What are the main contents of the data element standard system, and how to implement the standardization of data elements?

In mainland China, the vigorous development of the digital economy is closely linked to the concept of "data elements". The introduction of data elements not only indicates the arrival of the digital age, but also shows that the mainland attaches great importance to data. On the premise of recognizing data as an asset, the mainland has elevated data to the level of a factor of production, which is beyond the reach of any other country.

The concept of data elements in mainland China is mainly reflected in the following opinions and documents:

• The "Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Building a More Perfect System and Mechanism for Market-oriented Allocation of Factors" issued in April 2020 proposed to accelerate the cultivation of the data element market, promote the open sharing of government data, enhance the value of social data resources, and strengthen the integration and security protection of data resources. This is where the concept of data elements is explicitly proposed for the first time.
• The "Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Accelerating the Improvement of the Socialist Market Economy System in the New Era" issued in May 2020 proposes to accelerate the cultivation and development of the data element market, establish a data resource list management mechanism, improve standards and measures such as data ownership definition, open sharing, and transaction circulation, give full play to the value of social data resources, promote the construction of a digital government, strengthen the orderly sharing of data, and protect personal information in accordance with the law.
• In December 2022, the "Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Building a Data Basic System to Better Play the Role of Data Elements" (hereinafter referred to as the "Data 20 Articles") was released. It proposes that "under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, thoroughly implement the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, completely, accurately and comprehensively implement the new development concept, accelerate the construction of a new development pattern, adhere to reform and innovation, and systematic planning, on the premise of maintaining national data security, protecting personal information and trade secrets, and promoting the compliant and efficient circulation and use of data and empowering the real economy as the main line. With a focus on security governance, we will deeply participate in the formulation of international high-standard digital rules, build a basic data system that adapts to the characteristics of data, conforms to the laws of the development of the digital economy, ensures national data security, and demonstrates innovation-led, fully realizes the value of data elements, promotes all people to share the dividends of the development of the digital economy, and provides strong support for deepening innovation-driven, promoting high-quality development, and promoting the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity.
• In February 2023, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the "Overall Layout Plan for the Construction of Digital China" and issued a notice, requiring all regions and departments to conscientiously implement it in light of actual conditions. The Plan points out that the construction of a digital China is an important engine for promoting Chinese-style modernization in the digital era and a strong support for building new national competitive advantages. Accelerating the construction of a digital China is of great significance and far-reaching impact on building a modern socialist country in an all-round way and promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in an all-round way.

Data element standards are the basis for data elements in all links, including production, distribution, circulation, consumption, and social service management. These standards are an important part of the marketization of data elements, and the construction of data elements can be effectively standardized through standardization, so as to promote the prosperity and steady development of the data element market. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a complete set of data element standard system to promote the standardized and reasonable development of the data element market.

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1. Problems existing in the construction of current data elements

With the increasingly prominent role of data elements, the current situation and scale of the market-oriented development demand for data element circulation are also becoming increasingly prominent. However, in the current construction of data elements, we still face a series of problems:

First of all, we lack a perfect top-level design. There is a clear disconnect between data elements and standards, resulting in standardization studies in only a few areas. In addition, the standard construction is relatively scattered, and the standard content is relatively simple. Therefore, we urgently need to rationally plan the standard system to guide the development of various standardization work.

Second, the correlation between the standards is not clear. In the process of formulating various types of data standards at all levels, the relationship with existing standards is not fully considered, and the comparison between horizontal and vertical standards is not considered. This leads to problems such as incompatibility between standards and uneven standards, which is a serious waste of resources.

Third, we still face the absence of key standards. There is a big gap between the development of standards in some key areas and the level of industrial development and actual needs. Although the national and local governments have issued some basic standards, such as data governance, data quality, data sharing, etc., there is still a lack of support for corresponding standards in the circulation of data elements and the development and utilization of data.

Therefore, we urgently need to establish a set of standard systems that match the construction needs of data elements. This system should closely integrate the basic laws of data property rights, data circulation, data transactions, data use, data distribution, data governance, data security, etc., and focus on supporting data elements in key areas such as data supply, data circulation, and data application. At the same time, we also need to put forward corresponding ideas for the construction of data element system to cope with the current challenges.

2. The main content of the data element standard system

According to the requirements of the "Notice on Printing and Distributing the 14th Five-Year Plan for the Development of the Digital Economy" and the "Action Plan for Building a High-standard Market System" and other documents, the planning route of the data standard system in various provinces and cities was fully investigated. The five aspects of data element utilization and data element security are the ideas for the construction of the data element standard system of the subsystem, so as to ensure that the standard system is not only consistent with the national policy and construction requirements, but also connected with the actual local work. The following figure shows the framework diagram of the construction of the standard system of data elements:

Overall class standards

The overall standard is the cornerstone of the construction of data elements and provides guidance for the formulation of other standards. The general class standards mainly include the following aspects:

• General Provisions: It mainly includes the overall requirements for the construction of data elements
• Terminology: mainly includes the terms, definitions, symbols, etc. of data elements.
• Reference architecture: It mainly includes data elements, construction architecture, composition, architecture, functions, etc.

Data element supply standards

The data element supply standard provides a basis for the construction of the data resource base, strengthens the quality of data, and provides a basic guarantee for the circulation and application of data. The data element supply standards mainly include the following aspects:

• Data catalog: It mainly includes standards such as catalog system, catalog compilation, catalog metadata, and catalog coding rules, standardizing the compilation of data resource catalogs, and finding out the data base.
• Data aggregation: It mainly includes standards such as data collection, data interface specifications, data transmission, data storage, and data resource libraries, with the purpose of improving data availability by standardizing the data aggregation process.
• Data platform: It mainly includes standards such as platform construction, platform functions, platform docking, and operation specifications, and puts forward requirements for platform construction and maintenance.
• Data governance: It mainly includes standards such as data labeling, data cleaning and comparison, data masking, data decryption, and data quality, with the aim of improving data quality.

Data element circulation standards

The data element circulation standard regulates the process of realizing the value of data, runs through all aspects of data element circulation, and provides standard support for the market-oriented allocation of data elements. The data element circulation standards mainly include the following aspects:

• Data assets: It mainly includes standards such as data asset catalog, data asset evaluation, asset management, and data insurance, and standardizes the process from data resources to data assets.
• Data property rights: mainly include standards for data custody, data rights confirmation, data authorization, and right confirmation registration, and standardize the determination of data ownership to facilitate data management and rights protection and traceability.
• Data circulation: It mainly includes standards and specifications such as data pricing, cross-border data circulation, registration and settlement, transaction matching, and dispute arbitration, with the aim of regulating the market-oriented circulation of data elements.
• Platform trading venues: mainly include standards such as the construction of trading venues, trading venue services, trading platform construction, trading platform operation, and requirements of relevant parties for data transactions, with the purpose of standardizing the construction of trading platforms and venues and providing a good platform guarantee for data element transactions.

Data element utilization class standards

The standard for the utilization of data elements is helpful to encourage market forces to explore data applications, explore the value of data elements, and standardize the market environment of data elements. The data element utilization class standard mainly includes the following aspects:

• Digital industry: It mainly includes digital industry standards such as data sharing, data openness, data products, data services, digital intermediaries, and industrial digital evaluation, so as to promote the standardized evolution of industrial models.
• Industry application: It mainly includes a series of standards for the digital transformation of industries such as smart city, smart water conservancy, smart agriculture, digital village, and smart logistics, with the purpose of standardizing and promoting the digital transformation of traditional industries and the governance of innovative and integrated elements, mainly including compliance notarization, security review, algorithm review, governance assessment, regulatory review and other standards and specifications covering the whole process of production, circulation and use of data elements, standardizing the market environment and protecting the legitimate rights and interests of all participants.

Data element security standards

The data element security standard puts forward multiple requirements for the security management of data elements, and strengthens the all-round security guarantee of data elements. Data element security standards mainly include the following aspects:

• Management security: It mainly includes standards such as data security management, personal information protection, and data security operation to ensure the all-round security of data element circulation.
• Technical security: It mainly includes standards such as data security protection, data risk identification, data access control, data classification and grading, and data transaction security, standardizing technical specifications for the circulation of data elements, and ensuring the safe circulation of data elements.
• Platform security: It mainly includes standards such as platform and system security protection capabilities and security construction requirements, with the purpose of guiding the security construction of trading platforms and business systems.

Based on this data element standardization system, local governments can fully implement the standardization of data elements and formulate corresponding work plans:

• First of all, strengthen organizational leadership and establish a standardized working mechanism. It is necessary to strengthen communication and coordination between government departments at all levels, coordinate and promote the construction of a data standard system, and ensure that the standardization of data elements is carried out in an orderly manner.
• Second, accelerate the development of key standards. Emphasis should be placed on promoting the development of standards for key links such as data transactions, data supply, data circulation, data pricing, and data property rights, and guiding the standardized development of data element work.
• Third, implement standardization. It is necessary to strengthen support for published standards, organize and carry out training on the publicity and implementation of data element standards, and increase the publicity and implementation of key national standards such as data sharing and openness, data management, etc., to ensure the implementation and application of data standards.
• Finally, pilot demonstrations will be implemented. It is necessary to adhere to the principle of combining grassroots exploration with top-level design, encourage and support provinces, cities and industries with the capacity to take the lead in experimentation, actively explore the needs of standardized construction of data elements, and support all regions and industries to carry out pilot demonstration construction in light of local conditions.

epilogue

Through the planning of the top-level design of the data element standard system, we should create a good environment for data development and innovation, give full play to the basic supporting role of standards in building the marketization of data elements, and make data elements the core engine of the development of the digital economy.