Shen Zengzhi (1850--1922), zi pei, no. Yi'an, also known as 帔叟, a native of Jiaxing, Zhejiang, a beginner, poet, and calligrapher in the late Qing Dynasty, was a Chinese Confucian who studied both Chinese and Western Confucianism. He is proficient in the historical geography of frontiers and Chinese and foreign history, and is also good at poetry and calligraphy. He is the author of "Hai Ri Lou Poetry Collection", "Hai Ri Lou Anthology", "Hai Ri Lou Inscription" and so on. His academic and literary attainments were very high, and he was the first in the Tongzhi and Guangxu dynasties. His protégé Hu Xianhua once wrote: "The ancestor Shen Yi'an was once planted as the first master of qing tong and guang dynasty. Mr. Zhang Taiyan, Kang Changsu, Sun Zhongrong, Liu Zuo'an, and Wang Jing'an were all unsolicited or xianye. "Shen Zengzhi's greatest achievement in literature should be poetry as the first.
During the Tongzhi and Guangxu periods at the end of the Qing Dynasty, one of the ancient poetry schools of modern learning, the Tongguang body poetry style prevailed, Chen Yan's "Poetry of the Stone Relic Room" pointed out that "those who are with the light body, Su Kan and Yu jokingly call the poets who do not stick to the Sheng Tang Dynasty since the Tongguang", while Shen Zengzhi is known as "the Kuijie of the Same Light Body", and his poetic style is respected by Chen Yan, Zheng Xiaoxu and others in the same period. Because Shen Zengzhi himself is proficient in various academics such as scriptures, history, Buddhism, and Taoism, the content of poetry often integrates the ideological content of scripture, historiography, Buddhism, etc. into poetry, and is based on the hundred subsets of jingshi, the Two Tibetans of Buddhism, the Geography of Northwest China, the History of Liaojin, medicine, and the Golden Seal carvings of the Aoyu strange words, so that the content of his poetry is rich and complex, and the style also has the characteristics of Ao Wei. Chen Yan's "Preface to Shen Yi'an's Poems" writes: "Junshiya is dangerous, in the thorns of the teeth, Shi Fuqing sees the bones, sues Zhenzai, and the soup spirit." Xi Changli called Higashino Judging Eye Heart, and its ancient style was also. If you are close to yourself, you are all obedient to the words, and the words you do are all appropriate. And "The poetry of the Sleepy Sorcerer, and the Scattered Plains are all thin and easy, Shang Aoyan, and the Sleepy Sorcerer especially loves to be slow." Yu even wrote before and after the < lunar eclipse poems >, and the epic poems used interpretations, and Yu could not understand. Hu Xianhua's "Hai Ri Lou Shi Bao" pointed out that "Mr. Shen Zengzhi learned Ao Yan and was proficient in Han and Sanskrit studies. The gentleman regards him as a common sense person, and others are surprised as strange. However, he also learned from Xie Lingyun, Han Yu, Meng Jiao, Huang Tingjian and others, and won the strengths of all the families, not to specialize in the dynasty. The poetry showed a variety of styles and was of a lofty realm, which was difficult for poets at that time to reach. His poetic classics and historiography are very heavy, using Confucian scriptures as poetry, skillfully integrating classics and historical allusions into poetry, inheriting the characteristics of "taking literature as poetry" with Han Yu as the beginning and Song poetry inheriting and expanding.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="109" > family lineage</h1>
According to Shen Zonghan and Zong Ji's "Annals of the Emperors of Dingfu Province", the Shen family began with the ancestors of lingong, and the Shen family began to settle in Jiaxing. Later, it went through three more generations and passed on to Shen Yingru, the ninth zuxiuxi duke. Shen Yingru "with good charity, the Shen clan has since written the clan", from then on the Shen clan began to flourish, the reputation became increasingly prominent, until Shen Zengzhi's grandfather Shen Weiqi, a character Dingfu, the number of yi, known as Sikong Gong, became the most accomplished and influential person in the History of the Shen clan. Shen Weijun to the Left Shilang of the Ministry of Works, the honorary Ronglu Doctor, the scholar honored Mr. Xiaohu, and had the "Ten Volumes of supplementary reading and writing" published. Shen Weili served as a scholar and government in four places and five times, and there were many protégés. And many figures who have influenced modern history come from his subordinates, such as Lin Zexu, Zeng Guofan, etc., which can be seen from the "Epitaph of Shen Zonghan" made by Jiang Geng:
Shi Lang was more important than the Middle Dynasty in terms of rational Confucianism, strict family law, Shilin as the rule, and the late family lived idly in the Beijing residence, holding the right theory, and was taught by scholars. There were many people under the door, Houguan Lin Wenzhonggong, Xiangxiang Zengwen Zhenggong, Guilin Zhu Bohan and Min Chen Songnan two attendants, especially those who had heard of the world's watch.
Shen Zengzhi's father, Shen Zonghan (沈宗汉), also known as Shen Zonghan (沈宗汉), was a member of the Water Division of the Ministry of Works, and was awarded the title of Grand Master of Chaoyi and the Grand Master of Guanglu, who died in May of 1857 at the age of Chinese New Year's Eve nine and died prematurely. At this time, Shen Zengzhi was still eight years old, "since the absence of the king, the door is few, Lady Han drinks ice and rudi, and thinks hard to raise the orphans." Mother Mrs. Han taught Shen Zengzhi to learn Li Shangyin's poems under the lamp, memorized well before she could sleep, Shen Zengzhi has since learned phonology, it is Mrs. Han's hard work, support the portal, only then did Shen Zengzhi not quit his studies, and eventually became a generation of everyone.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="108" > before the exam was admitted</h1>
Since the death of his father, the family road began to fall, life is difficult to continue, and his youth is spent in hardship and hard work, which further hones Shen Zengzhi's will and strengthens his desire to study. There are many of his mentors, "from Yu Gongmao to Xiao Dai Li and Tang poetry, fan half a year", "from Ren and Gao Wei zeng to learn to write", "from Qian Tang Luo to learn to travel for several months", as well as Zhou Zhen, Wang Baoshan, his eldest brother Shen Zengdi and a total of twelve others. In the ninth year of Tongzhi (1870), when the twenty-one-year-old Shen Zengzhi took the Shuntianxiang Examination as an etheric student, the examiner Luo Jiashao marveled at Shen Zengzhi's talent and strongly recommended it. However, the examiner did not accept it, and everyone regretted it. In the summer of the eleventh year of Tongzhi (1872), he came south to Shanghai, followed the river to Chengdu, married his wife Li Shi, and returned to Beijing with his wife. The arrival of the Li family allowed Shen Zengzhi to be freed from family affairs and allowed him to concentrate on learning. In the autumn of the following year, he was ranked twenty-second in the Shuntianxiang trial. In the years that followed, Shen Zengzhi repeatedly failed to pass the examination of the Ministry of Rites, during which he began to study mongolian history, and visited his uncle, eldest brother, and mentor Yu Gongmao.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="45" > the Jingguan period</h1>
After years of perseverance, Shen Zengzhi finally tried the twenty-fourth place in the Chinese style in the summer of the sixth year of Guangxu (1880). Later, in the temple examination, he ranked ninety-seventh in the third class and the twenty-second place in the second class of the imperial examination, and was ordered to sign the punishment department, assign the Guizhou division to walk, and become a Beijing official.
During the Jingguan period, his life was mainly to make friends and drink with many friends, exchange songs and poems, discuss literary views, current situations and political affairs, and communicate with Li Ciming, Yuan Chang, Zhang Xiao, Wen Tingtian, Zheng Xiaoxu and others. In the eleventh year of Guangxu (1885), Shen Zengzhi tried to ask questions about the Song and Yuan studies and Mongolian history, "Those who are incompetent in the field have come to ask questions, and a Guangdong city has passed it on." Kang Youwei thus learned the name of Shen Zengzhi. In the summer of the fourteenth year of Guangxu (1888), "Kang Youwei went to Jingying Shuntianxiang to take the exam, and first saw the public yu Huang Shaojixu." Since being engaged, visiting the Gongzhu Chao Street Apartment, and contradicting the palm of the school. In September of the same year, Kang Youwei drafted a letter of ten thousand words and requested a change of law, and Shen Zengzhi praised him very much.
From Shen Zengzhi's support for Kang Youwei's letter, it can be seen that he was open-minded and enthusiastically participated in the change of the law, not only that, but it can be seen from Li Ciming's "Diary of Yue Mantang" excerpted from Xu Quansheng's paper:
The son accompanied him to talk for a long time. Recently, the Fayi overturned, the Zhongjiang River was suspicious, and the shanghai to Tianjin steamship had stopped. Zhangjiawan has divided its troops to garrison the Shenji battalion, and the number of people in Fujian and Humen has reached more than twenty, the Fujian people are afraid, and the city of Fuzhou has been relocated. Sergeant Du leaked as before, Yan Chaoyi advocated peace talks, the day before the General Administration of Trade and Commerce was neglected, extremely uneconquable, its draft was determined by Chaoyi, and it was called sick, and it was also called sick, and it was also necessary to ask for leave to slander others. Its Cao Division is redundant, the day camp is in Baoju, the recommendation is tired, and the ghosts are full of monsters. Zi Pei said that the change of human feelings, because it is like the Dongpo poetry cloud: "Microwave even shakes people, small standing to be determined", for my generation today also said.
It shows that he is also an official who has a bearing on the fate of the country, handles official affairs, remains calm and silent, and has a serious attitude towards the current situation, so he supports Kang Youwei in changing the law, often stands up to help, and reminds him not to be too radical.
In the 20th year of Guangxu (1894), the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War broke out. The Qing army went to war with the Japanese army, and the Beiyang Marine Division was completely destroyed and the Qing court failed. Shen Zengzhi wrote to Prince Gong Yishi and university scholar Li Hongzhang to ask him to quickly determine that the military training was ready for battle and defense, and to give a comprehensive introduction to his own ideas and strategies for training troops. In the twenty-first year of Guangxu, the Sino-Japanese "Maguan Treaty" was signed, the Qing government compensated 200 million taels of silver, and Taiwan and the Penghu Archipelago were ceded. In the face of the crisis, Shen Zengzhi proposed to borrow foreign funds to set up an industry and build a railway, but he was prevented by the stubborn forces, which made him more aware of the importance and urgency of changing the law, and he actively participated in the Jingshiqiang Society planned by Kang Youwei and served as the main director. Just when Shen Zengzhi was preparing to do everything in his power, Mrs. Han died in Jingshi on August 29, 23, Guangxu, at the age of seventy-nine. In October, Ding Mu left the Prime Minister's Gate with worry.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="53" > the southern journey period</h1>
In May of the twenty-fourth year of Guangxu (1898), at the invitation of Zhang Zhidong, he presided over the history of the Two Lakes Academy. The main reason why Shen Zengzhi accepted Zhang Zhidong's invitation was that Zhang Zhidong supported the change of law, and the two were politically reliable allies. After Shen Zengzhi went to Wuchang, he lived with Chen Yan in the West Courtyard of huansha bureau, and at this point they began to know each other, and the two often talked about poetry all night. The main topic of Shen Zengzhi and Chen Yan is poetry, which can be seen from Chen Yan's "Preface to Shen Yiyi's Poetry":
Yu and Yi yi said: "I also delay in examining evidence, but I have nothing to do with myself." Poetry is his own temperament language, and he invents philosophy from time to time, and this time, The Aunt is doing this? He learned poetry also. Junyi could not be indifferent, because he said: "My poetry is deep, and my poetry is shallow." He liked Zhang Wenchang, Yuxisheng, and the inside and outside of the valley, rather than denigrating the seven sons. "Those who are deep in poetics read more poetry, and those who have shallow poetry write less poetry." Yu Yue: "Jun'ai is difficult and deep, and it is easy to be thin and easy, then the valley is not as good as Mei Wanling and Wang Guangling." "Jun Nai urgently reads Wanling and Guangling.
In this passage, "poetics is deep" refers to the fact that he read a large number of poems and accumulated a wealth of accumulations, and Shen Zengzhi has always liked the poetry of Zhang Zhi, Li Shangyin, and Huang Tingjian, and does not reject Li Mengyang, He Jingming, and other former seven sons of the Ming Dynasty who preached "Wen Bi Han Wei and Poetry Must Flourish Tang". "Less poetry" refers to the small number of poems he composed. Chen Yan suggested that he did not have to specialize in Huang Tingjian. The poems of Mei Yaochen and Wang Anshi are unique compared to Huang poems. Later, he also gave fragments of mei Yaochen and Wang Anshi's poetry in his collection to Shen Zengzhi. This experience had a great influence on Shen Zengzhi's poetry. Shen Zengzhi thus gained a deeper understanding of poetry.
On June 18 of the same year, Prime Minister Yamen Zhangjing Zhang Yuanji wrote to him to explain the matter of changing the law, placing high hopes on him and Zhang Zhidong, hoping that he would persuade Zhang Zhidong to support the change of law and persuade Shen Zengzhi to go to Xiangxiang at an early date. On July 19, Shen Zengzhi was invited by Chen Baozhen to go to Hunan to teach at the School of Scripture. On August 6, Cixi issued a decree to arrest Kang Youwei, but the Penghu reform failed, and on August 13, he left Hunan and returned to Hubei, on this day, Tan Sitong, Liu Guangdi and other six gentlemen were killed at Caishikou, and then made five poems of "Wild Crying", crying for the six gentlemen who were killed. In the winter of that year, the poem he composed was named "The Manuscript of the Pavilion of Lou Lou". Among them, the poem "Cold rain is very stuffy, miscellaneous books are nostalgic, and the folds are accumulated into a chapter, and a smile for the stone widows" elaborates the theory of three passes and three yuan.
Later, Ding Yu returned to Beijing at the end of his period, but on the way, the Boxers' power in Beijing expanded sharply, and with the connivance of the ruling class, under the banner of "supporting the Qing Dynasty and destroying the oceans", they killed foreigners and burned the embassy, and then the Eight-Power Alliance landed in Tianjin and forced the city of Beijing. In desperation, Shen Zengzhi had to stay in Shanghai and anxiously wait to return to Beijing. During the period, he discussed the "Southeast Mutual Protection" policy with Sheng Xuanhuai, Shen Yuqing, Wang Kangnian and so on. On the matter of "southeast mutual protection", Zhang Zhidong hesitated and was quite worried. Shen Zengzhi personally went to Wuchang to persuade and eventually promoted this matter, which played an important role in avoiding the expansion of the war and safeguarding national security and unification.
In the spring of the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (1901), at the invitation of Sheng Xuanhuai, Shen Zengzhi went to Shanghai, and at the invitation of Liu Kunyi, he traveled to Nanjing. In the same year, Shen Zengzhi served as the superintendent of The Nanyang Public School in Shanghai, advocating the establishment of additional political classes, and then opened the Eastern Literature Hall in Hongkou, at this time, the war in the north gradually subsided, and the Qing Dynasty, with Li Hongzhang as the plenipotentiary representative, signed the "Xinugu Treaty" with the Eight-Power Alliance. After waiting for the situation to stabilize, Empress Dowager Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor returned to Beijing, and Shen Zengzhi once again ignited the idea of returning to Beijing. At the end of the year, he resigned to Sheng Xuanhuai, calling himself "an official chicken rib" and wanting to return to Beijing to serve. On the fifteenth day of the first month of the following year, he left Shanghai and returned to Beijing, returning to his post in the Punishment Department, and arrived in Beijing on the evening of the twentieth.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="63" > foreign term</h1>
In order to be more connected with the world and strive for more opportunities for dialogue with foreigners on an equal footing, the Qing government changed the Prime Minister's Office of State Affairs into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It mainly deals with various matters between China and foreign countries. Shen Zengzhi was ordered to be transferred to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and his official position was Wailang, a member of the Peace Commission. Less than a year after the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in the first month of the twenty-ninth year of Guangxu (1903), he was transferred to the outside world and served as the prefect of Guangxin in Jiangxi.
At this time, the imperial court was interested in reform, so that five ministers, including Zaize and Duanfang, were prepared to go to Europe and the United States to inspect the constitutions of various countries and prepare for the constitution, and Shen Zengzhi was also among the entourage. However, due to the attack of those who opposed the constitution, "the five ministers were at the capital gate, the explosives were suddenly fired, Ze Gong and Shao Shangcheng were slightly injured, and the senders killed two people and injured more than a dozen people." The Qing government immediately terminated the inspection, and Shen Zengzhi was unable to go abroad for investigation this time, and his heart could not help but feel a little sad.
In the first month of the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), Shen Zengzhi "supplemented the Anhui Tixue Envoy and concurrently appointed the Anhui Envoy". In August, he acted as the inspector of Anhui. In just a few months, Shen Zengzhi returned to serve as a political envoy, which caused great fluctuations in Shen Zengzhi's heart and also made him have the idea of quitting the official field. On October 21, the Guangxu Emperor died, on October 22, Empress Dowager Cixi died, and on October 26, Xiong Chengji led the crowd to attack Anqing City, and Shen Zengzhi went to the city at night to patrol the city, and the matter was decided overnight. The Draft History of the Qing Dynasty, volume 472, "The Biography of Shen Zengzhi", records:
Thirty-two years (erroneously, should be called "thirty-four years"), envoys, inspectors. The armies of the three provinces of Jiangsu, Hubei, and Anhui would exercise Taihu Lake, but they were met with national mercy, the crowd was overwhelmed, the people were shocked several times a day, and the artillery outside the city mutinied. Zeng Zhizhi heard that he had ascended the city to defend the imperial palace, Yu Dahong, the commander of the Yu Dahong, entered the river defense, the Chu timber warship destroyed the artillery barrier outside the East Gate, and Huang Fengqi recaptured the Linghuzui Gunpowder Bureau, and it was chaotic for a day.
After the situation calmed down, the new inspector Zhu Jiabao jointly reported the meritorious personnel, but Shen Zengzhi was not among them. He ignored it, causing a disagreement between him and the inspector.
After the death of the Guangxu Emperor, Puyi took the throne and changed the yuan to Xuantong the following year. In April of the same year, Shen Zengzhi was appointed as a scholar of the Lixueguan. In August, Zhang Zhidong died, which was a great blow to Shen Zengzhi, and if he had lost it for a long time, he felt more and more that the qing dynasty had gone. He was even more convinced of Buddhist thought, and wanted to find a pure land of the soul away from the real world, and he once "wore a monk's costume to photograph the Chengyuan Garden of the Anhui Department, and composed poems for his relatives and friends." Later, he became more and more tired of his career and his desire to return to the mountains and forests, and in June of the second year of Xuan Reunification (1910), he wrote to beg for bones. After that, he left Anhui and returned to Jiaxing, where he lived in YaoJiadai's new residence.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="73" > the old age</h1>
In August of the third year of Xuan unification (1911), the Wuchang Uprising broke out, the Qing Dynasty was gone, and Shen Zengzhi was powerless to save it. On December 25, Emperor Xuantong abdicated and appointed Yuan Shikai to prepare for the establishment of a provisional government. Shen Zengzhi "heard it with his peers, and all of them bowed their heads and wailed in the north." At this time, many former Qing dynasty elders such as Chen Sanli, Fan Zengxiang, Miao Quansun and a large number of others lived in Shanghai, and they were the main group of Shen Zengzhi.commencing. They vent their feelings through poetry and talk about getting by. The restoration of the Qing Dynasty and the Literati Collective was Shen Zengzhi's main life during the Republic of China period. In the second year of the Republic of China (1913), the widows in Shanghai established the Super Society. On February 12, "It was the day of the Little Flower Asahi, and the same person first planned to be the first episode of the Chaoshe in Fan Garden, because of the memorial to Empress Longyu, it was postponed for ten days, and Gong recently composed four songs of "Elegy of the Empress Dowager Daxing". Shen Zengzhi composed four poems to mourn Empress Longyu. In September, Shen Zeng planted the name of his building "Hai Ri Lou" and compiled a poem written since the first year of the Republic of China under the name of Hai Ri Lou, named "Hai Ri Lou Poem".
Shen Zengzhi's statement spread far and wide, and even the foreign scholar Bo Xihe was impressed by it; Yuan Shikai repeatedly solicited him, but Shen Zengzhi resolutely refused to safeguard the dignity of former Qing officials. In stark contrast, Fan Zengxiang could not withstand the temptation of yuan and threw himself into yuan's arms. In December of the third year of the Republic of China, Yang Shoujing died, Yuan Shikai greatly rewarded him, Fan Zengxiang resolutely went to Beijing to take up his post, and the Chao Society was dissolved. Chen Kuolong consulted with Shen Zengzhi and called for the opening of the Yi Society. In the fourth year of the Republic of China (1915), the first gathering of the First Moon Yishe Society. On December 12, Yuan Shikai announced his acceptance of the throne and the overthrow of the republic, and the whole country was in an uproar.
In the fifth year of the Republic of China (1916), on the eighth day of the first month, Wang Guowei visited Shen Zengzhi, who had just returned to Shanghai from Japan at this time, and often came to discuss current affairs with Shen Zengzhi. In June, Yuan Shikai died and Li Yuanhong succeeded him as president, which caused strong dissatisfaction among Duan Qirui and Feng Guozhang, and the situation was turbulent. In the sixth year of the Republic of China (1917), in order to support the Qing Dynasty's Thirteen Provincial Alliance, zhang Xun was elected as the leader of the alliance, and in the name of mediating in the "Dispute between the Government and the Courtyard", he led the Braided Army to the north, hoping to take this opportunity to restore the Qing Dynasty. Hearing this news, Shen Zengzhi went north with his son. On May 13, Puyi, with the support of Zhang Xun and others, once again ascended to the throne of the emperor, and Shen Zengzhi granted the title of Shangshu of the Academy. However, on the 25th, the Braided Army was defeated by the armies of Duan Qirui and Feng Guozhang, and the restoration, which lasted only twelve days, failed. Shen Zengzhi fled in a hurry, then took refuge in the Yuhe Bridge U.S. Embassy for half a month, and then went to Tianjin, stayed in the north for two months, and returned to Shanghai in late July, Shen Zengzhi secretly congratulated himself that he could return safely, but the failure of the restoration and the fright, he finally fell ill.
It will not be until next spring that Shen Zengzhi's condition will improve. After that, his brothers Shen Zengtong and Shen Zengyu left one after another, and their bodies and minds were deeply damaged, and their bodies became weaker and weaker. On July 15, the eleventh year of the Republic of China (1922), Shen Zengzhi fell ill again, and by the night of the second day of October, his condition suddenly worsened. He died on the third day of the first month. He has completed his tortuous and magnificent life.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="149" > poetic theory</h1>
Mr. Qian Zhonglian summed up Shen Zengzhi's achievements in creation, that is, taking poetry as the first, he was the Kuijie of the "tongguang body" poet revealed by Chen Yan and Zheng Xiaoxu in the late Qing Dynasty, and was the only poet in the "same light body" who could be called the poet of the scholar and the poet's poetry.
In the early Qing Dynasty, there was a cultural phenomenon of "Tang and Song controversy" in the poetry circle, for a long time, Tang poetry has always occupied an orthodox position, but in the Qing Dynasty, Song poetry has come to the fore and is accepted by more and more people, so that Zong Song and Xue Song have become a major trend in the development of Qing poetry. Shen Zengzhi belonged to the Zhejiang school and was deeply influenced by the concept of "Zong Song Xue Song", the beginning of the Zhejiang school was Zhu Yizun, who began to study Song poetry in his later years and admired Huang Tingjian, and Shen Zengzhi was also influenced by it in the early days and loved Huang poetry. At the same time, he was also influenced and influenced by Gong Zizhen. Shen Zengzhi highly praised his academic spirit and academic content. He also took the Fa from Xie Lingyun, Meng Jiao, Li Shangyin, and was also a Member of the Tang and Song Dynasties, and was tolerant and eclectic. Form a unique and distinctive poetic style. Shen Zengzhi's poetic theory advocates, in a nutshell, that is, the "three passes" theory, the "yaren deep" theory, and the "jingfa poem" theory.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="114" > sanguan said</h1>
Shen Zengzhi's "three passes" of poetics are said to have developed Chen Yan's "three yuan".
Gai Yu said that the poem Mo Sheng was in the three yuan: Shangyuan Kaiyuan, Zhongyuan Yuanhe, and Xiayuan Yuanyou also ,...... Yu Yan and the present people forcibly divided the Tang poetry and Song poetry, and the Song people all pushed the Tang poetry method and tried to break the ear of The Land. Luling, Wanling, Dongpo, Linchuan, Valley, Houshan, Fangweng, Chengzhai, Cen, Gao, Li, Du, Han, Meng, Liu, Bai also changed. The changes of Jian Zhai, Zhi Zhai, Canglang, Si Ling, Wang, Meng, Han, Liu, Jia Dao, and Yao He also. Therefore, Kaiyuan, Yuanhe, and the Shushu of the Tang and Song dynasties. If you stick to the old saying, if you don't read the books of the Tang Dynasty, you will only go to the country for a hundred miles. Therefore, there are 'Tang Yu arresting Song Xing' and 'strong desire to sentence Tang song' each cloud.
Chen Yan's intention was not to force the Tang and Song Dynasties, but the focus was on the Zong Song. This gave Shen Zengzhi a great enlightenment, and it was on this basis that he put forward his own "three passes" theory. Shen Zengzhi's poetic theory is concentrated in his letter to Jin Rong in the seventh year of the Republic of China (1918).
I often say that the poem has three passes of Yuanyou, Yuanhe, and Yuanjia, and the first two passes have been opened, but the intention is to pass the third pass, and there is a liberation moon, how to pass the Law at Yuanjiaguan? But the Right Army Lanting poem and the Kangle landscape poem were beaten and read together. Liu Yanhe said: 'Elder Zhuang retreated, and shanshui Fangzi. 'Meaning Xuan Yuan, these two words are Qi Qi and Liang Renren.' It should be noted that since the three words of writing, pen, and color have been judged, the landscape is the color, and the zhuang lao is the meaning; the color is the realm, the meaning is the wisdom; the color is the thing, the meaning is the reason; the pen is empty, false, and the middle of the three truths, that is, the circle of counting, according to him, and the circle into the three natures becomes real [sex] also.
This passage is a programmatic exposition of Shen's poetic thought, indicating the further integration of his academic thought in his later years, and there is a sense of pure fire.
At first glance, it seems that Chen Yan's Kaiyuan was replaced by Yuan Jia, and the poetry of the Six Dynasties was admired, but this is not the case. First of all, Shen Zengzhi replaced Kaiyuan with Yuanjia, indicating his emphasis on the poetry of the Six Dynasties. The "three yuan" focuses on The Zong Song and the push is on Du and Han; the "three passes" focus on Zong Yan and Xie, which is also a continuous process of poetic advancement in academic theory. In addition, from the beginning of the beginning, the poetry began to incorporate a large number of Lao Zhuang philosophies, that is, the rise and prevalence of Xuanyan poetry. At that time, it was the period when Buddhism came to the east, and people used Confucian and Taoist thought to recognize Buddhism according to their own understanding, and metaphysics and Buddhism have since merged, emphasizing subjective spiritual sublimation and survival experience. Shen Zengzhi believes that poetry should integrate the Shi Fo Dao in order to seek the pursuit of profound beauty in composing poetry, so as to achieve human liberation, detach from the Tang and Song dynasties, and obtain the source of thought from the ancient poetry of the Six Dynasties.
This is not the same as bringing poetry back to the Six Dynasties era. He criticized the statement that "Elder Zhuang retreated, and Shanshui Fangzi" and believed that this was a severance of the connection between the ideological content and the landscape and the countryside, and that "Elder Zhuang" and "Shanshui" should coexist, as well as "fight and read in one breath", and Shen Zengzhi further put forward the concept of "living the Six Dynasties":
As in its current situation, without the use of famous sentences of human intelligence before the Tang Dynasty, it cannot be sent away. Truth and the world are not integrated, reason and things are separated, and people are called hypocrites. In fact, it is not fake, just staying in the six dynasties, not living six dynasties. Whoever fails to learn from ancient times can be stupid in all diseases. In today's scholars, when looking for the ancient roots of Du and Han Shu, they should devote themselves to the two families of Kangle and Guanglu. Kang Le makes good use of "Yi", and Guanglu is longer than "Poetry". After training, the great one is allowed to be obtained. Han Zi saw the Tao because of the text, and the poetry alone could not be the reason for seeing the Tao?
It shows that there is no need to stick to trivial rules of writing, but to truly unite subjective feelings with external appearances, to show the personality and creative spirit of the self, and to express the direct feeling of the individual's heart.
Secondly, there is another point in the "three passes" theory, which lies in the discussion of the relationship between "color", "intention" and "pen". The so-called color is "landscape", "realm", "thing", the false truth in the Three Noble Truths of The Tendai, and the all-pervasive calculation in the three natures of consciousness, that is, the object of description. The so-called meaning, that is, "Zhuang Lao", "Wisdom", "Reason", that is, emptiness, according to him, "is the author's emotional nature, emotion, based on what he has learned to cultivate to immerse himself in life, the insight gained from the inside of society, and the sentiment of bearing life's troubles naturally carried by this insight." "The so-called pen is the middle truth, the circle, that is, the poem." The 'meaning' is used to open the 'color' and make it appear in a state of manifestation, while the 'pen' combines the two into one, dissolving the rigid opposition between the two, showing the spiritual use of the poet's creative process. Shen Zengzhi believes that through the harmony between the three, the dual construction of poetry and mood can be realized. The poetic theory of his "three passes" theory has a profound depth of thinking and a very high theoretical level, which is a mature and fixed view after his lifelong experience and integration of various schools of scholarship.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="120" > Yaren said deeply</h1>
Another important poetic theory of Shen Zengzhi is "elegant and profound". In the Preface to the Collected Poems of Qu Wenshen Gong Zhi'an, he recounts:
In the past, Zeng Zhi and Tao Yuan discussed poetry in the gong, and Zhi Biao held up Xie Wenjing's "Zhi Mo Ding Feng, Far Away", the so-called "elegant person deep" is the poet's first righteous truth; and the person who rides the car called "I used to go to the past, Yang Liu Yiyi" is the truth of victory and righteousness. Is it not the ancestor Zen of the Zheng Song and Ming poets, there is a holy testimony, the so-called yaren of the husband, is not the Ban Mengjian Lu poetry "the material of the small ya seventy-two, the material of the great ya thirty-two" of the ya material? Fu Qi's so-called elegant material, non-husband nine-capable man, three generations of English, knowledgeable and strong knowledge, Dun good deeds and not slack gentleman? Fu Qi's so-called deep-rooted one, non-fu letter Yagu, through ancient and modern times, the traces of gain and loss, the change of the people's political punishment, the wen dao management and the light of one is the one? The Five Paths, Poetry and Lile, Quasi-Traces extinguish the righteousness of the king, Ya Ti Zun, Wind Body Humble, Zheng Le Ya Song De, No Words Wind, there are more subtle words than the Four Kingdoms, gu wei can not be compared with the Qi Jian Song and other similar views, from the four masters said that it is slightly the same. Poetry declined and five words were written, talented at the turn of Han and Wei, Qing yan in Jin, new changes in Liang Chen, wind descending songs, cutout painters do not know what the word is, as for the Tang Zhi Xing Scroll, Song Zhi Jianghu, Shengyi Xu Annihilation, and the ugly people fu confused with zongmen illusion language, the poem finally for the small road also tasted this meaning yuyang birthday poem. ”
On the one hand, it is a gentleman who is knowledgeable and knowledgeable and does not slacken his good deeds, on the other hand, poetry must be able to penetrate the past and the present, understand the gains and losses, and record the changes in human morality and punishment. In his view, poetry is not only a literary creation, but also has a very strict practical function, which should come out of the secular Xuanyan poetry, find a foothold in real life, convey the righteousness of orthodox Confucianism, and be specific to the social environment in which it is located, and highlight the realist function of poetry. In the end, it is necessary to write poetry with an attitude of practical use through the ages, no longer deliberately focusing on the way of writing, but striving to pay attention to the current situation and society in terms of content, with the world in mind, but also with realistic care and educational significance. This is entirely from Shen Zengzhi's position as a Confucian scholar and bureaucrat, and it is also a manifestation of his exploration of life philosophy, political and social responsibility of the imperial court.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="124" > is said in verse</h1>
The earliest clear record of "sending poems with scriptures" is what Shen Zengzhi said to his disciple Wang Yichang in his later years:
In the realm of poetry, not only three hundred poems alone, he can also send poems through the scriptures. Wuxiang Bamboo Gong Weng Gu is also a poet who can tie the tang and Song dynasties.
The phrase is short, indeed profound, and is the language of his enlightenment in his later years. The three hundred poems are the source of Chinese literature and are rich in poetry. In Shen Zengzhi's view, in addition to the "Book of Poetry", other sutras also have poetic realms, and they can all "send poems", only in the use of poets. At the same time, he also put forward that Zhu Yizun was a typical example of "sending poems with the scriptures", and pointed out that he integrated the long-disputed Tang and Song disputes with his own practice.
The classics composed of "Poetry", "Book", "Ritual", "Music", "Yi", and "Spring and Autumn" are the products of the long-term accumulation of ancient politics, history, society, and humanities, and the cultural carrier of the Tao, and the bearer and embodiment of the basic values of tradition and life. Those who have been trained through history are cultural and moral responsibilities with profound growth and lofty vision, take the world as their own responsibility, and realize the ideal of governing the country and the world. At the same time, it is no longer centered on the individual, but is centered on the country under the heavens, so that the poems written can have sociality and maintain the innocence and true disposition of the heart. With this consciousness, the mind, and the knowledge, when things are seen and the mind is tired, it must be "in the poetic realm."
The significance of "sending poems with scriptures" lies in the fact that classics are not only the medium and origin of poetry, but also the provisions and pursuit of the cultural quality and historical connotation of poetry. This pursuit is the requirement and refraction of historical and cultural consciousness and the cultural and spiritual value orientation of people in the real world, and people's spiritual intention shifts from natural and external pursuit to the creation of the humanistic world.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="130" > status and impact</h1>
Speaking of Shen Zengzhi's status and influence, it can be seen from the preface to Mr. Qian Zhonglian's annotations to his poetry collection:
Shen Zengzhi is a famous scholar with domestic and foreign influence in modern China, who is proficient in old learning, classics, history, phonological precepts, northwest and Southeast Geography, Buddhism, Taoism, medicine, ancient criminal law, edition catalog, calligraphy and painting, and music law. Hu Xianhua Hai Ri Lou Bao thought that he was the first master of the Tong and Guang Dynasties, Zhang Taiyan, Kang Changsu, Sun Zhongrong, Liu Zuo'an, Wang Jing'an, and Mr. Wei or Xianye. In the preface to the seventyth birthday of Mr. Wang Guowei Shen Yiyi, he made this summary: "Mr. Young Man Has done his best to understand the sayings of the beginning of the country and the Qian and Jia families, and in middle age he has ruled the Liao, Jin, and Yuan history, and ruled the geography of Siyi, and there is a way of doing things and learning from Xian to descend, but he has first become the law, and there is no or transgression." Its prosperity in the hearts of the people, the benefits and diseases of political affairs, will be the source of its committee, like the elders of the beginning of the country, who regard the history of the scriptures as an independent study, and explore its mysteries, expand its areas, and do not let Mr. Qian and Jiazhu go; as for the comprehensive view of the hundred families, the two clans, and the rule of law of the rule of law in the history of the scriptures and history, it is beyond the reach of scholars from afar.
It can be seen that Shen Zengzhi is a well-known scholar at home and abroad, proficient in many academics, a comprehensive survey of hundreds of schools, and a scholar who combines the poetry of scholars and the poetry of poets. In the early days, he lectured with Chen Li, and in his middle age, he discussed scholarship with Li Ciming, Hong Jun, and others, studied law intensively, and explored Buddhist texts with Yang Wenhui, enlightening him to learn the law of zhiwei; talking with Luo Zhenyu and Wang Guowei on ancient phonology; discussing poetry with Chen Yan, Chen Sanli, and Zhang Ertian; and abroad, famous sinologists such as Japan's NaKetong, Naito Torajiro, French Bo xi, and zhu doctors all heard and admired and talked about each other.
Shen Zengzhi's academic achievements are outstanding, reflecting the level of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty, his achievements in the field of poetry, and his position in the history of literature, which is unshakable. At the same time, it also affected other people in the same period and people in later generations, and the people who were influenced by it, such as Kang Youwei, Wang Guowei, Zhang Ertian, etc., countless people. Just as Wang Senran said: "The deep friendship of Mr. Poetry, in the early years and in his later years, such as a moment, he thought that he was a master of the sea, and he taught in the future generations, it is not accidental." If its talent is majestic, han hongyi performance, benefit to the light, at the same time, the generations, Mo can reach, the sincerity of the modern sage also. "Shen Zengzhi is the grandmaster of Hai Nei, has the reputation of The Great Confucian of China, and is sincere not deceived.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="252" > reference</h1>
Chen Yan: Poems of the Stone Relic Room (Volume 1), People's Literature Publishing House, 2004.
Kang Youwei: "Kang Gengsheng's Self-Chronicle", Zhonghua Bookstore, 1992.
Li Ciming: The Diary of Yuemantang, Guangling Book Club, 2004.
Zhao Erxun: Draft History of the Qing Dynasty, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1976.
Liang Qichao: Academic History of China in the Past Three Hundred Years, Beijing Bookstore, 1985.
Qian Mu: Academic History of China in the Past Three Hundred Years, The Commercial Press, 1997.
Qian Zhonglian: Annotations on Shen Zengzhi's Collection, Zhonghua Bookstore, 2001.
Xu Quansheng: "Shen Zengzhi's Long Genealogy", Zhonghua Bookstore, 2007.
Wang Yuchang: "The Chronology of Mr. Shen Yusuo in the Late Qing Dynasty", Taiwan Commercial Press, 1983.
Song Cibao: The Biography of Shen Zengzhi in Jiaxing, Soochow University Press, 1999.
Qian Zhonglian: A Collection of Chen Yan's Poems, Fujian People's Publishing House, 1999.
Ma Weizhong: A History of the Development of the Guangxuan Poetry Genre, Soochow University Press, 2000.