Abstract: Entering 2020, the trading time of new Codonopsis is not long, and the price remains stable. In 2021, despite the general rise in the Chinese herbal medicine market, the price of Codonopsis only received a slight benefit during the planting period, and the market did not fluctuate significantly in the later period. In 2022, the continuous drought in Gansu and the spread of yellow heart disease have led to a significant decrease in the production of Codonopsis, and the market supply is tight, so the price will continue to rise, and in 2023, due to the intervention of funds in the northwest varieties such as Angelica sinensis and Codonopsis, the price of Codonopsis will rise out of control. In terms of supply, the output of Codonopsis in Dingxi City will reach 144,800 tons in 2023, and in terms of exports, the export of salvia in mainland China has been declining year by year in recent years, from 4489.6 tons in 2015 to 1415.6 tons in 2023, of which 21.2 tons are exported from Gansu.
1. Definitions and Classification
Codonopsis is a perennial herb that belongs to the genus Codonopsis in the family Platycodonaceae, and as a common Chinese medicinal material, it has high medicinal value. The medicinal part is mainly the root of Codonopsis, which is sweet in taste, slightly acidic, flat in nature, and returns to the spleen and lung meridians. Codonopsis has the effect of invigorating the spleen and lungs, and is used to treat diseases such as weakness of the spleen and lungs, shortness of breath, palpitations, lack of food and loose stools, deficiency of wheezing, cough, internal heat and thirst. In addition to its medicinal value, Codonopsis also has high economic value. Codonopsis planting has the characteristics of small investment, short growth cycle and high yield, which can bring certain economic benefits to farmers. Codonopsis, Sichuan Codonopsis, and Suhua Codonopsis are the main types of medicinal Codonopsis, which have the effects of tonifying and invigorating qi, quenching thirst, strengthening the spleen and lungs, and nourishing blood and nourishing the body.
Second, the business model
1. Planting mode
The raw materials for the planting of Codonopsis codonopsis mainly include Codonopsis seedlings (seeds born in the current year or seeds last year, but the germination rate of last year's seeds was low), chemical fertilizers (farmhouse fertilizer, urea and diamine, etc.), pesticides (insecticides, root strengthening agents, etc.) and artificial. It is adaptable, likes shade, is afraid of heat, waterlogging, and is more cold-tolerant. Sandy soils with deep soils, rich in humus, well-drained, loose and not too sticky should be selected for planting. Before planting, it is necessary to carry out deep soil preparation, and apply an appropriate amount of farmhouse fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer as base fertilizer, planting is suitable for direct seeding, and the sowing period is usually carried out in spring and autumn. The amount of seeds per mu is about 2 kg. After sowing, field management such as cultivating and weeding, fertilizing, and watering is required.
2. Processing mode
The processing methods of Codonopsis are mainly sweating and kneading, the purpose is to make the skin and flesh close to each other, and achieve the purpose of oiliness, plumpness, softness or translucency. Parameters such as temperature, humidity and time need to be strictly controlled during the processing process to ensure the quality and efficacy of Codonopsis.
3. Sales model
The sales channels of Codonopsis ginseng mainly include two modes: door-to-door purchase by traders and sales to the local market, of which door-to-door purchase by traders is still the mainstream, accounting for 6-7 percent. The Codonopsis industry can improve market competitiveness and consumer recognition through brand strategy, channel expansion, product innovation, price strategy, marketing and after-sales service. For example, cooperate with large retailers or e-commerce platforms to carry out exclusive promotional activities; Develop new products with differentiation and characteristics, such as Codonopsis oral liquid, Codonopsis granules, etc.
4. R&D mode
The research and development of Codonopsis is mainly focused on planting technology, processing technology, extraction of medicinal ingredients and new product development. The R&D of Codonopsis is faced with challenges such as changes in market demand, difficulty in technological innovation, and high input costs. With the increasing consumer demand for health products and traditional Chinese medicine, the research and development of Codonopsis will pay more attention to the safety and effectiveness of products, as well as the development of customized products for different consumer groups.
3. Industry policy
In recent years, the policy background of the mainland party ginseng industry has shown a positive trend. With the revitalization and development of the traditional Chinese medicine industry, Codonopsis, as one of the important Chinese medicinal materials, has been highly valued by the state and local governments. From the Gansu Provincial Health Commission's promotion of medicinal dietary therapy and the pilot of material management of traditional Chinese medicinal materials such as Codonopsis, to the response of the Liaoning Provincial Health Commission to the national policy, further clarifying the management plan of 9 substances such as Codonopsis, all of which reflect the support for the development of the Codonopsis industry. The Gansu Provincial Government has strengthened the construction of the seed and seedling breeding base of Chinese medicinal materials such as Codonopsis through the implementation of major projects for the revitalization and development of traditional Chinese medicine, providing a strong guarantee for the sustainable development of the Codonopsis industry. At the same time, the Zhejiang Provincial Drug Administration and the Chongqing Municipal Government have also promoted the production and processing and industrial development of Chinese herbal medicines such as Codonopsis ginseng by formulating a catalogue of Chinese herbal medicine varieties and implementation plans.
Fourth, the development process
Since the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the development of the mainland Codonopsis industry has undergone a significant transformation from start-up to prosperity. In the early days, the cultivation of Codonopsis was mainly limited to small-scale and family-based production, and the technology and variety improvement were not widely popularized. After entering the 1970s, with the successful trial planting of the Qinling Codonopsis Research Institute, Codonopsis began to gradually move towards large-scale planting and modern production. With the country's attention to the Chinese herbal medicine industry and the continuous growth of market demand, the Codonopsis industry has developed rapidly, especially after the 1990s, Gansu Longxi and other places have become the main production areas of Codonopsis, and the output has jumped to the forefront of the country, marking the layout and industrial upgrading of Codonopsis planting industry in the country. In the 21st century, especially since 2010, the mainland codonopsis industry has ushered in more significant growth and change. The market demand continues to grow, the government policy support has increased, the planting area and output have expanded, and the export of Codonopsis has also shown a good trend, laying a solid foundation for the international development of the Codonopsis industry.
Fifth, industry barriers
1. Financial barriers
The first thing new entrants to the Codonopsis industry face is financial barriers. The planting, processing, storage and sales of Codonopsis require a large amount of initial capital investment. The planting process requires the purchase of land, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and other means of production; The processing process needs to purchase professional equipment and establish a processing plant; The sales process requires a lot of investment in marketing and brand building. The Codonopsis industry has a long return cycle, and new entrants need to have sufficient capital reserves to deal with possible business risks. Financial barriers are an issue that new entrants in the Codonopsis industry need to seriously consider.
2. Talent barriers
The demand for talents in the Codonopsis industry is relatively special, which not only needs agricultural technical talents to guide planting and field management, but also needs Chinese herbal medicine processing technical talents to ensure the processing quality of Codonopsis. Marketing and brand building also require talents with experience and market insight in the TCM industry. Talent recruitment and training require a certain amount of time and resource investment, which constitutes a talent barrier for new entrants. New entrants need to build a professional talent team in order to gain a foothold in the Codonopsis industry.
3. Planting barriers
Codonopsis cultivation requires specific natural conditions such as soil, climate and light, and in the planting process, it is necessary to master pest control, field management and other technologies, which requires certain professional knowledge and experience accumulation, which constitutes a planting barrier for new entrants. Codonopsis has a long planting cycle and requires a lot of time and energy to be invested in field management. New entrants need to fully understand the planting techniques and requirements of Codonopsis to ensure the planting quality and yield.
4. Environmental barriers
With the improvement of environmental awareness, it is necessary to pay attention to environmental protection and sustainable development in the planting and processing of Codonopsis. New entrants need to comply with relevant environmental policies and regulations to ensure that waste disposal and emissions in the production process meet standards. Codonopsis cultivation also needs to pay attention to the protection of the ecological environment to avoid over-exploitation and destruction. Environmental requirements pose an environmental barrier for new entrants and require a certain amount of resources and energy to deal with them.
Sixth, the industrial chain
The upstream industry of the mainland Codonopsis industry chain provides high-quality organic fertilizers, pesticides and high-quality seeds, which provides a solid material foundation and technical support for the cultivation of Codonopsis. Pharmaceutical companies in the midstream, such as Beijing Tong Ren Tang Co., Ltd. and Sanjiu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., rely on advanced production technology and strict quality management to transform the party into various Chinese patent medicines and health care products to meet market demand. The downstream industries include traditional Chinese medicine, health products, food processing and cosmetics, etc., and Codonopsis is widely used in these fields, which not only provides a guarantee for people's health, but also injects new vitality into the development of the industrial chain.
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