Efficient planting technology in the field of pepper transplanting of the eighth regiment of the first division
Funds: Integration and Application of Cotton Stress-resistant Cultivation Technology of National Key R&D Program (2020YFD1001002 BTYC202001);
Chai Duoyun and so on
Native to Central and South America, peppers are already the third largest vegetable crop in the world. Pepper is planted in a wide range of areas, temperate, tropical and subtropical regions, and the mainland has a large planting area. For example, it can make pepper mature about 20 days early, which can effectively improve the survival rate of pepper seedlings in early spring, and then play a role in improving the yield and quality of pepper. In recent years, the Eighth Group has continued to optimize and adjust the structure of the agricultural industry, vigorously implemented the strategy of "Pepper Strong Group", and initially formed an integrated development pattern of pigment pepper production, addition and marketing. In 2023, the planting area of pepper will be 02,800 hm 2, of which the seedling transplanting area will be 2,700 hm 2, and the planting of pepper varieties will reach 10, and the income will reach 3 700 yuan/667 m 2.
1 Variety selection
You can choose Red Dragon 12, Red Dragon 13, Red Dragon 15, Red Dragon 16, Red Dragon 17, Red Dragon 18, Red Dragon 19, Red Dragon 20, Red Dragon 23, Red Dragon 24, Red Dragon 25, Tianjiao Red Crown, Red Dragon 31, Fuguihong and other pepper varieties.
2 Planting conditions
2.1 Soil selection conditions
It is preferable to choose soil with low salinity content, pH value ≤8, thick soil layer, and good water and fertilizer preservation conditions. The previous crop is not a nightshade fruit.
2.2 Climatic conditions
优选无霜期>150 d，≥10 ℃积温3 200 ℃以上，光
Areas with abundant heat and large temperature differences between day and night.
2.3 Irrigation conditions
The pipe and drainage system is good, there is sufficient water source, the pH value is ≤7, and the total salt content is less than 1‰ fresh water.
2.4 Exposure conditions
There is a relatively flat Gobi Desert in or around the area as a drying site.
3 Pepper seedlings
3.1 Seedling preparation
Seedling greenhouses should have good thermal insulation effect, convenient water supply facilities, excellent water quality (water pH value ≤ 7.3, total salt content ≤1 000 mg/L), and complete heating facilities (such as installing heating or heating stoves). The suitable sowing period is early February, and the suitable planting period is from March 25 to May 10.
3.2 Pre-emergence management
Dry seed sowing and germination sowing are used. Before emergence, the temperature of the substrate in the hole tray should be controlled at 20 ~ 35 °C. Adopt centralized germination method to raise seedlings, in advance in the appropriate position in the greenhouse with non-drip greenhouse film into a small greenhouse, the size of the germination room area according to the number of seedling trays, with a stove or electric heater to raise the temperature of the germination room. The seedling trays that are sown and sprinkled with water are sown side by side as a stack, the height of the stacks is about 20 trays, the walkway should be set aside when stacking the trays, the center of the heat source is not less than 1 m from the stacks on both sides, and the spacing between the trays is not less than 50 cm; 60% ~ 70% of the young shoots are quickly removed from the soil, and all the hole trays are taken out of the germination room and put back on the seedbed. The seedling tray with insufficient soil rate of young buds continues to be heated and germinated in the germination room.
3.3 Post-emergence management
The daytime temperature is kept at 18 ~ 25 °C, and the night temperature is kept at (15 ± 1) °C, and the seedlings are guaranteed to have sufficient light, and the water content of about 50% can be maintained. After the heart is broken and the true leaves are produced, fertilizer is started and fertilized every 5 ~ 6 days. In the early stage of fertilization, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were the main fertilizers, and nitrogen fertilizers gradually increased. Before the 4-leaf stage, it is advisable to apply 0.1% fertilization concentration, and urea, diammonium phosphate, and special compound fertilizer (10-18-15) can be applied, and the ratio is 1:1.8:1.5;0.2% fertilizer concentration is appropriate at the 4-6 leaf stage, and the ratio of urea, diammonium phosphate, and compound fertilizer is 1:1.8:1.5;0.3% ~ 0.4% fertilizer concentration is appropriate after the 6-leaf stage, and the ratio of urea, monoammonium phosphate, and compound fertilizer is 1:0.8:1.2. In order to improve the quality of pepper seedlings, it can be appropriately supplemented with some biological liquid fertilizers. Water should be poured less frequently and avoid periods of heat, preferably in the morning.
3.4 Seedling refining
Seedling refining begins about 7 days before transplanting. Seedling refining requires that the grass curtain is not covered at night at the beginning, and the upper and lower vents are gradually opened from small to large, and then they are opened to dry during the day, and all the drying sheds can be opened after 2 ~ 3 days.
3.5 Disease control
The main diseases of pepper seedlings are cataplexy and bacterial spot disease, and the seedling shed should be ventilated and dehumidified frequently, and water and fertilizer should be replenished in the morning on sunny days without wind, which can effectively reduce the occurrence of seedling diseases.
4 Pepper transplanting
4.1 Preparation before transplanting
25 kg/667 m2 of superphosphate, 10 kg/667 m2 of urea, 5 kg/667 m2 of potassium sulfate, and 25~30 cm deep was applied in autumn. After the weather warms up, the flat land begins to be flat, and the flat land achieves the 6-character standard of "broken, clean, entropy, loose, flat, and qi" to reach the state of waiting for planting. 2~3 days before transplanting, chemical weeding was carried out with 150~180 g/667 m2 of field supplemental soil closure. Finish by March 31. After the film is laid, water is dripped to the edge of the film, and manual or mechanical perforation is carried out 3 ~ 5 days before transplanting.
4.2 Transplanting time and requirements
From April 15th to 25th, the seedlings were cast according to the hole distance of the transplanting machine, with a depth of 5~7 cm, and the hole was sealed in time. The quality requires that the seedlings line a line, the seedlings do not bend, there are no holes, and there is no root (residue) film. After transplanting, drip water in time to protect the seedlings. Varieties with fertile soil and strong growth, and large plant height and width are recommended to be planted with a single plant or a reasonable sparse planting of two plants.
5. Seedling management after transplanting
The seedling stage is mainly warming, promoting early emergence of seedlings, and preventing diseases, insects and weeds.
5.1 Check the seedlings and replenish the seedlings
1 ~ 3 days after transplanting pepper seedlings to check the seedlings in time, if there are dead seedlings, holes, crooked seedlings, timely replenishment of seedlings, after replenishing seedlings to ensure the survival rate, it is necessary to immediately drip seedling water.
5.2 Medium tillage
After 3 days after the seedling stage is supplemented with seedlings and dripped seedlings water, the locomotive can enter the ground immediately for cultivation, generally from the seedling stage to the ridge sealing stage for 2~3 times, with an interval of 5~7 days, the soil can be cultivated during the last cultivation, and the weeds in the field can be pulled out in time in combination with the cultivation.
5.3 Water and fertilizer management
Drip water with fertilizer at the same time, apply more phosphorus fertilizer and less nitrogen fertilizer, so as to achieve the integration of water and fertilizer. It is advisable to drip water to the edge of the film. On May 25th, the head water was in, and the pepper was dripped 5~6 times (according to the soil texture) before the ridge sealing, and 1 time of water was drip for 8 ~ 10 days, and monoammonium phosphate or water-soluble diammonium phosphate was applied dropwise (the main seedling stage of phosphate fertilizer during the whole growth period was dropped). Weak pepper seedlings can be appropriately increased with nitrogen fertilizer and foliar sprays with brassin zinc.
5.4 Pepper pest control
The main insect pests at the seedling stage of pepper are underground pests such as ground tigers, crickets, mole crickets, needleworms, etc., which harm the seed buds and seedling rhizomes, resulting in no seedlings or lack of seedlings and broken ridges. Choose pesticides such as thiamethoxam and emamectin benzoate for chemical control.
6 Mid-to-late field management
6.1 Water and fertilizer management
The demand for water and fertilizer increases rapidly after the pepper enters the flowering and fruit setting period, and the pepper fruit expansion period is from early July to early August, and the supply of water and fertilizer begins to increase after the pepper head stubble sits firmly. Water and fertilizer are indispensable. Stop dripping fertilizer after August 5, and stop water around August 25.
6.2 Pest and disease control
The main insect pests are cotton bollworm and tobacco insect, aphid, and thrips. The main diseases are viral diseases, bacterial spot diseases, blight diseases and powdery mildew. Physiological diseases mainly include umbilical rot and sunburn. Choose pesticides such as thiamethoxam, emamectin benzoate, octrichlor, prochloraz and other pesticides for chemical control. Timely irrigation, soil moisture, foliar calcium and other trace elements for prevention.
6.3 Pre-harvest management
In order to prevent the growth of pepper in the later stage, the water can be stopped around August 20, and the specific water stop time can be determined according to the soil quality, plant growth and weather conditions of the planting plot.
6.4 Harvesting
In order to improve the color value of peppers and facilitate harvesting, chlorate-free pepper defoliants can be sprayed with drones around September 10. The application rate per 667 m2 was: 100 g of the first pepper defoliant, 80 ~ 90 g of ethephon, and 1.0~1.2 kg with water. The second spray was applied at an interval of 7~10 days, 100 g of pepper defoliant, mixed with 1.0~1.2 kg of water.
6.5 Pulling
The picked peppers should be bagged and transported, so that they are not squeezed, stepped on, or loaded and unloaded with iron tools, so as to prevent the peppers from cracking, causing mildew and black spot peppers. After picking and bagging, the peppers must be transported to the drying field and poured out of the stall within 2 days. If there is rainy weather during the harvest, priority will be given to pulling the rain-drenched peppers. The transportation process must be protected from pollution and rain. If there is a thunderstorm during transportation, it should be covered with a raincloth to prevent rain soaking.
6.6 Fresh pepper spread and dried
After the fresh peppers are transported to the drying field, in principle, the fresh peppers of the same quality and moisture are concentrated in one area for drying. The thickness should be consistent when spreading, about 18 cm. When the surface layer of dried peppers is obviously dehydrated, it is necessary to turn it over frequently in time to turn the bottom lightly dehydrated peppers to the surface to prevent the surface layer of peppers from being overexposed to the sun and losing color. As the humidity of the pepper decreases, the ridges are gradually formed. The direction of ridge formation should be consistent with the wind direction.
6.7 Bagging and stacking
When the average moisture of the pepper body reaches 16% ~ 18%, it can be directly bagged, such as the pepper is unevenly dried, and the presence of blister pepper needs to be spread out again to dry slightly, and the substandard pepper and obvious blister pepper are picked out, when the shaking pepper body is accompanied by the sound of pepper seeds, it can be bagged. After the peppers are bagged in the drying field, pay attention to water retention and windproofing. To prevent water loss, cover with a tarpaulin if necessary.