From 1096 to 1291, a total of 9 Crusader Expeditionary Force battles were fought, all of which were finally defeated. Next, let xiaobian take you to see the occurrence of these nine cross expeditions.
The First Crusades
(1096-1099), the only victory of the Crusade. About 100,000 people attended. The Knight Crusaders were divided into four groups. They met in Constantinople in 1097. They immediately crossed the sea into Asia Minor. They conquered the city. They captured the Turkic capitals Seljuks, Nikia, and other cities and looted them. Jerusalem was occupied on July 15, 1099, killing 7,000 people after entering the city, and then establishing several feudal states in the areas occupied along the Mediterranean coast according to the European model. The Crusades violently conquered and drove the people to revolt, and the regime was unstable.
Second Crusade
(1147-1149) The Crusade of World History, which was carried out under the leadership of King Louis VII of France and "Emperor Conrad III". The capture of Edsha by the Seljuk Turks in 1144 was the cause of the expedition. The Attempt of the Turks of Asia Minor and the French Crusaders to capture Damascus also failed, so the expedition did not achieve any purpose.
Third Crusade
(1189-1192), it was carried out under the leadership of Frederick the Red-bearded Emperor of the "Holy Roman Empire", King Augustus Philip II of France, and King Richard I of England. Frederick led his army along the byland route of Byzantium through the last Byzantine expedition. The French and British marched by sea to Palestine as a world historical crusader and occupied Sicily en route. Due to the conflict within the Crusaders, the expedition failed to achieve its objectives. The German Crusaders (initially about 100,000 men) suffered heavy casualties and rushed through Asia Minor, but Redbeard drowned while crossing the Salev River, and his army collapsed, leaving only a few remnants to continue the crusade. After Philip captured the port of Acre in 1191, he led part of his crusaders back to France, leaving some soldiers behind. Richard achieved some success in Syria, seized it, established the Kingdom of Cyprus, and sold it. It was given to the original king of Jerusalem. A peace treaty was later signed with Sultan Saladin in 1192. Under the treaty, the narrow coastal strip from Tyre (present-day Sur) to Jaffa was owned by the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which remained in Muslim hands.
Fourth Crusade
(1202-1204) was initiated by Pope Innocent III. The aim was to occupy Muslim-controlled Egypt as a base for future operations. The Crusaders consisted mainly of French and Italian aristocrats. When they did not have enough money to pay for the Venetian crossing the sea to Egypt, the Crusaders, at the suggestion of the Venetian noble general, turned to attack the city of Zara (present-day Zadar, Croatia). He took advantage of the Byzantine civil strife to attack Constantinople and slaughtered the city bloodily within three days of looting and destruction. After the war, Venice occupied three-eighths of the Byzantine Empire (including many ports on the Aegean Sea, the Adriatic coast, and Crete). The Crusaders, centered on Constantinople, established the Latin Empire and two Latin Empires under Constantinople.
Children's Crusade
One word
In 1212, under the cajoling of the Pope and feudal lords, 30,000 children formed the Children's Crusade (also known as the Boy Scouts), historically known as the Children's Crusades. The children's crusaders set sail across the sea in Marseille, France, ready to complete the unfinished business of adults. Eventually, the children were either buried in the sea during the storm or trafficked to Egypt by shipowners. In Germany, children were also lured into joining the army. Most children die on the road from hunger and disease, while others are wandering and begging. Thousands of the most unfortunate children have been abducted and trafficked.
Another way of saying it
The Children's Crusade, i.e. the Civil Crusade, consisting mainly of children and children, refers to a series of historical events or fictional legends that took place in 1212 after the Fourth Crusade, usually consisting of the following elements: a French teenager sees an imagination; Muslims who wished for the Holy Land (referring to Jerusalem) converted peacefully to Christianity; the children then set off for Italy; they were kidnapped as slaves; the shipowner who later sold their children was sentenced to death, and many children were not rescued by the Holy Roman Emperor until 17 years later to return home.
Since Peter Raedt's research work was published in 1977[1], it is now widely believed that the participants were not "children", but a group of German and French wanderers. Some of them tried to go to the Holy Land, while others never did. ponder. Early accounts of the incident were often unreliable, with many disagreements long in place. [2]
Fifth Crusade
(1217-1221)。 After April 19, 1213, Pope Innocent III asked his followers to form a new crusade. However, this decree was not supported by European monarchs. Therefore, the Pope asked the priests to preach and join believers, nobles of lower social status, and destroyed knights in the Crusades. In November 1215, the Pope presided over the Synod in Rutland Hall and announced the formation of a crusade to attack Egypt and retake Jerusalem through a defeated Muslim dynasty. In 1217, the Crusaders first traveled to the crusader city of Akai on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean. On the way, the elderly Emperor of the Latin Empire, John Jug I, and the Crown Prince of antioch, Bohemond IV, also joined their support. Meanwhile, the Crusaders were captured along the way, as usual. In June 1218, Damietta began to be besieged. But during the months of the war, illness plagued the Crusaders. At this time, the Muslim Sultan Adil died. In November 1219, Damietta fell. The Crusaders finally opened the door to victory. In 1221, the Crusaders attempted to attack Cairo. During the battle, the Muslim army used the water of the Nile to cut off the Crusaders' way and surrounded them. In September, the Muslims recaptured Damietta. The Fifth Crusade ended in failure. The Muslim army used the waters of the Nile to cut off the Crusaders' way and surrounded them. In September, the Muslims recaptured Damietta. The Fifth Crusade ended in failure. The Muslim army used the waters of the Nile to cut off the Crusaders' way and surrounded them. In September, the Muslims recaptured Damietta. The Fifth Crusade ended in failure.
Sixth Crusade
(1228-1229) was carried out under the leadership of "Emperor Frederick II". The expedition was temporarily returned to the Christians in 1229, but was retaken in 1244.
Seventh Crusade
(1248-1254), initiated by King Louis IX of France. The Crusaders quickly captured Damietta, but fell into the scourge of the plague. After surviving the plague, the Crusaders attacked Cairo. The Crusaders were defeated by slave cavalry (Mamluks) led by General Baibar. As a result, Louis IX's younger brother, the Count of Artois, was killed and Louis IX was arrested. In 1250, the then Sultan was overthrown by his Mamluk officers, so the French paid a large ransom for Yi JIU. But it was not until 1254 that Louis IX and his soldiers were released and returned to China.
Eighth Crusade
(1270) Led by King Louis IX, marched into Tunisia. Shortly after the Crusaders landed in Tunis, an infectious disease occurred on the road, from which Louis IX died. Philip III, son and heir of Louis IX, immediately ordered a retreat. The Crusades ended in retreat.
Ninth Crusade
(1271-1272), led by Prince Edward of England, rushed to North Africa to save Louis IX, but was unable to recover. He signed an armistice in Acre and returned to England in 1272 to succeed to the throne.
At this point, the era of the Crusades was basically over.
Historical Review: The Crusades lasted almost 200 years. Not only did the Holy See's attempt to establish the Church of the World fail completely, but its authority was greatly diminished by its aggressive brutality and its originally sinful appearance. The Crusades are often considered Catholic atrocities. Nevertheless, the Crusades brought Western Europe into direct contact with the more advanced Byzantine and Islamic civilizations of the time. This contact opened the way for the European Renaissance.
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In contrast, Islam at the time was more "humane", especially the Kurdish Saladin.
Unlike when the Crusaders attacked Jerusalem, Saladin did not kill a single person or burn down a house after entering Jerusalem. According to the agreement signed at the time of surrender, every man in Jerusalem had to pay a ransom of 10 dinars, 5 dinars per woman and 1 dinar for children. Those who could not afford it became slaves. Saladin gave up ransoms for 7,000 poor people. Saladin's brother demanded a thousand slaves from Saladin and soon freed them. The bishop of Jerusalem immediately followed suit, demanding 700 slaves from him and then freeing them. Finally, Saladin announced that he had released all the prisoners of war without ransom.
During the Crusa occupation, the Al-Aqsa Mosque was converted into the Templar headquarters and the Rock Mosque became a church. Saladin restored them to the mosque. The cross on the golden roof of the Panshi Mosque was torn down, and the sound of the notice once again resounded throughout the Al-Aqsa Mosque. It was suggested that he demolish the Cathedral of Our Lady of Jerusalem, but Saladin disagreed. Instead, he opened up the holy places of Jerusalem to all religions.