In the early hours of September 6, 1965, India launched an attack on Pakistan because of the old problems in Kashmir.
【Indian soldiers of the Second Indo-Pakistani War】
Sixteen years after the end of the first war between the two countries, the Second Indo-Pakistani War broke out.
Relations between India and Pakistan
India and Pakistan are actually brothers and sisters, both in South Asia, and have been colonized by the British for nearly 200 years.
【Schematic diagram of the partition of India and Pakistan】
It was not until 1947, when the British proposed the partition of India and Pakistan, that Hindus and Muslims in the two places clashed over language and religion, and India and Pakistan became officially independent.
But because they have only been separated for decades, the culture and history between the two countries are the same.
However, Britain's move also left a disaster for the war in South Asia, and after they finished colonizing and dividing, they patted their butts and left, leaving India and Pakistan to fight in South Asia.
【Mountbatten】
Because the last governor of British India was Mountbatten, and he was a witness to the partition of India and Pakistan, the later conflict between India and Pakistan is also known as the "Mountbatten Disaster".
India has always considered Pakistan to be part of their territory, and as a developing country that has just become independent, India and Pakistan can easily become pawns in the great power game.
Therefore, in the dispute between the two countries, the Soviet Union and the United States vied with each other to take sides, the United States stood behind Pakistan and constantly "courteously courtesy" to India, and the Soviet Union supported India and constantly "secretly sent waves" to Pakistan.
[Location of Kashmir, India and Pakistan]
And the center of the dispute between the two countries is Kashmir.
India-Pakistan conflict
The total area of Kashmir is about 190,000 square kilometers, which is about the same as Guizhou Province on the mainland.
In 1947, India and Pakistan fought over Kashmir, and the First Indo-Pakistani War broke out.
[Indian Army in the First Indo-Pakistani Conflict]
The war lasted one year and two months, and more than 100,000 troops on both sides were put into the battlefield, with more than 1,500 casualties, which dealt a great blow to the two countries at that time.
Eventually, the United Nations intervened, and the two countries negotiated for six months, eventually demarcating the ceasefire line and allocating 60 percent of Kashmir to India and 40 percent to Pakistan. (Kashmir: I was originally an independent region, how did I get carved up for some reason?) ）
【Kashmir Location Map】
However, 60% of the inhabitants of Kashmir are Muslims, and India and Pakistan have fought each other, and they have become even more disdainful of each other, and neither of them is convinced of the other.
On August 5, 1965, a Muslim uprising broke out in Kashmir under Indian rule, which was crushed by the Indian army, killing 5,291 fighters.
Subsequently, India gathered six divisions of firepower, crossed the ceasefire line, and caught Pakistan by surprise, and the second Indo-Pakistani war broke out.
Why Pakistan is asking China for help
In the beginning, Pakistan carried out an effective counteroffensive against India, and several small struggles were won by Pakistan.
[Pakistani soldiers pose for a photo with captured Indian weapons]
In addition, not long after the death of India's founding prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, India's domestic situation was not peaceful, so Pakistan directly gambled on all his net worth "stud", preparing to "end the pot" of India.
But India became more and more courageous, and in turn pushed to its hometown in Pakistan and hit Lahore, an important city in Pakistan.
Seeing that the country could not be saved, Pakistan had to ask China for help.
As mentioned earlier, the United States used to be Pakistan's backing, so why did Pakistan not look to the United States, but to China for help?
[Breakdown of Sino-Soviet relations]
In fact, because Sino-Soviet relations had broken down at this time, the Soviet Union and India were more closely bound, and on the other hand, the relations between the United States and China and the Soviet Union gradually eased, and the anti-war public opinion in the United States was too high, so they did not want to offend the people, nor did they want to friction with the Soviet Union again because of a small country.
So the United States directly cares, whether it is India or Pakistan, it has nothing to do with them, and they will not provide weapons to the two countries.
As a rising power, China felt it was necessary to help Pakistan, which was the first to establish diplomatic relations with the mainland.
[China, India and Pakistan divide and control Kashmir]
The key point is that Kashmir originally also had mainland territory, and after Pakistan gained jurisdiction, it returned 5,310 square kilometers of the "Karakoram Corridor" to China.
What ultimatum did China give and what effect
As a result, Chinese arms aid entered Pakistan, and China began to condemn India's unjust war and issued an "ultimatum" to the Indian side.
On September 17, 1965, the People's Daily published the following sentence:
"Ask the Indian army to dismantle all illegal intrusion fortifications on the Sino-Indian border within 72 hours, and if you don't do it, you will bear the consequences!"
[People's Daily front page]
The Chinese pay attention to "the division is famous", when India invaded Pakistan, from the side is also very likely to affect China's border security, now with this "name", then sending troops is only a question of whether China "wants to or not".
The day after the posting, Chinese troops were stationed in the Ladakh region of Kashmir, less than 1 kilometer from the Indian garrison.
India said that it was not afraid, but it was false, and the Sino-Indian border self-defense counterattack war was not unfought, and the scene of being beaten was vivid, so after being warned, India obviously did not dare to act rashly again.
War against India
Then, when the big powers behind the two countries saw that the situation was about to escalate, they all chose to remain silent, and the United Nations immediately intervened and began to mediate.
Three days later, on September 20, 1965, and at the beginning of the following year, the Tashkent Declaration was signed, officially ending the Second Indo-Pakistani War.
Resources:
[1] The "Tightrope Dance" of the Two Nuclear Weapons Countries, Xinmin Weekly
[2] India's gradual "nuclear expansion" road
[3] India and Pakistan are tense, and Pakistan's 20,000 troops are transferred to the border Chongqing Evening News
[4] The Second Indo-Pakistani War, CCTV Network Comprehensive
[5] Commenting on the Indo-Pakistani War: Without the support of Russia and China, India and Pakistan will not be able to afford to fight attrition
[6] This land of right and wrong between India and Pakistan has never stopped the sound of guns and cannons for 70 years
[7] The First Indo-Pakistani War in 1947: The Ba Tribal Armed Forces Lost to the Indian Army Xinmin Evening News