Introduction
The earth is the only home for human survival. April 22, 2024 is the 55th World Earth Day, in order to guide the whole society to establish the concept of ecological civilization of "respecting nature, conforming to nature, and protecting nature", and mobilize the public to work together to build a beautiful home on the earth with good ecology, "Beijing Planning Natural Resources" will successively release four issues of popular science knowledge publicity content on Earth Day.
In this issue, we will take you to learn about basic geology.
Beijing is the earliest city in mainland China to carry out basic geological surveys. Two rounds of 1:50,000 regional geological survey work have achieved rich results and data, just like a geological dictionary, which is not only the cornerstone of all geological work, but also supports urban construction and social development.
The basic geological work is like a comprehensive "physical examination", which provides a solid scientific foundation for the construction of ecological civilization and sustainable development in the capital.
Regional Geological Survey
Regional geological survey, referred to as regional survey, is a kind of comprehensive basic geological survey work with geological mapping as the basic means. Regional survey is the first step of geological work, and it is also the basic work of geological work. Its main task is to clarify the basic geological characteristics and interrelationships of rocks, strata, structures, geomorphology, hydrogeology and other basic geological characteristics in the region through geological mapping, prospecting and comprehensive research, study the formation conditions and distribution laws of minerals, and provide basic geological data for economic construction, national defense construction, scientific research and further geological prospecting.
Old photo: Geological survey of the mountainous area, 1965
Old photo: The geology team members of the district survey
Investigation of water sources
Due to the general shortage of water in the northern part of the mainland due to climate and other influences, Beijing is a city with an extreme shortage of water resources. Under the premise of insufficient surface water resources, geologists have shouldered the heavy responsibility of finding water for Beijing. Generations of geological team members have carried out hydrogeological surveys to find out the distribution and water quality of groundwater resources in Beijing, and on the basis of groundwater monitoring and evaluation, they have carried out water source surveys to support the establishment of dozens of groundwater sources, which has played a vital role in ensuring the water safety and social stability of Beijing.
The construction site of the emergency backup water source in Fangshan District
The construction site of the emergency backup water source in Huairou District
Huairou Emergency Standby Water Source is one of the first batch of groundwater emergency water sources with the largest volume in Beijing, which is mainly responsible for the local long-term drought and urban water supply needs under emergency circumstances, based on the emergency water supply measures of the water source to ensure the stability of water supply in the urban area, and effectively alleviate the water shortage in Beijing. The project was officially put into construction in 2002 and lasted about a year to officially start the water supply business, with a designed water supply scale of 335,000 cubic meters per day. The operation of the water source not only alleviates the water problem in Beijing and other places, but also lays an important foundation for the construction and sustainable development of local water conservancy undertakings.
Geotechnical investigation
As a part of engineering geology, engineering geotechnical science mainly studies the composition, structure and engineering geological properties of rock and soil, as well as their formation and change. In the process of urban construction, the foundation stability of various buildings is very important.
Engineering survey of the venues of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics
Before the construction of the project begins, geologists will collect geotechnical samples, conduct geological exploration, measure groundwater levels, etc., and evaluate the geological disaster risk, soil carrying capacity, and foundation stability that may be encountered in the construction of the project. These data and analysis results play a key role in engineering design, construction plan formulation, project quality assurance, etc. Through geotechnical investigation, engineering accidents can be effectively prevented and every building can be ensured to be safe and reliable.
Geotechnical investigation of the new airport
National Centre for the Performing Arts Precipitation Project
Urban Geological Survey
Urban geological survey is an important foundation for urban planning and construction, which runs through the whole process of urban operation and management. Doing a good job in urban geological survey is of great practical and strategic significance to promoting China's new urbanization construction and the construction of ecological civilization in the new era.
Urban geological survey can generally be divided into four stages: the special investigation stage in the initial stage of the city, the hydraulic and environmental investigation stage in the urban expansion stage, the comprehensive geological survey stage in the rapid development stage of the city, and the multi-element urban geological survey in the urban quality improvement stage.
3D renderings of underground space resource classification
The main progress of contemporary urban geological research includes: the initial formation of a technical method system, the important progress of land subsidence monitoring and early warning, the establishment of the theory of shallow geothermal geology, and the initial emergence of the theory of underground space exploration and evaluation.
In 2016, the Beijing sub-center area geological survey and assessment project was carried out within 155 square kilometers of Tongzhou, and a three-dimensional model of underground resources and environment in Tongzhou District was established, providing multi-dimensional data support for Beijing's urban planning.
Geological relics
Geological survey and scientific research in Beijing area has a long history of more than 160 years, known as the "cradle" of China's geological work, its earth evolution is the epitome of the crustal movement and evolution history of North China, after nearly 3 billion years of crustal movement and vicissitudes of life, leaving a wealth of geological relics.
The "23.7" flood in the Haihe River basin eroded the ancient riverbed of the Juma River, and geologists conducted on-site surveys to investigate the protection of the relics
Beijing's geological work on geological relics began in the late 80s of the last century. Two rounds of geological relics investigation and evaluation have been carried out successively, 195 geological relics have been investigated, 50 important geological relics in 12 categories of 3 categories have been further evaluated, and the background of the city's geological relics resources has been basically clarified, and 8 geological parks and 4 mine parks have been declared and established.
Karst cave geological relics - Shihuadong National Geopark
Mining relics - Huangsongyu National Mining Park
Surprise Easter Eggs!
April 22 is Earth Day, an international holiday that aims to raise awareness of the global public's environmental protection. To this end, the Municipal Planning and Natural Resources Commission carefully planned a quiz with prizes on Earth Day. Through vivid, interesting and inspiring content, it aims to guide readers to understand the earth's environment, enhance environmental awareness, and jointly protect our only home on earth.
This content is provided by the Science and Technology Department and the Beijing Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration
Source: Beijing Planning Natural Resources
Forward: Wei Shujing
Review: Hao Lin