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"Scientists can make mistakes, too."
Einstein knew this all too well, but as an accomplished physicist, Einstein also made mistakes.
The number of errors is too numerous to count, but today we will see 6 of Einstein's biggest mistakes, some of which are not obvious, and Einstein's name and reputation will not be erased by this.
On the contrary, it will continue to remain in the history of science with the progress of human civilization.
1. The assumption of the cosmological constant in general relativity.
The biggest mistake of Einstein's life was to introduce the cosmological constant into the general theory of relativity, which Einstein was forced to introduce when he was studying gravity.
It was in the early fields of chemistry and optics that researchers believed that matter and energy were homogeneous throughout the universe and that they had to maintain a certain amount of time invariance.
So the researchers explored the cosmology in the system.
Eventually, the researchers came up with a formula that the density of energy and matter is equal, respectively.
In people's minds, energy and matter exist independently, but a long time ago, energy was considered a kind of nothingness.
But energy and matter are closely related, and there is no one to give up.
It was Einstein's special relativity that proved that constants in the photon Maxwell's equations exist.
In his continued research, Einstein believed that energy also exists and can have mass, and he also called photon particles protons.
He thinks that there is an energy mass in a photon, so we can think of it as a wave.
When the energy of photons is particularly high, Einstein thought that gravitational attraction occurs when photons are more massive.
All this was confirmed in his special theory of relativity, and Einstein was wary of gravitational waves ever since.
He then continued to study the gravitational criterion, combining it with the energy criterion and deriving it, and finally Einstein discovered and introduced this formula.
These two parameters will never converge, which means that Einstein's theory will be invalid here.
As a result, Einstein hurriedly deduced the cosmological constant, and discarded all subsequent calculations.
But in the end, he introduced the cosmological constant, and even introduced it into his "general theory of relativity".
This cosmological constant began to become an interesting thing in the last century, after which Einstein went to the United States, and became part of the "mini-universe" due to the optimization of the phenomenon.
When researchers were working on Einstein's ideas on the Big Bang, the cosmological constant became a catalyst for his mistakes.
So people tested it in gravity, but in the end it didn't prove the existence of the cosmological constant.
Subsequently, in the process of exploring the evolution of the universe, Le Maître considered some things in the cosmological constant to be superfluous, and at the same time simplified them.
2. The limitations of the era of unified field theory.
This was also a mistake in the direction of Einstein's study of the law of gravity, and he also simplified this gravitational force at the time, combining gravitational force and bound gravity into one force.
He thinks that the direction of this force should always change, so we can think of it as a vector so that we can study it.
After all, these vectors are all independent of each other.
In this way, Einstein combined space and time, and at first he only thought that this force could be transmitted, but at the corner, Einstein believed that the gravitational force and the photon binding force were the same, and that there was a cosmological constant.
But these three forces are not transferable, and Einstein miniaturized them, believing that they are all one force, which led to the "unified field theory" created by Einstein for him, which could not unify the effects of gravity and other forces, and could not predict the multineutrons and mesons in nuclear reactions.
As a result, the "unified field theory" does not conform to the scientific laws of space such as the present, and does not do a good job of unifying Newtonian mechanics and quantum mechanics.
In addition to this, Einstein reduced matter to particle interactions, rather than waves as early researchers believed.
In doing so, he ignores the law that "the speed of light does not change".
3. Wrong model of the universe.
Einstein's model of the universe is a stable and unchanging model, but a mathematician greater than Euler has also proposed a model of the universe that is consistent with Einstein.
The simplification condition in this model is that all parts of space are uniform and equal.
But in early mathematics, there was also the concept of "curvature", which was originally only a tool for mathematical research, and it was not until Einstein's study of the universe that people considered it a physical concept.
In Einstein's general theory of relativity, there needs to be a mass object in space as a reference, so that we can tell if there is a cosmological constant in space.
However, in 1925, Einstein and Werner Heisenberg conducted a measurement research experiment and found that the measurement data did not conform to the theory of the cosmological constant.
At this point, the cosmological constant was still retained, but in the process of subsequent research, it was found that the electron in the excited state, because the spin speed is particularly fast, which means that it may have a gravitational pull, so it did not escape.
4. Prejudice against quantum mechanics.
In 1926, Schrödinger developed a wave equation based on a linear wave equation.
This equation also applies to particles of matter such as electrons and protons, and the following year, Born also proposed a wave function on this basis.
This wave function is found everywhere in space, and it is only possible when a particle is at a certain coordinate that its wave function is possible.
This means that the wave function cannot be used to reflect the motion of a particle, while Schrödinger and Heisenberg argue that the wave function can be used to reflect the motion of a particle, but it is not the same as that of an ordinary object.
This also proves that the content of the ascending generation has also changed from waves to particles of reference matter.
This means that you can find the wave functions of different particles in space.
Heisenberg's wave function, published in 1926, was used to describe the probability of particles at different positions.
From this we can see that the wave function is the probability of such particle fluctuations, which can be the same as that of classical objects.
In short, both of these views have been verified.
But in the end, both Schrodinger and Heisenberg agreed that the wave function was an entity, and they even called it "antimatter" in one document.
Therefore, it is likely that they will use scientific methods to conduct further research on antimatter.
5. Skepticism about gravitational waves and the energy inside the nucleus.
Einstein was very skeptical of gravitational waves, and even in 1960 he was very skeptical of gravitational waves. Sachs Collaborative Research Materials.
They also believe that the existence of gravitational waves in the research data only proves the existence of gravitational forces in Newton's laws, not the existence of gravitational waves in Einstein's theory.
But Einstein was also very skeptical of the energy inside the nucleus, because Einstein said that when studying particles such as protons and neutrons, the adhesive force is closely related.
It is this adhesive force that holds the protons and neutrons in the nucleus firmly together, and it is only when this gravitational force is greater than the repulsive force that the nucleus stabilizes.
Before that, people who studied the nucleus of an atom repeatedly measured it, only to conclude that the mass of a proton changes, but the mass of a neutron does not.
At the same time, in experiments with neutrons and protons, the mass of the neutron will be heavier than the mass of the proton.
Therefore, Einstein also ended up believing that the difference between neutron and proton energy has a lot to do with the adhesion force.
6. Insufficient experimental physics.
Although Einstein was a physicist, he did not have much knowledge of experimental physics.
epilogue
Although Einstein made several mistakes in the general theory of relativity and in the construction of the unified field theory, he was still a "physics wizard".
These mistakes did not hinder his learning, and his name and theories would continue to move forward with human civilization.