Dowager Cixi in a hurry, and Ma Haiyan died of illness while passing through Xuanhua. Ma Haiyan had three sons, the eldest son Ma Qi, the second son Ma Lin, and the Jizi Ma Feng.
Ma Qi (马麒), courtesy name Gechen, was born in the eighth year of the Reign of Qing Tongzhi (1869 CE), and initially served in the army with his father Ma Haiyan as a sentry officer. After Ma Haiyan died of illness and Xuanhua, he inherited his father's office and came to prominence. In 1902, Ma Qi returned to Gansu and garrisoned the town of Tashba in Bayan RonggeTing. Under the promotion of Ma Anliang, in 1906, he was promoted to the rank of General of the Xunhua Battalion. In 1911, Chang Geng, the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, and Shengyun, the governor of Shaanxi, joined forces with the Gansu army to counterattack the revolutionary army. Ma Qi gathered his subordinates, enriched Ma Anliang's "elite Western Army", and promoted Ma Anliang as the president of the army and appointed himself as a helper. Ma Qi followed his brother Ma Lin and led his troops eastward towards Shaanxi. On the way to Shaanxi, Chang Geng ordered Ma Anliang to divide his troops to suppress Liu Huatang and other rebels in Ningxia, and Ma Anliang dispatched Ma Lin and Ma Zhankui (Ma Zhankui's brother) to lead six battalions of troops, with Ma Lin as the vanguard, to capture Yinchuan and sweep through Ningxia.
In 1912, Ma Qi bribed Zhao Weixi, the provisional governor of Gansu appointed by Yuan Shikai, with a large sum of money to serve as the commander-in-chief of Xining Town. On September 20 of the same year, it entered Xining. Since then, it has been unique, separated from the subordinate of Ma Anliang of the Western Army, and first formed the 13th Battalion of Ninghai Patrol horse infantry, known as the "Ninghai Navy", and constantly expanded and tried its best to increase the strength of the troops. At the same time, brothers, nephews, relatives, and cronies were installed to serve as the chief and deputy battalion commanders of each battalion. A number of staff members and politicians were also recruited to form a "think tank," forming a situation in which they were divided and dominated. In 1913, he was appointed by the Beiyang government as the "Envoy of Qinghai Mengfan Xuanfu". He succeeded him as the commander-in-chief of Xining Town and the defender of Ninghai Town in Ganbian.
In 1914, the British conspired to convene a conference in India to negotiate the administrative division of Tibet between China, Britain and Tibet, in an attempt to classify Qinghai as "Inner Tibet" and demand that the Chinese government "have no officials and no troops" in its territory. In this regard, Ma Qi accepted the suggestion of his staff, that is, to send a telegram to the Beiyang government and the provinces and districts of Sichuan and Yunnan to expose the Conspiracy of the British Emperor. Through the appeal of the whole country, the British-imperialist conspiracy failed to succeed and the territorial integrity of the motherland was safeguarded. This action to electrify the whole country made Ma Qi's reputation the first among the eight towns in Longshang.
In October 1915, Lü Guang, a member of the Qing Dynasty Sect, raised troops in Gannan and Qinghai to carry out restoration activities. Ma Qilin was ordered by the Beiyang government to send his uncle Ma Haiyuan and brother Ma Lin to suppress it, and annihilated Lü Guang in May 1917. Afterwards, Duan Qirui, the chief of the Beiyang government's army, appointed Ma Qi as a lieutenant general. In October 1924, Cao Kun stole the presidency, and Ma Qi sent Ma Bufang to Beijing to bribe 500 military horses. After Cao Kun accepted bribes, he made Ma Qi a "Ruiwei General" and gave Ma Bufang the rank of major general. In August 1926, in order to control the military and political situation in the Xining area, Feng Yuxiang dismissed Ma Qi's post as the envoy of Ganbian Ninghai Town and the envoy of Qinghai Mengfan Xuanfu, and was replaced by the envoy of Ganbian Ninghai Protector, and the Ninghai Navy was incorporated into the Provisional 26th Division of the Nationalist Army, with Ma Qi concurrently serving as the division commander.
In January 1929, Qinghai was officially established as a province, and Ma Qi concurrently served as the director of the Construction Department. In September of the same year, the Great War of Jiang Feng Zhongyuan broke out. Feng Yuxiang was in the northwestern rear, and Ma Qi was the chairman of the Qinghai Provincial Government. In 1930, feng Yuxiang was defeated, and Ma Qi immediately sent personnel to Nanjing to dredge up, and Chiang Kai-shek recognized Ma Qi as the chairman of the Qinghai provincial government. Since then, the MaQi family has established a direct relationship with the Chiang family dynasty. In August of the same year, Ma Qi died of illness, and his brother Ma Lin inherited his position and maintained the feudal rule of the Ma family in Qinghai.
Ma Lin, a zi xunchen, lived in the Zhenzang Manor as a teenager and studied the scriptures at the local mosque. Later, when ma Qi was serving as a staff general in the Xunhua battalion, Ma Lin was engaged in fur and livestock business in Labu and other places. In 1911, after Ma Qi was appointed as the leader of the elite Western Army, Ma Lin abandoned shang and followed the army. During the Battle of Qianzhou, Ma Lin led his troops to suppress the Rebellion of Liu Huatang in Ningxia. Shortly after returning to Gansu from Ningxia, he was ordered by Ma Qi to bribe Zhao Weixi with 200 taels of gold, and then appointed Ma Lin as the commander of The Left Road in Xining Town. Soon after the establishment of the Ning Navy, Ma Lin served as the commander of the gang and the commander of the left road and the pipe belt of the second battalion. In 1919, he was appointed as the defense commander of the Yushu Detachment of the Ning Navy, stationed in Jiegu Town, and laid the military rule over southern Qinghai. In 1921, after Ma Lin served as the chief of staff of the Ganbian Ninghai Town Guard And Mission, he commanded the Ninghai Navy, suppressed Hainan Aquhu, encircled and suppressed Labhu, and the Goluo Massacre, resulting in rare bloody massacres. After the Ning Navy was incorporated by Feng Yuxiang as the new Twenty-sixth Division of the Nationalist Army, Ma Lin served as the deputy commander of the division. In 1929, Ma Lin became the director of the Qinghai Provincial Construction Department and devoted himself to politics. In 1930, Sun Lianzhong was transferred to Xi'an. In the chaotic political situation in Gansu, Ma Lin first served as the "commander-in-chief of the Gansu Bandit Suppression" and then as the "Commander-in-Chief of the Security of Gansu Province". In June 1931, the 1st Provisional Cavalry Division of Gansu Under the command of Ma Lin moved to Liangzhou. In 1931, Ma Lin succeeded his brother as chairman of the Qinghai provincial government, and since then, the contradictions between Ma Lin and Ma Bufang's uncle and nephew have intensified, and Ma Lin has been constantly threatened and unable to cope. In 1935, he excused himself to recuperate and returned to Tibet; in May 1936, the infighting became more intense, and Ma Lin was at a loss for taking a six-month leave from Chiang Kai-shek to recuperate. After Ma Bufang discovered this, he secretly ordered the translator to add the phrase "government affairs are represented by Ma Bufang" at the end of the article, and Chiang Kai-shek replied to the telegram. Ma Lin was forced to go on a pilgrimage to Mecca, and soon after returning to China, under the further exclusion of Ma Bufang, he finally fell, and the post of chairman of the Qinghai provincial government was finally taken away by Ma Bufang, and Ma Lin retired to Tibet in the name of "member of the National Government" until his death in 1945. Ma Lin's sons Ma Ziren and Ma Zibo were also ostracized by Ma Bufang, and successively retired from the Qing Navy to Tibet.
Ma Qi had three sons, the eldest son Ma Buqing, the second son Ma Bufang, and the Jizi Ma Buying. Among them, Ma Buqing and Ma Bufang are famous. During the light age of Ma Bu, he took advantage of the power of his father Ma Qi to rise from battalion commander, regiment commander, brigade commander, and division commander all the way to military commander. In 1932, after serving as the commander of the 1st Cavalry Division, he was stationed in Wuwei. In 1942, due to the exclusion of his brother Ma Bufang, after retiring to Linxia, he sucked on land rent, grinding rent, rent and usury, and built a luxurious and luxurious East Palace Pavilion and Butterfly Building. Ma Bufang, the character Zixiang, has followed his father since childhood. In October 1924, after Cao Kun stole his presidency, he was awarded the rank of major general in the army. In 1936, he defected to his uncle Ma Lin and took over the post of chairman of the Qinghai provincial government, trying to expand his political and military strength. In August 1943, Chiang Kai-shek expanded Ma Bufang's 82nd Army into the 40th Army Group, with Ma Bufang as commander-in-chief of the 82nd Army and the 5th Cavalry Army, appointed his son Ma Jiyuan as the commander of the 82nd Army, and appointed his nephew Ma Chengxiang as the commander of the 5th Cavalry Army. In 1946, Ma Jiyuan led the 82nd Army to Pingliang to besiege the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region. In 1949, Ma Bufang became the military and political chief of the Northwest, in a vain attempt to use the Northwest as an anti-communist base to prevent the People's Liberation Army from advancing westward. Although Ma Bufang's military clique resisted desperately, the People's Liberation Army was like a broken bamboo, and the Ma family army was gradually defeated and retreated. At the Battle of Guguan, the 14th Cavalry Brigade was completely destroyed; the Ma family army in the First Battle of Lanzhou collapsed completely, and Ma Bufang's father and son fled in a hurry. The Ma family's 40 years of violent rule came to an end.
It is worth mentioning here that among Ma Haiyan's great-grandsons, Ma Bufang's son Ma Jiyuan was the most tengda, who served as the commander of the Eighty-Second Army of Ma Bufang's army, and was known for his garrison in Longdong, the siege of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, and the dying siege of Lanzhou.
Ma Jiubao (also known as Ma Bao), the son of Ma Haiyuan, the seventh brother of Ma Haiyan, had three sons, namely Ma Zhongying, Ma Zhongfu, and Ma Zhongjie. Ma Zhongying, whose original name was Ma Buying, served as the acting battalion commander in Ma Qi's army, and in 1927, when he was seventeen years old, he set off the "Hehuang Incident", organized the "Black Tiger Absorbing Feng Army", called himself commander, and was known as "Commander Ga". He led tens of thousands of people to fight in Ganningqing, then passed through Hexi to Xinjiang, and fled to the Soviet Union after the defeat of the army. His brother Ma Zhongjie served as the second commander of the "Black Tiger Absorbing Feng Army" in the Hehuang Incident, and was killed in battle in the ancient city of Xinjiang.
3. The Ma Qianling family
Ma Qianling's home is in Hanjiyangwa Mountain, Linxia County, and he often makes a living by driving his feet, traveling between Gansu, Ning, and Inner Mongolia. In the early years of tongzhi, the Shaanxi-Gansu Hui rose up against the Qing, and after the defeat of the 18th Battalion Hui militia in Shaanxi, xishuhe prefecture was settled. After Ma Zhan'ao and Ma Haiyan surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, they joined forces with Ma Qianling to expel the eighteen battalions and encircle and suppress the rebels who continued to resist the Qing, and were generously rewarded by Zuo Zongtang. Ma Qianling had four sons, Ma Fucai, Ma Fulu, Ma Fushou, and Ma Fuxiang. Among them, the second son Ma Fulu and the fourth son Ma Fuxiang are prominent.
Ma Fulu , also spelled Shou San , was born in the fourth year of Xianfeng ( 1854 ) . From a young age, he is strong and clever. Since childhood, he has asked a martial arts master to pass on his skills, and he is not yet twenty years old, and he is proficient in swords, guns, swords, and halberds. At the age of twenty-one, He took the Exam in Beijing and took the Exam at the age of 22 and took the Examination for the Zhongwu Jinshi at the Age of 27 (the sixth year of Guangxu). In the twenty-first year of Guangxu (1895), Dong Fuxiang should order the suppression of the Hui Sala uprising, so he hired Ma Fulu and Ma Fuxiang. The two brothers recruited troops and horses in Lan and He'er Prefectures, and formed the "Tranquility Army", with Ma Fulu as the overseer and infantry pipe belt, and Ma Fuxiang as the cavalry pipe belt. In the twenty-second year of Guangxu, the "Anning Army" was renamed the "Jianlian Army" and was ordered to be transferred to the Beijing Division and garrisoned in Zhengding and Langfang.
In the 26th year of Guangxu, the eight-nation alliance of Germany, Japan, Russia, Britain, France, the United States, Austria, and Italy landed and invaded from Tianjin's Dagukou. When they entered Langfang, Ma Fulu's army fought bravely and was greatly shocked. In June of the same year, the "Jianjian Army" was ordered to attack the British and French invading forces in Dongjiaomin Lane. Ma Fulu was a pioneer, brave and good at fighting, and led his army to attack the enemy's nine fences one after another. Seeing that the tenth gate was about to be attacked and victory was in sight, Ma Fulu was unfortunately shot and killed, and sacrificed his life for the country in the famous Zhengyangmen Bloody Battle. He was forty-eight years old.
Ma Fuxiang(马福祥), courtesy name Yunting, was born in the second year of Guangxu (1876). Since childhood, he and his second brother Ma Fulu have been practicing martial arts, and they have not quit in the cold and summer. At the age of twenty, he took the wulu exam and won the second place in the township examination. He immediately went with his brother to garrison Jizhou, and during the Battle of Gengzi (1900), he accompanied his brother Ma Fulu to defend Beijing. After Ma Fulu's death, Ma Fuxiang accompanied Ma Anliang to escort the Western Empress Dowager and the Guangxu Emperor out of Beijing and fled Shaanxi, because when Fengling crossed the Yellow River, he ventured to obey, and qing qian gave him the name of viceroy. After the Battle of Gengzi, Ma Fuxiang was ordered to return to Gansu and successively served as the town of Jing and Yuanlang. In 1906, he was appointed as the commander-in-chief of Xining Town and the Protector of Altai. After the Xinlao Revolution, he was reappointed as the Envoy of the Ningxia Protectorate. In 1912, he was appointed as the governor of Suiyuan. In 1924, when he went to Beijing to attend the aftermath conference held by Duan Qirui, he met Sun Yat-sen and promoted the Three People's Principles. After the Nationalist Army was stationed in Long in 1925, Ma Fuxiang was appointed as the Aviation Inspector. In 1928, Ma Fuxiang went to Nanjing to present chiang kai-shek with a plan, claiming that he was willing to contribute to the unity of all nationalities in the country, so Chiang Kai-shek appointed Ma Fuxiang as a member of the Central Military Commission, and then as an alternate member of the Kuomintang Central Executive Committee and a member of the National Government. After that, he served as a member of the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission, vice chairman of the Mongolian and Tibetan Committee, a member of the Relief Committee, a director of the Palace Museum, and a member of the Compilation Committee. In 1929, he became the mayor of Qingdao, and the following year he was transferred to the chairman of Anhui Province. After seven months in office, he was reappointed chairman of the Mongolian and Tibetan Committee. In 1932, he died of illness at Liulihe Station in Beijing.
The most influential figures in Ma Qianling's grandchildren are Ma Hongbin and Ma Hongkui.
Ma Hongbin is the son of Ma Fulu. In his early years, he joined the army with his father, and then served as the leader of Ghosh in his uncle Ma Fuxiang's Xining Town Taiwan Bureau. Commander of the artillery battalion of the Zhaowu Patrol Army after the Xinhai Revolution. In 1916, he was appointed commander of the New Army in Ningxia. In 1921, after Ma Fuxiang was transferred to the capital of Suiyuan, he succeeded him as the envoy of the Ningxia Protectorate, and later changed to the envoy of Zhenshou. In August 1928, he served as a military commander in Feng Yuxiang's Nationalist Army, and in 1930, he was sent by Feng Yuxiang to be the chairman of Ningxia Province, and in April, he was appointed by Feng as the chairman of Gansu Province. In early 1931, he was appointed by Chiang Kai-shek as the commander of the newly organized Seventh Division, and also the commander of the Ganliang Border Defense, and was immediately appointed as the acting chairman of Gansu Province. In January 1934, together with Ma Bufang and Ma Hongkui, they attacked Sun Dianying's advance. In August 1947, he was appointed by the Ministry of National Defense of the Executive Yuan of the Kuomintang as the "Commander of Bandit Suppression" in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region.
In early September 1949, Ma Hongbin, Lu Zhongliang, Ma Quanliang and others led an uprising. In January 1950, he was appointed Vice Chairman of the Gansu Provincial Government. He was well aware of the great righteousness, abandoned the dark and cast the light, and was the only member of the giants of the "Three Horses" family to remain in the new regime.
Ma Hongkui ( Ma Hongkui ) , also spelled Shaoyun , was the eldest son of Ma Fuxiang ' Changfang , and was well-behaved and mischievous when he was a child. At the age of seventeen, he served as a cavalry battalion assistant in his father's Zhaokai Army, and for a time served as Yuan Shikai's attendant military attaché in the Beiyang government. After Cao Kun bribed the election of the president, Ma Hongkui became the brigade commander of the Army's Fifth Mixed Brigade. In 1926, he served as the commander of the Fourth Route Army of the First Front in Feng Yuxiang's Second Army of the National Revolutionary Army. After the outbreak of the Great War of the Central Plains of Chiang Feng-Yan, Chiang Kai-shek was promoted to the commander-in-chief of the Fifteenth Route Army of the Rebel Army, with two divisions, six brigades, and more than twenty regiments under his command, and his strength grew sharply. When Chiang Kai-shek encircled and suppressed the Red Base Area, Ma Hongkui was ordered to garrison Xuchang and Luohe in Henan. After Ma Fuxiang's death, Chiang Kai-shek, in order to rule the northwest region, appointed Ma Hongkui as the chairman of Ningxia Province. In the winter of 1933, Sun Dianying attacked Ningxia, and Ma Hongkui joined forces with Ma Bufang and Hu Zongnan to crush Sun Dianying, causing his power to expand greatly. During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, he was promoted to commander-in-chief of the Seventeenth Army and deputy commander of the Eighth Theater. His descendants and descendants, as well as his cronies and his sons who met the conditions for his "Gan, He, Hui, and Ma" employment, all held positions in his military and political circles, laying the foundation for the seventeen years of his occupation of Ningxia.
When the Red Army marched to northern Shaanxi, Ma Hongkui tried his best to deploy anti-blockade, and at the same time "suppressed the army" and "suppressed the government", and organized troops to attack the border areas, all of which were defeated by the Red Army.
In order to further expand his political strength and dominate the northwest, Ma Hongkui took advantage of the most difficult years of the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in 1940 to establish the "Ningxia Branch of the Chinese Muslim Salvation Congress" in Ningxia, where he served as the secretary general. In the spring of 1949, when the People's Liberation Army crossed the river to liberate Nanjing and Shanghai, Bai Chongxi placed his illusions on the northwestern horses, and after planning and weighing, appointed Ma Bufang as the military and political chief of the northwest and Ma Hongkui as the chairman of Gansu Province. After the liberation of Lanzhou on August 26, 1949, Ma Hongkui fled to the United States. He died in Los Angeles in 1970. Attached: A brief list of the "Three Horses" lineage.