After the Opium War of 1840, the European and American powers took advantage of unequal treaties to send a large number of missionaries to China to carry out cultural aggression. They divide their spheres of influence and dominate each side. After the Second Opium War in 1860, the Great Powers readjusted the scope of interests, and the Holy See transferred mongolia to Belgium as a missionary area of the "Society of the Sacred Heart of the Virgin". In 1880 (the sixth year of Guangxu), the Sacred Heart Society of our Lady set foot in the Tumut Banner, Baotou, and Saraqi areas, and rented 24 hectares of river beach land from the peasant Gao Jiuwei in the south of Sarazi City, thus naming the village and the beginning of the introduction of Catholicism into Bao and Sa. In the early days, the old Catholics of the Three Daohe River were organized to reclaim the land and cultivate the land, and in the spring and autumn, they moved the believers to settle down to farm in the following year, and established churches to develop religious affairs. In December 1883 (the ninth year of Guangxu), the Holy See divided the religious affairs of Mongolia into three dioceses: Eastern Mongolia, Central Mongolia and Southwest Mongolia. The Diocese of Southwest Mongolia, also known as the Diocese of Ordos, administers Yikezhao League, Tokto County, Sa County, Baotou, Guyang and parts of Ningxia, and the bishop's office is located in Sanshenggong (also known as Sandaohe, now Bayan Gaole City). After the foreign priests set foot in mongolia, they spied on frontier intelligence, investigated the customs and customs of the people, co-opted the princes and nobles, forcibly occupied the land, took over lawsuits, bullied the people, undermined Chinese customs, and provoked disputes between believers and non-believers. In 1887 (the thirteenth year of Guangxu), the twenty-four acres of church Si Feng, a native Tang Minhan took advantage of the Diversion of the Yellow River to move south, and the two banners of Dalat and Tumut re-demarcated the land boundary due to the dispute over the land boundary, and purchased more than 100 hectares of land at a low price of one dollar and one acre of land. Later, in the year of famine, a large amount of land was plundered, and the large areas of land occupied by the occupation were regarded as an important means of developing religious affairs, and they used low rent and money lending, grain distribution, and the establishment of "charity undertakings" to attract landless peasants and foreign disaster victims to follow the teachings by name. So in a short period of time, the academic affairs developed rapidly. "The increase in the number of parishioners has resulted in an unprecedented record." "The distribution of catholics, several and more than fifty villages," the number of parishioners reached thousands, becoming the most developed area in Inner Mongolia at that time. (1) The land of The Tomo River is fertile, densely populated, and traffic is convenient. The Bishop of the Southwest Mongolian Diocese decided to move the Bishop's Office from Sansheng Gong to Twenty-Four Prefectures in 1898 (guangxu 24 years), and since then, the 24 dioceses of Southwest Mongolia have become the center of activity and supervision of the Catholic Southwest Mongolian Diocese.
The bishop's palace is also known as the "Cathedral", because the church has a seat for the bishop, hence the name. In churches with an episcopal system, there are generally cathedrals in every diocese. A bishop, who supervises and manages the church in a certain region, is the highest-ranking cleric in the church and has the right to be ordained.
The bishop's palace is equipped with large and small churches, small monasteries, monastic classes, dormitories, canteens, etc. In the diocese of Southwest Mongolia, there were 26 foreign missionaries at that time, 12 churches under its jurisdiction, and the bishop was Han Moli.
In order to continuously expand their sphere of influence and expand their religious affairs, the imperialist missionaries headed by Han Moli have seized land by any means, rented it at a low price, encroached on it, forcibly purchased it, and expanded their territory. At the beginning, there were only twenty-four hectares of land when yong rented, and in 1887 (the thirteenth year of Guangxu), when the general of naturalized city Qingzhang, it was already more than 100 hectares. When the Japanese army occupied in 1939, according to the "Mongolian Catholic Grand View", there were 13 neighboring villages such as twenty-four acres of land, and the church had more than 1,000 hectares of fertile land. Local peasants often have incidents because of the church's land occupation, and the small Balagai land case and the Xingyilou blood case are two typical cases.
In 1893 (the nineteenth year of Guangxu), Min Yuqing, a native of the Southwest Diocese, chose to establish a missionary site in Little Balagai. Guo Yuhong and Guo Yusheng, who were lured to the local land households, were tempted to believe in Catholicism, but they were rejected; Min Yuqing fabricated lies and led the believers to forcibly occupy the Guo family's land and was driven away. The following year, the church moved away again, forcibly settled down, planted crops, and the contradictions intensified. The mediation of the Sarazi Hall failed, min went to Beijing, with the support of the French consul and the approval of the Qing Prime Minister Yamen, leaving the Guo brothers with nowhere to go.
The history of the Xingyilou bloody case is as follows: In early 1900 (the twenty-sixth year of Guangxu), the church wanted to forcibly purchase a large piece of land for Zhang Gui's widow (Mongolian) in Xingyilou Village (more than 20 miles south of the twenty-four acres of the village), Zhang was unwilling to sell it, and the church made wild threats, arousing the indignation of the masses. A peasant who had been practicing martial arts since childhood, gao Zhannian, a peasant who had been upright and upright, held up the unfairness of the fight, stepped forward, and reasoned with the church. The church has become accustomed to running amok in holding power, not taking Gao Zhannian seriously at all, defiling Gao against the church, and threatening to teach him by force. One day in April, led by the Chinese missionary Shi Zong and the president Ren Xicai, at the behest of the foreign priests, led more than 300 believers, armed with shovels and other agricultural tools, and went straight to Xingyilou Village with great momentum. At noon, the believers surrounded the village of Xingyilou. After Hearing the news, Gao Zhannian and others invited some brothers to discuss countermeasures and prepare to face the provocations of the church. There were many people in the Takami church, and for fear of hurting the masses, they decided to lead the crowd out of the siege. Gao waved the ash pole while punching and rushing out, seeing that Gao Gen and other brothers and villagers were still trapped in the village, and returned to the rescue, so they rescued one batch after another, three out and three in. Unfortunately, he tripped and fell into a kiln pit, where he was caught by the other party with a scratching hook. Gao was not afraid of rape, scolded the foreign priests and their dog legs, Shi, Ren and other teaching sticks, became angry and angry, and showed his fierce appearance, tied Gao Wuhua, cut off his tongue, and said, "Let you scold again!" These inhumane sticks tied Gao's body to a heavy stone and threw him into the rolling Yellow River, and gao was killed at the same time as Gao Genxiao, Gao Wu, Po Deng, Wu Yiwu and nine others.
Gao Zhannian and nine other people were brutally killed, and the news spread quickly, shocking Tu Mochuan, "everywhere I heard about it, and everyone was indignant." (2) The angry masses demanded severe punishment from the government, and the upright parishioners felt that the church had gone too far.
After the incident, the murderer hid in the bishop's palace, and the families of the victims traveled back and forth between the Sarazy Hall and the Tokto Hall to file a complaint. The Sarazi Hall and Ding Qiyu and Tokto City sentenced Li Shu, took evidence and examined the body, determined that the lawsuit was true, and negotiated with the church priests, but the church refused to hand over the culprit. The two halls then reported to the Inspector of Shanxi, who in turn played the Guangxu Emperor. The church, a "country within a country," still refused to hand over the murderers, Shi Zong, and others. The corrupt and incompetent Qing government was helpless and had no choice but to shelve this major murder. The Xingyilou incident aroused great indignation among the masses and became the direct trigger for the later Boxer rebellion.
Soon after the Xingyilou Incident, the Boxer Rebellion arose in Hebei and Shandong, which soon spread to the southwestErn Mongolian diocese. In July 1900 (the 26th year of Guangxu), from the area of the Four Banners of Chahar and Xinghe in the east, to the Sanshenggong area of alxa Banner in the west, to the Four Sons of the Wulanchabu League in the north, to the Otoke Banner of the Yikezhao League in the south, and to the Chengchuan Area at the southernmost end of the Wushen Banner, there was a Boxer Rebellion. Some well-known martial artists in the urban and rural areas of the Bao and Sa regions have set up altar boxing rings one after another, taught boxing sticks, practiced martial arts, first secretly and then made public, and also set up the banner of "helping the Qing Dynasty and destroying the yangs." Those who had been oppressed by the church responded one after another and joined in. Just when the boxer rebellion was raging throughout the country and the European and American powers Were preparing for a large-scale invasion in the coastal areas of China, the Qing government changed from suppressing the Boxer Rebellion policy to solicitation, and wanted to use the rebel army to oppose foreign invaders, so on June 21 of the same year, it ordered the Boxers to be recruited, called "righteous people", and encouraged them to meet the invading army. The Boxer Rebellion sprung up like mushrooms on the land of The Tumo River, and within a few days in the city of Saraqi, villages such as Subgai, Maodai, Shuanglong, Zhuerqudai, and Orgsun set up altars for exercise. In Baotou Town, guandi temple, Wenchang temple, Golden Dragon King temple, Fuchengyuan Lane and other places, there are also altars to train divine soldiers.
The brothers Guo Yusheng and Guo Yuhong in the village of Little Balagai had a feud with the church for many years, and after the rise of the Boxer Rebellion, they set up an altar in the city of Sarazi to practice and prepare to settle the grievances with the church. When the Boxers everywhere pointed their spearheads at the foreigners in the church, the Guo brothers saw that the time was ripe, and led the crowd straight to the village of Little Balagai with a large knife and spear in hand. Xu Wenhui, the leader of the Boxer Rebellion in Orgson Village, heard the news and led his people to support the Guo brothers in capturing the Chapel of Little Balagai. This was the first shot fired by the righteous people on the vast land of the Tumo River at the Yang Church, igniting the anti-imperialist fire. Although the foreign church was prepared, the Boxers rushed to kill bravely, and they rushed over the wall and rushed into the church; the foreign priests saw that the situation was not good, and they had already slipped away, and the angry masses set fire to the church. The "divine fire" of the southwest Mongolian diocese was ignited, and it became more and more vigorous.
Subsequently, the large and small Catholic churches between urban and rural areas in the Area of the Toumer River were demolished or burned by spontaneous righteous people. Bishop Han Moli, seeing that the situation was not good, was busy summoning Missionaries from the Bishop's Palace to the Bishop's Palace, such as Lan Guangji, the Silversmith Yao Church Fei Huaiyong, the Cheng Kuihai Church Wei Huairen, the Dafuying Church, Father Lei, the Twenty-Four Hectare Churches Jia Mingyuan, And Wu Xingguo, and at the same time gathered thousands of Chinese believers in the Bishop's Palace compound to prepare for a stubborn resistance.
At this time, the leaders of the Boxers in the villages of Tumut River consulted many times and were preparing to lay siege to the bishop's palace and take the murderers. The villagers of Xingyilou heard that the shen soldiers in Tuoxian County were powerful and powerful, so they sent people to ask for help; the Boxers of Tuoxian County readily agreed and agreed on a time for action.
The siege began on the tenth day of the sixth month of the lunar calendar (July 6 of the Gregorian calendar). Chen Si, Lian Cheng, Jia Yousan and Song Tianlun of Mao Dai in Shuanglong Village, Erguo of Saraqi, Qin Changtai of SuBugai, Gao Si of Wu Siyuan, Su Wan and Wu Zhu of Zhu'erdai led the Boxers from various villages to the Bishop's Palace; the Boxers in TuoXian also arrived on time. They wore red cloth around their heads and red flags, and surrounded the bishop's palace. The city of Tokto sentenced Li Shu, and Saraqi and Zhiding Qiyu reported the matter of the Siege of the Bishop's Palace to the general Yongde of Suiyuan City, and Yongde sent Dekejik to lead a horse team, together with the Datong training infantry team stationed in Baotou, to take precautions. At midnight on the same day, Bishop Han Moli secretly sent Fei Huaiyong and six other Belgian missionaries away and fled back to Belgium. He gathered more than a thousand parishioners and made preparations for battle.
Regarding the siege of the bishop's palace, the "Record of fist disasters" is recorded as follows: "The siege of the church on twenty-four acres, there were thousands of boxers, two hundred officers and soldiers, and the momentum was huge. "The Boxers want the church to hand over the murderers of the XingyiLou incident and the foreigners behind the scenes." On the 23rd day of the sixth lunar month (July 19 of the Gregorian calendar), during the confrontation between the two sides, the officers and soldiers who were guarding between the two sides were first fired by the church, and one person was wounded. This was like pouring oil on the fire, and it immediately aroused greater public indignation among the soldiers and the people. The next morning, the officers and men and the righteous people launched a powerful offensive, the officers and men carried guns, and the Boxers rushed to the church with knives, spears, sticks, and killing sounds. Han Moli took the stage to watch, saw the soldiers and civilians rushing to kill, and had to organize a retreat. The Boxers rushed into the village, broke through the defensive line, and killed the bishop's palace, first capturing Bishop Han Moli and the first criminals in the case, Shi Zong, Ren Xicai, and 6 others, and setting fire to the church. In this battle, hundreds of Parishioners suffered casualties, 2 infantrymen of the Training Army, 8 Boxers, 1 Wounded Horse Forward School, 4 Infantry of the Training Army, and 2 Boxers. At this point, the large, medium, and small churches in Sarazi were all conquered and burned by the Boxers. Some of the missionaries were killed, some were driven away, and the Boxers and officers and soldiers handed over Han Moli and others to The City of Tokto to be sentenced to Li Shu and brought to justice. Soon, the county seat of Tokto County sentenced the murderers Shi Zong and Ren Xicai to death, and the law was rectified on the spot, and the case of killing nine lives was a great pleasure. Hanmerie was burned to death by an angry crowd.
The siege of the Bishop's Palace was the largest and largest of the three dioceses in Mongolia. Before and after this, the Boxer Rebellion in Inner Mongolia was in full swing. In the summer, the Boxers and the broad masses throughout Rehe attacked churches everywhere to punish the missionaries who committed evil deeds, and many Mongolian and Han masses of the Zhuosotu and Zhaowuda leagues participated. In August, officials of the Alxa Palace, with the support of the masses, expelled fifteen foreign missionaries hiding in the Sansheng Congregation and seized the church. The banner of the four sons of the Ulanqab League burned two churches in the territory and punished two missionaries. The chapel by the small bridge of the Ekzhao League was besieged by the Mongol and Han masses for 48 days. The above-mentioned anti-foreign religious struggle has fully demonstrated the heroic indignation of the Mongolian and Han people in Inner Mongolia in uniting in the anti-imperialist and patriotic struggle. Just as people were rushing to tell each other and celebrate the victory, the news came that the Eight-Power Alliance had captured Tianjin and was attacking Beijing.
In 1900 (the twenty-sixth year of Guangxu), Empress Dowager Cixi, who was frightened by the invading army, fled in panic, and on the one hand ordered the officers and troops to annihilate the Boxers, and even invited the imperialist army to help suppress them; on the other hand, she sent ministers to ask imperialism for peace, fully exposing Cixi's shameless appearance. Under the suppression of officers and soldiers and foreign invaders, the vigorous anti-imperialist patriotic movement failed, and the Boxer Rebellion in the Bao and Sassak regions also suffered bad luck.
When the news came, the Boxers quickly dispersed. In March 1901, the Belgian priest Min Yuqing came to the twenty-four acres and was appointed to preside over the diocese of southwest Mongolia. Soon, Nan Huaiyi, Jia Mingyuan, Dai Tianlu, Fei Huaiyong, Lan Guangji and other missionaries from the Kingdom returned one after another. On the one hand, they "comforted the faithful and revitalized the religious affairs", and on the other hand, they threatened the local government to punish the righteous leaders and compensate for the losses.
Seeing this situation, some of the boxer leaders and principal figures in the Bao and Sassak regions ran away alone, some of them took their families with them and left their hometowns, and some of them hid in Tibet and embarked on a wandering life. Su Bu Gai Qin Changyi, lurking in the Bao and Sa areas, was unfortunately exposed, and was arrested and killed. The little Baragai Guo brothers fled to the back meadow and hid their names in anonymity. The church carried out a frenzied counting campaign to liquidate, retaliate, and blackmail his family and relatives. After the two Guo brothers left, the church sent his brother Guo Yufeng to prison, destroyed him in every way, died in prison, and confiscated all the land, houses, and livestock of the Guo family in The Little Balagai to the church. Gao Zhannian was the fourth year of his family's high school, and he was imprisoned by the church, and his family property was robbed by the church, causing the family to be destroyed. In a similar situation, there are villages and villages, chickens and dogs are restless, "good people in the border, those who have a little food, and almost no village is not blackmailed by the religious people." (3) The masses cried bitterly.
According to the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty", after the signing of the unequal treaty, the Tumut banner and the Dalat banner lost a total of 371,500 taels of silver. The Catholic Church used the indemnity to build a new bishop's palace, bishop's chapel, monastery, castle, etc. on twenty-four hectares, costing 20,000 taels of silver. The castle is large and strong, and it is the crown of Suiyuan.
The Boxer Rebellion in the Bao and Sasak regions showed the anti-imperialist courage and ambition of the people outside Serbia. Their glorious deeds have written an immortal chapter in the history of Tumochuan.
Half a century passed, and in the autumn of 1949, Suiyuan achieved a peaceful uprising. In 1951, on the basis of rent reduction and interest reduction, the people's government expropriated all the leased land of the Catholic Church in our city in accordance with the "Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China" and distributed it to the landless and landless peasants (including the believers), so that the land was returned to their homes, and the believers and the masses had their own land and became the owners of the land. Fifteen Belgian missionaries were expelled from the country. People's governments conscientiously implement and implement the policy of freedom of religious belief, and protect legitimate religious activities and venues. At the same time, the broad masses of Catholic clergy began to embark on the road of severing all ties with imperialism and insisting on running the church independently and autonomously.
(Ma Wenyi)
The next episode preview: The prosperity of Baotou's economy - the fur moves a hundred industries
Source: History of Baotou (Baotou Municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department, editor-in-chief: Li Shaoqin), July 1994. Huang Xiang finished in September 2021