Lead
In the 20s of the 20th century, Hubble found that most of the galaxies in the universe were far away from the earth, and some galaxies were still far away from the solar system, so Hubble proposed the "Lacquerbush-Campbell-Hubble rule", declaring that the universe is not stationary, but in a state of expansion.
However, in the Big Bang model proposed by the German Friedman, the universe is expanding faster and faster, and Hubble's observations seem to prove Friedman's derivation wrong.
However, by the end of the 20th century, physicists such as Perlmutter had found evidence of an accelerated expansion of the universe, a discovery that also provided a theoretical basis for studying the future of the universe.
It is in the past 20 years or so that the universe has gone from "steady expansion" to "accelerated expansion", and the "future" of the universe has also generated a sense of anxiety: will humanity and the earth have long to live?
However, recent studies have found that although the expansion rate of the universe is accelerating, it will stop expanding in the future, and even begin to collapse.
1. The accelerated expansion of the universe.
After Hubble discovered that most of the galaxies in the universe were far away from the earth, the American Society for the Promotion of Social, Humanities, Science and Technology Education launched a costly astronomical study: on the basis of Hubble, further observations of various galaxies were made in an attempt to find out how the universe expanded.
However, after a lot of observational work, physicists found that the expansion trajectory of most galaxies is more consistent with the Friedman Big Bang model, and the expansion trajectory of a small number of galaxies is more outrageous.
Physicists thought that these galaxies with "self-expanding velocities" were undoubtedly problematic, but they could not simply discard them on the grounds that they "did not conform to the Big Bang model", so they came up with a way to observe them: two redshift methods were used to observe galaxies with self-expanding velocities at the same time
The two redshift methods are "parallax redshift" and "Guangpuler redshift", which are used to observe galaxies with their own expansion velocity.
Parallax redshift is measured with a given number of stars, because these stars are all in a fixed position on the earth, so their redshift speed is the speed of the expansion of the universe, and their redshift speed is used to observe the expansion rate of galaxies.
The results are very nervous: the parallax redshift velocity of galaxies with their own expansion rate is pitifully small, but the Guangppler redshift is outrageous: the Guangppler redshift velocity of galaxies with its own expansion rate is so high that physicists find it unbelievably high.
This is a terrible thing, because if physicists can find a force that can make galaxies expand at their own rate, then it is very likely that this force will cause the solar system and the Earth to suffer as well.
Physicists began to study galaxies with their own expansion velocities, and the results surprised physicists because the Guangppler redshift velocity of these galaxies has a linear relationship with their distance from Earth.
As we all know, there is no other way in the universe to affect the relative velocity of objects except gravity, so a linear relationship means that the force that affects the expansion rate usually decreases with the relative position of the objects
It is easy to think that the equation for this force is probably inversely proportional to the square of the distance.
So physicists have proposed a possibility: it is a force that exists in the universe proposed by Einstein in order to stabilize the universe - dark energy.
Dark energy is a force that is not affected by gravity, like an incompressible air that cannot be oppressed by heavy objects, but only expands as the universe expands.
However, the compressibility coefficient of dark energy is constantly decaying with the expansion of the universe, but this attenuation is very slow, and the current universe is only a trace of the compression coefficient of dark energy, and the expansion of dark energy will not be affected by the decay rate of dark energy.
However, unlike the expansion of the universe, the change of the compressibility coefficient of dark energy will drive the change of the expansion rate of the universe, and physicists believe that the reason for the increase in the expansion rate of the universe is undoubtedly caused by the continuous decrease of the compressibility coefficient of dark energy.
Physicists have finally found a way to use the variable pole of dark energy: the compressibility coefficient of dark energy is observed by the parallax redshift velocity difference of various galaxies, and the results are amazing: the compression coefficient of dark energy is indeed decaying, and the rate of decay is increasing with the age of the universe.
But even more strainable is whether the compressibility of dark energy will be reduced enough to stop the universe from expanding. And if so, how far is it from the beginning of the collapse of the universe?
Therefore, physicists have studied the reduction of dark energy, and they have found that the expansion rate of dark energy does not increase with the size of the compression coefficient of dark energy, on the contrary, as the compression coefficient of dark energy continues to decrease, the expansion rate of the universe increases greatly.
2. The collapse of the universe.
The reason why physicists study the changes in dark energy in this way is partly because the research on the accelerated expansion of the universe has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, but more importantly, how will the changes in dark energy affect the future of the universe?
This critical question has attracted physicists to study the changes in dark energy in depth
Now the universe is in a state of accelerated expansion, so the compressibility coefficient of dark energy must be decreasing with the age of the universe, but this reduction will not affect the expansion of the universe, but will make the expansion of the universe faster and faster.
So when will the compressibility coefficient of dark energy stop the expansion rate of the universe from increasing?
In fact, there is a critical value to the compressibility coefficient of dark energy, which is called the danger equation because it is the maximum that the universe can achieve for stable expansion.
In other words, when the compressibility coefficient of dark energy drops below the danger equation, the universe will gradually decelerate and expand, and eventually stop expanding.
So what exactly is the compressibility coefficient of dark energy? Extrapolating from the current age of the universe, the compressibility coefficient of dark energy will fall below the danger equation 65 million years from now.
According to the current expansion rate of the universe, 65 million years is enough for the universe to continue to expand, but it is not very far from that time, as the compression coefficient of dark energy continues to decline, after 65 million years, the accelerated expansion of the universe will end, and then the expansion rate of the universe will begin to gradually decrease until it finally stops expanding.
The decrease in dark energy also means another problem: the gravitational dominance of the universe will no longer be dark energy, but the gravitational force that exists in the universe in the first place, and when dark energy is no longer the opponent of gravity, gravity will begin to gradually converge on the galaxies in the universe, until eventually gravity will cause the entire universe to collapse again.
However, this time the Big Bang will be reflected by God, so it will be very different from the last Big Bang, so what kind of state the universe will return to, and whether this state will be understood and recognized by human beings, is unknown.
But one thing is certain: God will create another universe after another Big Bang.
3. Is this good news or bad news?
Is the reduction of dark energy good news or bad news for the future of humanity and the planet?
No one would object to saying that it was bad news, but it was good news that no one supported it, after all, the Big Bang was a very magical thing, and God would still create a new universe after the Big Bang.
However, the reduction of dark energy is still a long way from 65 million years away, and the Big Bang is far from our present, so physicists are not very concerned about the future of the universe, they are concerned about: how will the reduction of dark energy affect the balance of other forces?
After all, there are three forces in the universe: strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force and gravitational force, and there is a balance between them, and now the equilibrium state of strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force in the universe is obviously inseparable from dark energy, so with the decrease of dark energy, what will be the balance between them?
The balance of forces in the universe is like a heavy object hanging from a toy, if one heavy object keeps moving upward, then it and the other heavy objects will lose their balance, and eventually the relationship between them will become different from what it is now.
It is possible for human beings to find the balance of the universe in the process of decreasing dark energy, but they may also go into a blind spot in the process of searching, and finally can only wait for God to create a new universe, after all, the balance of the universe and the laws of physics are also the same as God's preferences, which is incomprehensible.
epilogue
The expansion of the universe is a puzzle that is constantly being explored, and its future is also a story of continuous evolution.
In this case, to study the universe, it is necessary to keep up with the pace of the universe, no matter how rapidly it expands and how amazingly it collapses
We all need to use its power to see its prospects, because this prospect may be the framework for human galaxy exploration, or it may be the contract for the survival of life on Earth...
It could also be more unknown.