Since 2004, in order to strengthen the guidance of agricultural technology promotion, promote the establishment of a working mechanism for scientific and technological personnel to go directly to households, improve varieties and good methods directly to the field, and direct technical essentials to people, and guide farmers to choose excellent varieties and advanced applicable technologies, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs has solicited high-yield and high-quality varieties and advanced applicable technologies from the competent departments of agriculture and rural affairs of all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government), public institutions directly under the ministry, national industrial technology systems, and joint construction of universities and other organizations and promoted and released them.
Over the past 20 years, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs has released more than 1,900 leading varieties and more than 1,600 main agricultural technologies, which has become a landmark work for the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs to organize and carry out the promotion of agricultural varieties and technologies. With the support of the reform and construction projects of the grassroots agricultural technology promotion system, the agricultural science and technology demonstration bases at all levels and the science and technology demonstration households have carried out the demonstration and display of the main technology of the leading varieties, and the majority of agricultural technicians have sunk to the front line and carried out technical guidance services in the villages, so as to promote the main promotion of the leading varieties of technology into the village and into the field, which has greatly improved the rate of agricultural technology in place, and has played an important role in the large-scale yield improvement of major crops such as grain and oil in the country. Green development provides solid support.
The technology is in place to achieve stable production and increase production
Seeds are the source of food production and the "chips" of agriculture. By cultivating seeds that are suitable for barren land and increasing grain production, Wangtiantian can also achieve stable and increased production.
Fuxin, Liaoning Province, is located between the Horqin Sandy Land and the Liaohe Plain, and the desertified land area accounts for 19.3% of the city's area. In 2023, Sun Jigang, chairman of Zhangwu County Tongxin Chuangzhan Association, led the members of the association to actively participate in the corn yield improvement project, planting "Dongdan 1331" on 15,000 mu of land in circulation and trusteeship, and introducing dense planting and high-yield precision control technology, with an average of nearly 5,000 corn plants per mu.
"By planting the leading varieties in the desertified land and using the main technology, we have grown high-yield grain and ushered in a bumper harvest year!" Sun Jigang came up with a yield measurement report -- the 600 mu of corn land in Beidianzi Village, Aer Township, Zhangwu County, has a yield of 2,135.2 catties per mu, and another 480 mu of cultivated land in the town has a yield of 2,093.2 catties of corn per mu. Sun Jigang, who planted "tons of grain fields", was praised by the villagers as the "grain king" of the new era.
As one of the dense-resistant lodging-resistant high-yielding varieties, "Dongdan 1331" is used in many places across the country for corn yield improvement projects, promoting more than 10 million mu every year, and the promotion area is increasing rapidly year by year.
"Corn yield improvement focuses on breeding and promoting dense planting, lodging resistance, and suitable for machine harvesting of high-yielding varieties, vigorously promotes high-performance seeders to improve sowing quality, and mainly promotes dense planting to accurately regulate and control high-yield technology. This technology is a comprehensive solution developed to solve the problems of low corn planting density, extensive production management, low water and fertilizer utilization rate and frequent adversity in corn production in mainland China. Li Shaokun, leader of the expert guidance group of the corn yield improvement project of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, introduced.
Qitai Farm, known as the "granary of the Corps", relies on the agricultural science and technology demonstration base and has cooperated with the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences to carry out theoretical research on corn dense planting and high yield cultivation for a long time, forming a "Qitai model" of corn dense planting and high yield precise control, mechanical grain harvesting and full mechanization technology mode and corn high yield research and promotion, and the farm has created a national corn high yield record for 5 times.
It is the only way to achieve high yield and high efficiency. Transforming advanced agricultural scientific and technological achievements into actual productive forces is inseparable from the in-depth development of agricultural science and technology demonstration and extension work.
"We have established a selection and release mechanism for leading varieties and main technologies, and built a promotion model of 'provincial expert team + county and city extension departments + agricultural technicians + demonstration subjects + radiation households' around the technology transmission chain, focusing on the industrial development chain, integrating mature planting and breeding models, highlighting industrial efficiency, farmers' income, and ecological greening, and implementing them in suitable counties and cities. At the county level, we require that each main technology fall into the science and technology demonstration base or demonstration body, and each base or subject has an agricultural technician to provide counterpart services to ensure that the main agricultural technology enters the village and reaches the field. Ke Fengying, director of the Science and Technology and Talent Division of the Hubei Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, introduced.
Focusing on the implementation of large-scale grain and oil crop yield improvement actions, Shandong has continuously increased the selection of leading varieties and main technologies, carried out in-depth coordinated promotion plans for major agricultural technologies, and organized agricultural experts and agricultural technicians to carry out demonstration and display, promotion and training, publicity and guidance and technical services based on the modern agricultural industry technology system, grassroots agricultural technology promotion system and farmer education and training system. Yucheng City has also set up 11 technical guidance groups and "Yucheng Wheat Industry Technical Service Group" to build an online and offline service model, provide scientific guidance services to farmers in an all-round and multi-frequency manner, and ensure that improved varieties and good methods truly "take root".
Scientific detriment, guarding every grain and every droplet
Disaster prevention is to increase production, and loss reduction is to increase food. In order to "firmly hold the Chinese's rice bowl in their own hands," we must persist in paying equal attention to open source and reducing expenditure, and increase production and reduce losses at the same time.
Rapeseed is the largest oil crop in the mainland, accounting for half of the oil production of domestic oil crops, and occupies a core position in ensuring the security of edible oil supply. However, the maturity of rapeseed causal pods is inconsistent, and it is easy to cause cracked corner grains during machine harvesting, and the large loss rate of rapeseed combined harvest is one of the bottlenecks restricting the quality and efficiency improvement of rapeseed production.
At present, the main rapeseed producing areas have begun to harvest one after another. In Maoli Town, Shayang County, Jingmen City, Hubei Province, the local vigorously promoted "segmented" machine harvesting has reduced losses and increased efficiency in rapeseed harvesting.
Last year, the yield of the first crop of rice was 600 kilograms per mu, and the yield of the second crop of regenerated rice was 400 kilograms per mu, realizing the 'ton of grain field', and the mechanical transplanting of early-maturing varieties of rapeseed reached 216 kilograms per mu, realizing the abundance of grain and oil. Wan Yundong, chairman of the Maoli Town Tieniu Agricultural Machinery Professional Cooperative, said.
In order to seamlessly connect the mechanized cultivation and transplanting of regenerated rice in the first season, Wan Yundong purchased a rapeseed cutting and drying platform and a rape picking platform, supporting the chassis of the existing combine harvester, a machine with multiple uses, harvesting in sections, and harvesting early stubble in advance, and it is expected that the rapeseed harvest in the field can be completed in early May, which not only solves the problem of efficient cutting and laying of high-yield large-plant transplanting rapeseed and low-loss pick-up, but also improves the utilization rate of machinery and tools, and reduces the loss and efficiency of 80-90 yuan/mu compared with the combined harvest of rapeseed.
It is reported that the key to mechanized efficient and low-loss harvesting of rapeseed lies in three aspects, one is to grasp the suitable harvest period of rapeseed, the second is to choose a special rapeseed combine harvester, and the third is to reasonably plan the use of segmented harvesting. Over the years, the Agricultural Mechanization Station of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs has continued to track the mechanized high-efficiency and low-loss harvesting technology of rapeseed, carried out a comprehensive evaluation of the effect of rapeseed combined harvesting and segmented harvesting under different planting methods, summarized and proposed high-efficiency and low-loss harvesting methods for rapeseed that meet different needs, and promoted the deployment of advanced and applicable machinery to the production line.
With global warming, the high and frequent occurrence of extreme weather has become a practical problem that agricultural production must face. The Huang-Huai-Hai region is the main producing area of summer maize in mainland China, and abiotic stresses such as drought, high temperature, rain, lack of sunlight and waterlogging often occur during the growth of summer maize. In the core area of "one and a half tons of grain" in Linyi County, Dezhou City, Wei Dedong, a deputy to the National People's Congress and an advanced individual in grain production, told reporters: "In the past, it was waterlogged when it rained heavily, and the waterlogging affected production when it was early, and the harvest was affected when it was waterlogged late, which made people anxious. ”
In order to solve this problem, Shandong Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Shandong Agricultural University and Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences have formulated a high-yield cultivation technology for adversity defense during the whole growth period of summer maize. "Through the combination of high temperature tolerance and high yielding varieties, the risk of not meeting the flowering period due to high temperatures, drought and low sunlight during the flowering period is reduced. Yin Fuwei, director of the Agricultural Technology Extension Station of the Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Tai'an City, Shandong Province, introduced, "During this period, during high temperature and drought, we guide farmers to use micro-spraying, drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and other methods to reduce the temperature in the field, and supplement foliar fertilizer, oligosaccharides and other growth regulators after rain and low sunshine, so as to resume growth as soon as possible and improve photosynthetic efficiency." It also cooperates with drone disturbance and other measures to assist pollination, increase the number of grains per panicle, improve the seed setting rate, and prevent flower grains.
Integration of machinery and technology to promote quality and efficiency
Every year during the National Day holiday, Dr. Tang Yonglu of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences and his team members are busy testing various new seeder models in the field, so as to provide farmers with new options by the end of October when the wheat plant officially begins. With the continuous funding of the modern agricultural industry technology system of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the no-tillage belt rotary sowing technology of rice stubble and wheat developed by Tang Yonglu's team based on seeder design innovation and agronomic optimization innovation has been selected as the main national agricultural technology for four consecutive years.
"In the past, when it came to the sowing period, we were sad, and we tried many kinds of machines, but we couldn't achieve the goal of sowing and growing well. Gu Guohong from Jiayu Family Farm in Zitong County, Sichuan Province, said. In 2018, he tried the wet field no-tillage strip sowing technology on his 1,000 acres of rice stubble and wheat land, saving more than 60 yuan per mu of sowing costs and 10 catties of seeds. In the dry winter and spring drought period, the moisture retention capacity was significantly enhanced, the soil moisture was more than 10% higher than that of rotary tillage wheat field, and the wheat growth was obvious in the later stage, and the yield increased by 40 to 60 kg.
"Compared with the previous method of ploughing and then sowing wheat, the no-tillage belt rotary sowing technology has flexible sowing mode, high sowing quality, high fertilizer utilization efficiency, lighter disease and significant yield increase. Wang Huihong, a large grain grower in Huaibin County, Henan Province, said, "I may be the first farmer in Henan to introduce and use this technology. ”
In recent years, the National Agricultural Technology Extension Center and the extension departments at all levels in the rice and wheat areas have increased their demonstration and promotion efforts, and have successively set up large-scale demonstration films in Sichuan, Hubei, Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui and other provinces and cities, and held on-site observation seminars, so that more and more farmers can understand and master the new technology of no-tillage sowing. At present, the annual promotion area has reached more than 5 million mu, and the cumulative promotion area has exceeded 30 million mu, achieving an increase of more than 1 billion catties of grain and more than 3 billion yuan of cost saving and efficiency.
Nowadays, more and more agricultural scientific and technological achievements are moving from the "laboratory" to the "field". Diversified agricultural technology extension services such as the science and technology commissioner system and the "science and technology courtyard" model have become an important driving force for the transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements and the construction of modern agriculture.
In order to smooth the agricultural technology consultation channel and realize the effective docking of experts and farmers, the Institute of Data Science and Agricultural Economics of the Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences has built an agricultural AI large model human-machine integration Q&A technology and service robot system platform - "Agricultural Science Xiaozhi".
Through the mode of "automatic system Q&A + expert manual answer", the "Agricultural Science Xiaozhi" intelligent consulting robot provides agricultural users with green channel services such as voice dialogue Q&A of common questions and expert guidance on difficult questions, helping farmers solve the most concerned questions such as "what to plant, how to plant, and who to ask".
"There are many benefits of cooperation between colleges and universities, and 'agricultural science and technology' comes to our company, scientific and technological innovation is remembered, and farmers are happy. This is the person in charge of Beijing Yinongyuan Ecological Agriculture Professional Cooperative praising the "Agricultural Science Xiaozhi" agricultural intelligent consulting robot in the WeChat circle of friends. Du Hongyan, science and technology secretary of the Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences stationed in Yukou Town, said: "Farmers can ask questions to 'Agricultural Science Xiaozhi' at any time, solve all kinds of problems before, during and after production in a timely manner, and experience and get the 24-hour intimate service of 'Agricultural Science Xiaozhi'." Provide scientific and technological resource support for the development of agricultural production, so that scientific and technological innovation can benefit farmers more wisely. ”
At present, the technology has been applied in more than 80 parks, bases and professional villages in Beijing, and has been promoted in more than 10 provinces and cities across the country, solving more than 20,000 practical problems in agricultural production, providing technical advice and expert guidance for more than 6 million people, so that scientific and technological services can directly connect with the needs of agricultural production and alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of agricultural experts.
Author: Li Liying, reporter of Farmer's Daily, China Rural Net, and Zhu Mengying, trainee reporter
Photo: Xinhua News Agency