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The oldest collection of poems in the mainland, "The Book of Songs, National Style", is a northern folk song. In their daily lives, people are accustomed to using overlapping words to express the external natural environment and inner joys, sorrows, and joys in their daily lives, such as "Guan Guan Ju Dove" to write the crisp sound of birds, "Scorching Qihua" to write the beauty of peach blossoms, "Yang Liu Yiyi" to write the lush and lovely willows, "Rain and Snow Feifei" to write the sadness of the severe cold climate, and "Worry quietly" to write the inner pain, which is picturesque and full of true feelings, and most of these sentences are mainly four-character sentences. What is particularly prominent is the use of overlapping words in four-character sentences, such as "The river is oceanic, and the north flow is alive." Shi Gu, tuna hair. Jia Hua exposed, Shu Jiang iniquity", the rural flowing water swimming fish and the farmer's fishing situation in the reeds, detailed description, extremely vivid and lively.
Following the "Book of Songs" in the north, the "Chu Ci" in the south rose, and Qu Yuan, the earliest great poet in the mainland, was influenced by the southern folk songs to write famous works such as "Lisao", "Nine Songs" and "Nine Chapters". Because Chu things, Chu language, and Chu sound are different from those in the north, they generally do not use four-character sentences, or use five-character sentences, or use seven-character characters, or use anti-battle, and each sentence has the word "Xi".
For example, in "Jun in the Clouds", the cloud "Shise is shallow, and the flying dragon is fluttering", which is a five-character sentence; For example, the clouds of "Mountain Ghosts" "thunder fill the rain, apes chirp and chirp at night." The wind is sassy and the wood is Xiao Xiao, and the son of Si Gongzi is away from worry", it is a seven-character sentence, and each sentence is a dual-purpose overlapping word, which is also not in the "Book of Songs". to the eight sentences of "Sadness and Return", six stacks of words are used; Song Yu's "Nine Distinctions" has 12 sentences, and 11 stacks of words are used. This is also rare in later resignations.
Since the Han and Wei dynasties, five-character poems have prevailed, and there is a cloud in "Nineteen Ancient Poems":
The grass on the banks of the green river, the willows in the lush garden. Yingying upstairs girl, bright as the window. E'e red pink makeup, slender hands.
With six sentences of five-word poems, the first two words of each sentence are overlapped, Gu Yanwu's "Daily Knowledge" volume 21, thinking that this poem "even uses six stacks of words, it is also very natural, and there is no one to follow", which shows the praise. In fact, the Tang word cloud found in Dunhuang:
Feifei returned to the pond rain a little bit. Both are just mandarin ducks. Scorching wildflowers. Yiyi Jinliu Huang. Yingying River Girl. Dance by the stream. Bright Kyauk-kira-ray. Light cloud powder makeup. ("Bodhisattva Man")
Song Ge Cube word cloud:
The water is red, and the veins are pu. The west wind is surging and smoking, and the rain is sparse at a few points. Hastily spread the cup, and the girl was full of it. The leaves and leaves are red clothes as wine boats, and the light is lifted. (The Fortune Operator)
It also uses overlapping words in the sentences, which is enough to compare with the beauty of "Nineteen Ancient Poems".
The formation of Tang people's poems, no matter the five or seven words, must be opposed, the famous words are stacked, especially many victories, such as Wang Jizhi's "trees and trees are autumn colors, mountains and mountains are only sunset", Cui Haozhi's "Qingchuan calendar Hanyang tree, grass and parrot island", Wang Weizhi's "desert paddy field flying egret, yin summer wood and yellow oriole", Du Fu's "wearing flowers and butterflies are deeply seen, and dragonflies are flying", all of which are recited by people.
"Crane Forest Yulu" also contains an example of the use of overlapping words in Tang poetry: "There is a sentence in the poem that stacks three characters, such as Wu Rong's poem "Autumn Tree", 'A southern goose has been red first, and the sad leaves and leaves are the same'...... There are two sentences with three words, such as Bai Le Tianyun's 'new poem thirty axes, axis axis gold and jade sound' is also. To Han Yu's "Nanshan" poem:
Delay and leave again, and rebel and return. The fish breaks into the ping, and the menstrual period stays. Tree walls, erect stables. Ginseng sharpens the sword halberd, and the title of Yingxiu is rejuvenated. Applying the calyx of flowers, the house is devastated. Leisurely and comfortable, vultures are crazy. Beyond the run, stupid and appalling.
It is fourteen sentences that use overlapping words, deliberately surprisingly successful, and no one has imitated it since.
The words should be sung, and the length of the words and sentences is different, so it is also called long and short sentences. From two characters to seven characters, there are examples of the use of overlapping words, such as:
Two words: "Who seems to be on the tower of Linping Mountain, pavilion, welcoming guests to the west to see off guests." (Su Shi's "Nanxiangzi")
Three words: "A leaf, a sound, the empty step drops to the light." (Wen Tingyun's "More Leaks")
Four words: "Inch by inch soft intestines, full of tears." (Ouyang Xiu's "Tasha Xing")
Five words: "The jade leak is exhausted, and the silver is faint." (Qin Guan's "Southern Song")
Six words: "Shine on the shallow waves, warm and warm in the sky." (Su Shi's "West Mountain Moon")
Seven words: "The brocade tent is heavy and the twilight is heavy." The screen curves and bends with red teeth. (Qin Guan's "Huanxi Sand")
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Li Qingzhao, a talented woman of the Song Dynasty, wrote "Slow Voice", and at the beginning of the work, she used 14 overlapping words "seeking, seeking, cold, clear, miserable, miserable, and relative", which is the most praised. Qing Shi Zhenlin's "Xiqing Essays" records that He Shuangqing, a peasant woman in Danyang, once wrote "Remembering the on the Phoenix Stage", describing the bitter clouds of her life experience:
Inch by inch clouds, the slightest remnant, whether there is light or not, it is difficult to eliminate. is breaking the soul and swaying. Looking at the mountains and rivers, people go and faintly come and go. From now on, it will be sour, just like tonight. Qing Yao. Ask the sky if you shouldn't, look at the little Shuangqing, bored. See who you see, who is painful. Who wants to be happy, stealing plain powder, writing and descripting. Who cares, life and life, twilight.
The whole article is combined with overlapping words, like a piece of blood and tears, extremely sincere, extremely sad, and sincere and unprecedentedly sad words. Legend has it that when Shuangqing was eighteen years old, he was a farmer surnamed Zhou, who worked day and night on housework, but was abused by his in-laws and husbands.
In the Yuanren Sanqu, overlapping words are used throughout the text, and there is Qiao Jizhi's "Tianjing Sand" cloud: "Yingying Yanyan Chunchun." The flowers and willows are real. Everything is charming. Delicate and delicate. Stop and be everyone. "And no one else. It is not easy to write short stories about the characters and the coincidence of sound and rhyme.
In the miscellaneous dramas of the Yuanren, the use of three characters is the most novel, such as "virtual fluttering, warm dissolving, dripping and slipping" and the like, according to the statistics of Liang Tingqi of the Qing Dynasty "Tenghua Pavilion Quhua", there are more than 200 kinds, probably try to use the spoken language of the people, in order to express the true feelings of the time. In Wang Guowei's "History of Song and Yuan Dynasty Opera", Zeng Juyuan's anonymous "Merchant Dan" drama is the third fold:
(The merchant turned six) I saw the gloom and miserable. A little bit of Xiaoxiang night rain. It is at the time of narrow narrow ditches and trenches and rough roads. Dark and dark. Chiliu Chilu is chic and intermittent. Out of the law of the law suddenly Lu Lu clouds opened. Hoho flashes a pillar of lightning light. It was in the midst of the fluttering wind, drenched in rain, high and low concave answers, and the water was blurred. Plop plop damp wet sparse forest figures. But it is like a miserable and dim Xiaoxiang ink painting.
Write about the difficult scene of stormy night travel, incisively. Wang thought that Yuan opera was free to use new language in the new genre, "in mainland literature, in Chu Ci, inside and outside the classics, this is the third." It is recommended that Yuan drama use overlapping words, which is honest. According to Bai Juyi's "Song of Long Hatred", "Yuyang Feng agitated the ground and broke the song of the neon clothes and feathers", and also used a large number of overlapping words as follows:
(The merchant's six turns) just happened to vomit and vomit dumb and dumb singing and dancing. Don't beware of the drums of the Yuyang war. The rhythm came out of the ground, disturbing the side book. I was so anxious that I couldn't go up and down. In the early days, it was noisy, frightened, hasty, and rushed, and out of Yanqiu West Road. Luan Yuhou went with a delicate concubine. I saw dense smacking soldiers and vicious words. Noisy, noisy, booming, and shouting. Born to scatter affection, love, love, and hot emperor couple. In an instant, this tragic and miserable picture of the desperate beauty was drawn.
Writing about An Lushan's fall into Beijing, the escape of the Ming Emperor and the concubine, the writing is in full swing, and it is obviously a masterpiece written under the influence of Yuan Opera.
Source: "Lexicology"
Author: Tang Guizhang
Editors: Ma Jingjing, Ajie
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