Authors: Liu Meng1, Li Shunguo1, Zhao Wenqing1, Zhao Yu1, Pu Nana2*, Liu Jianjun3
Units: 1. Millet Research Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Utilization of Characteristic Coarse Grains, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (jointly established by the Ministry and Province)/Hebei Coarse Grains Research Laboratory; 2. Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences; 3. Hebei Coarse Grains Industry Technology Research Institute/Hebei Dongliang Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Ltd
Introduction:Liu Meng, male, from Cangxian County, Hebei Province, associate researcher, master's degree, engaged in economic research of miscellaneous grain industry. *Corresponding author, associate researcher, master's degree, engaged in industrial and scientific research management research.
Funds: Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Basic Research Funds Lump Sum Project (HBNKY-BGZ-02), Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs: National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Project (CARS-06-14.5-A33).
Source: Anhui Agricultural Sciences, Issue 6, 2024
Citation:LIU Meng, LI Shunguo, ZHAO Wenqing, et al.Comprehensive evaluation of new millet varieties and their light, simple and efficient production technology[J].Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2024,52(6):25-29.
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Millet (Setaria italica) originated in China, in the early Neolithic Age 6000~7000 years ago, domesticated, became the main crop of agricultural civilization, until the early liberation, China's millet planting area of about 10 million hm2, in the north is one of the three major staple crops. In recent years, due to the breakthrough in light and simplified production technology, the trend of large-scale production has been significant. With the improvement of bulk crop yield and comprehensive benefits, the planting area of millet has gradually decreased, and as of 2020, the planting area of millet in mainland China is 906,000 hm2. Millet belongs to the market-oriented crop, the market price is greatly affected by supply and demand, the current scientific research units have cultivated new varieties of millet suitable for industrial development, some varieties have been put into use in production, but the production performance is different, the yield and quality are unstable, the production efficiency is quite different, and the farmers are blind to the selection of new varieties, which affects the improvement of the comprehensive benefits of millet production. In view of the needs of production and farmers' selection of varieties, it is particularly necessary to evaluate the comprehensive benefits of new millet varieties suitable for industrial development and light and simplified production. In view of this, the author takes Jigu 39, a major R&D achievement of the national millet sorghum industry technology system in the 13th Five-Year Plan, and its light, simple and efficient production technology as the research object, and conducts a comprehensive evaluation from the scientific feasibility, technical feasibility, economic feasibility, and possible economic, social and ecological benefits, so as to provide decision-making basis for farmers' technology adoption and promotion, which is of great significance for the high-quality development of the millet industry, promoting farmers' income, increasing enterprise efficiency, and promoting rural revitalization.
Overview of the new millet variety Jigu 39 and its supporting technologies
1.1 New millet variety Jigu 39
Jigu 39 is a new variety of millet developed by the key task of the national millet sorghum industry technology system during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, and is a new variety cultivated by the Millet Research Institute of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences using the patented technology of herbicide resistance. The new millet varieties suitable for industrial development are millet varieties with high quality, herbicide resistance, medium dwarf stalks, and suitable for staple food processing. Among them, "high quality" refers to the excellent commerciality and palatability of the hulled millet, which is usually awarded the title of first-class high-quality rice in the evaluation of "high-quality edible millet" held by the Millet Crops Professional Committee of the Crop Science Society of China; "herbicide resistance" is a millet variety that is resistant to enoxidine herbicides or other types of herbicides; "medium dwarf stalk" requires the plant height of millet in summer valley area to be less than 120cm, and the plant height of millet in spring valley area is less than 140cm, which is suitable for mechanized harvesting; "suitable for staple food processing" millet is characterized by low fat, High starch, starch content is greater than 75%, fat content is less than 3.5%. Jigu 39 is a double anti-herbicide variety that is resistant to oxidine and imidazolinone herbicides, with a plant height of 120cm, a fat content of 2.9% and a starch content of 67.13%.
Jigu 39 has achieved three major breakthroughs in the mainland summer valley varieties: first, the commerciality and palatability are good, the summer-sown varieties have a certain gap compared with the spring-sown varieties due to the short growth period, and the commerciality of Jigu 39 millet is comparable to the high-quality varieties of the spring valley; Inner Mongolia and other parts of the planting can be normal maturity; the third is the rice yield increased significantly, the summer grain variety 1000-grain weight is smaller than the spring grain variety, the low rice yield is the main reason why the millet distribution center is unwilling to process, Jigu 39 rice yield is about 70%, and the spring grain variety is equivalent, at present, Jigu 39 is welcomed by grain merchants in the millet distribution center, and has formed order production in some areas of Hebei, and most of them are large planters above 6.67hm2, accounting for about 50%. Statistics from the National Agricultural Technology Extension Center show that in 2017, Jigu 39 promoted 20,000 hm2, 24,000 hm2 in 2018, 48,000 hm2 in 2019, 58,000 hm2 in 2020, and the survey data in 2021 showed that the promotion area exceeded 67,000 hm2, showing an overall increasing trend. This variety is suitable for planting in Hebei, Henan, Shandong, southern Shanxi, Xiagu area of southern Xinjiang and Beijing, eastern Hebei, central Shanxi, south of Shenyang, Liaoning, most of the plains of Jilin, and Chungu area south of Changji Prefecture, Xinjiang, especially in flat areas, which can realize the whole process of mechanized production of mechanical spraying, mechanical cultivation and mechanical harvesting.
1.2 Jigu 39 supporting technology
Jigu 39 is a double anti-herbicide variety with both alenyl and imidazolinone herbicides, and the main contents of its supporting light, simple and efficient production technology are: Jigu 39 chemical weeding and chemical seedlings are the core technologies, and the millet precision seeder and combine harvester are used to realize the whole process of light and simplified production of millet. At the same time of herbicide-resistant varieties, the sister lines that are not resistant to weeding were cultivated, and seeds with different mixing ratios were adopted according to the density requirements of different regions, and the effect of seedling thinning and weeding was achieved by spraying herbicides. Jigu 39 spring sowing grain field adopts "double antibody sister line + anti-imidazolinone (imidazole ethnicotinic acid or methomidozole tobacco tobacco) sister line", and the seed ratio is 2:1. At the 2~4 leaf stage of weeds, 12.5% ethyl 1500mL/hm2 and 20% chlorofluoropyropyroxyacetate 1200mL/hm2, 300~450kg/hm2 of water, evenly sprayed. In the summer-sown grain field, "double anti-sister line + anti-enoxidine sister line" was used, and the seed ratio was 2:1. At the 2~3 leaf stage of weeds, use imidazolinone herbicide (5% imidazole ethylnicotinic acid 1000~2250mL/hm2 or 4% imimidoxazole nicotinal agent 1050~1200mL/hm2), or use a combination of ethethnicotinic acid and imidazole ethnicotinic acid or methoprimoxaco tobacco herbicide (mixed spraying 12.5% ethethoxidine 1050mL/hm2 + 4% imidazole ethnicotinic acid 900mL/hm2 or 5% imidazole ethnicotinic acid 1500mL/hm2), 450~750kg/ of water/ hm2。 Weeds and some seedlings gradually died after 5~10 days of herbicide spraying. In the plots where the seedlings are insufficient in spring, no enylidine herbicide is used, and imidazole ethnicotinic acid or methoprima tobacco is sprayed for weeding. In the plots where the seedlings are insufficient in summer, imidazole ethnicotinic acid or methomiferoxamine tobacco herbicide was used to spray ethylpyridine and chlorofluoropyropyroxyacetate for weeding.
Comprehensive evaluation of Jigu 39 and its supporting technologies
2.1 Preliminary research basis of Jigu 39 and its supporting technologies
During the period from 2018 to 2019, the team used the close value method to evaluate the comprehensive benefits of planting Jigu 39 by new business entities in Hebei Province, and divided the planting areas into five types according to the characteristics of the regional ecological environment in Hebei Province, namely Taihang Mountain, Taihang Mountain Front Plain Area, Low Plain Area, Binhai Plain Area, and Yanshan Piedmont Plain Area, and at the same time carried out a survey on 65 new business entities planting Jigu 39 in 25 counties of Hebei Province. According to the index requirements of the close value model and the actual planting situation of Jigu 39, the comprehensive benefit evaluation index system of Jigu 39 was established. According to the intimacy model formula, the crop intimacy values in each region in 2018 and 2019 were calculated by using Execl software. The results showed that in 2018 and 2019, the close values of Jigu 39 in the five regions were smaller, and Jigu 39 had an absolute planting advantage in North China. The results of the survey showed that compared with the economic benefits of other crops, the economic benefits of Jigu 39 in each region were the highest, at more than 12,000 yuan/hm2. In order to further provide farmers with a scientific basis for the adoption and promotion of Jigu 39 and its supporting technologies, the STEM system was used to evaluate its comprehensive benefits.
2.2 STEM systematic evaluation methods and indicators
According to the characteristics of Jigu 39 and its supporting lightweight, simple and efficient production technology, through the organization of seminars, soliciting the opinions of experts, enterprises, business entities and other parties, the STEM system evaluation method was constructed, that is, four first-level indicators (Table 1) of scientific feasibility, technical feasibility, economic feasibility and model feasibility and 17 second-level index evaluation systems (Table 2), the evaluation system calculated the final score according to the scores of each index, and the evaluation results were divided into four grades (Table 1) (Table 1). According to the evaluation index score< 60% is not feasible, 60% ≤ evaluation index score is ≤ 69%, which is basically feasible after improvement, 70% ≤ evaluation index score is ≤ 79%, which is basically feasible, and the evaluation index score is ≥80%, which is feasible. The indicator system is explained as follows:
A scientific feasibility: It mainly evaluates whether the main technology conforms to scientific principles and laws, and has been verified by scientific test methods and recognized by science and technology management departments and experts. There are 5 secondary indicators.
B technical feasibility: mainly evaluate whether the main technology has been productively demonstrated, has achieved good demonstration results, and has been recognized and supported by technology users and agricultural production departments. There are 5 secondary indicators.
C. Economic feasibility: It mainly evaluates whether the main technology can achieve the technical effect of increasing grain and income compared with the original local planting structure or technical model, and has better ecological benefits. There are 5 secondary indicators.
Feasibility of model D: It mainly evaluates whether the main technology has been recognized by the business entity and the local industrial department that recommends the use of the technology, and has good adaptability and promotion prospects. There are 2 secondary indicators.
Analysis of the results of Jigu 39 and supporting technologies
In response to the needs of evaluation indicators, a questionnaire was designed, and a special investigation of Jigu 39 and its light, simple and efficient production technology was carried out in Hebei Province, Shandong Province and Henan Province through expert interviews, seminars, typical and field investigations, involving a total of 48 new business entities, 21 consulting experts and 35 consulting farmers. After data summary, the scientific feasibility, technical feasibility, economic feasibility and model feasibility analysis of Jigu 39 and its light, simple and efficient production technology were carried out, and the results are as follows:
3.1 Scientific feasibility
3.1.1 Promotion Period. Before 2017, the state implemented a variety identification system for crops such as millet and sorghum, and after 2017, the state implemented a variety registration system for small crop varieties, and millet became the first batch of crops in the registration system. Although Jigu 39 was registered in February 2018, it has been promoted on a large scale in 2017. According to the data of the National Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Jigu 39 was promoted by 20,000 hm2 in 2017, 24,000 hm2 in 2018, 48,000 hm2 in 2019, 58,000 hm2 in 2020, and more than 67,000 hm2 in 2021, and Jigu 39 has been promoted and planted for 5 years by 2021. This indicator is worth 4 points.
3.1.2 Get project support. In 2018, the Millet Research Institute of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences applied for the Hebei Provincial Achievement Transformation Fund Project, and the pilot test and demonstration of the new herbicide-resistant millet variety Jigu 39 and its supporting technologies (18826307D) received 300,000 yuan of financial support, and the cooperation unit was Hebei Dongchang Seed Industry Co., Ltd., which was successfully accepted in May 2020. This indicator is worth 3 points.
3.1.3 The amount of intellectual property rights acquired. In July 2017, Jigu 39 applied for national registration, obtained the certificate in February 2018, and obtained the variety right certificate (CNA20161156.8) on December 19, 2019, and Jigu 39 is a new variety that is resistant to two herbicides, and on June 28, 2020, the provincial and local standard "Technical Regulations for the Production of Millet Resistant to Two Herbicides (DB13/T 5205-2020)" completed by the Millet Research Institute of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences was released. On April 16, 2019, it obtained the invention patent of "Breeding and cultivation method of millet varieties with resistance to taking and catching, imidazolinone herbicides (ZL201610879314.2)". Based on the above, the 3rd and 4th indicators are worth 6 points.
3.1.4 Receive awards at all levels. Jigu 34, a new variety of high-quality millet with the same double anti-herbicide as Jigu 39, won the second prize of entrepreneurship in mountainous areas of Hebei Province. Considering the characteristics and similarity of the two varieties, this indicator is worth 2 points.
3.2 Technical feasibility
(1) Demonstration scale. From 2017 to 2021, Jigu 39 demonstrated 4533hm2 in Wu'an City, 1000hm2 in Jingxian and Fucheng, 1200hm2 in Weixian, Guangzong, Nangong and other counties and cities, and 266.7hm2 in Huanghua, so a total of 6999.7hm2 was demonstrated in Handan, Xingtai, Hengshui and Cangzhou. This indicator has 8 points.
(2) User recognition. Through the survey of 118 growers in 2018, 2019 and 2021, it was found that 83% of the growers believed that Jigu 39 and its light, simple and efficient production technology were more effective than other millet varieties and had a high degree of recognition. This indicator has 8 points.
(3) Organize and convene on-site observation meetings. From 2017 to 2021, a total of 21 on-site observation meetings related to Jigu 39 and its light, simple and efficient production technologies were organized, including 8 at the provincial level and above, 12 at the municipal level, and 1 at the county level (Table 3). This indicator has 8 points.
(4) Listed as the main technology or included in the promotion and transformation plan at all levels. From 2018 to 2021, Jigu 39 was listed as the main variety by the Hebei Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs for four consecutive years. At the same time, it has been listed as the main millet planting variety by Handan City for three consecutive years, and has been listed as the main planting variety by more than 10 counties and cities such as Fucheng County, Wu'an City, and Jing County. This indicator has 4 points.
3.3 Economic feasibility
3.3.1 Effect of food increase. In 2021, a survey was conducted on 48 large planters of Jigu 39 in Hebei Province, Shandong Province and Henan Province, and the results showed that (Table 4) the yield of Jigu 39 and its light, simple and efficient production technology mode was 5205.75kg/hm2, which was 950.25kg/hm2 higher than that of the original local millet planting mode of 4255.50kg/hm2, an increase of 950.25kg/hm2, an increase of 22.3%. This indicator has 4 points.
3.3.2 Revenue Enhancement Effect. The results of the survey of 48 large planters in Jigu 39 showed that the output value of Jigu 39 and its light, simple and efficient production technology mode was 25,839 yuan/hm2, an increase of 5,580 yuan/hm2 or 27.5% compared with the output value of the original local millet planting model of 20,259 yuan/hm2 (Table 4). This indicator has 4 points.
3.3.3 Comparative benefits. The results showed that the output value of Jigu 39 and its light, simple and efficient production technology mode was 25839.0 yuan/hm2, which was 6496.5 yuan/hm2 higher than that of corn planting value (19342.5 yuan/hm2), an increase of 33.6% (Table 5). This indicator has 6 points.
3.3.4 Water Saving Effect. From the perspective of transpiration efficiency, millet is more drought-resistant than corn, but in actual production, in order to ensure the yield, the watering of millet and corn is basically the same in areas with watering conditions. Among the 48 large planting households in Jigu 39, the average watering times were 0.72 times, the average watering time of maize was 0.97 times during the growth period, and Jigu 39 and its light, simple and efficient production technology were 0.25 times less than that of maize, which could save 360m3/hm2 of water resources and 25.8% of water resources according to the calculation of 750m3/hm2 of each watering. This indicator has 4 points.
3.3.5 Fertilizer saving effect. The results showed that the compound fertilizer used by 48 large growers in Jigu 39 and local maize was 546.15kg/hm2, which was 110.55kg/hm2 less than that of maize (656.70kg/hm2), and the fertilizer saving was 16.8% (Table 5). This indicator has 6 points.
3.4 Analysis of model feasibility indicators
3.4.1 Recognition of users who recommend the use of technology. From 2018 to 2021, technical recommendations were carried out through research, interviews, seminars, consultations and other forms for four consecutive years, and Jigu 39 and its supporting technologies were recommended to 332 people. The results showed that 273 people recognized Jigu 39 and its supporting technologies, with a recognition degree of 82.2%, according to the index evaluation criteria, comprehensively considering the characteristics of Jigu 39 varieties and the repercussions in production. This indicator has 9 points.
3.4.2 Recognition by local industry authorities. In 2021, the survey on the recognition of Jigu 39 and its supporting technologies by the competent agricultural department was carried out through the WeChat applet, and the results showed that all of them were recognized, and the reasons for the recognition were set up in 4 issues, namely the effect of increasing yield, simple and practical, saving labor, and others, and adopting a multi-choice system. According to statistics, 55.6% chose to increase production, 66.7% chose simple and practical, and 77.8% chose to save labor. This indicator is worth 10 points.
3.5 Evaluation Results
According to the analysis of the evaluation indicators at each level, the score of Jigu 39 and its supporting technologies was calculated according to the target value, and the evaluation results were 1 as infeasible, 2 as basically feasible after improvement, 3 as basically feasible, and 4 as feasible. It can be seen from Table 6 that the comprehensive score of the mode with Jigu 39 as the main body supporting light, simple and efficient production technology is 86 points, see Table 6. Among them, the score of scientific feasibility is 15 points, accounting for 75.0%, which is in the basic feasibility stage, the score of technical feasibility is 28 points, accounting for 93.3%, which is in the feasibility stage, the score of economic feasibility is 24 points, accounting for 80.0%, is in the feasibility stage, and the model feasibility score is 19 points, accounting for 95.0%, which is in the feasibility stage. The comparative evaluation results show that the light, simple and efficient production technology model with Jigu 39 as the main body scores 86 points, accounting for 85.0%, and the overall model is feasible.
Advantages and application suggestions of Jigu 39 and its supporting technologies
By using the systematic evaluation method of scientific feasibility, technical feasibility, economic feasibility and model feasibility, the feasibility of Jigu 39 and its light, simple and efficient production technology mode was evaluated, and the results showed that the light, simple and efficient production technology model with Jigu 39 as the main body scored 86 points, and the comprehensive benefit of Jigu 39 was more than 12,000 yuan/hm2 higher than that of maize, other millet varieties and other crops. In addition, the economic benefits of Jigu 39 and its light, simple and efficient production technology mode increased by 5580 yuan/hm2 compared with the control millet planting model, and 6496.5 yuan/hm2 compared with maize, and increased the yield of millet by 950.25 kg/hm2 for the society. In addition, the Jigu 39 planting model has been recognized by growers in terms of labor saving and simple management, and the data of the National Agricultural Technology Extension Center show that more than 200,000 hm2 have been promoted since 2017, and it can be seen from the survey of Jigu 39 planting results that Jigu 39 has outstanding water-saving and fertilizer-saving effects, which can save 360m3/hm2 of water resources, and the water-saving rate is 25.8%, and the use of Jigu 39 is 110.55kg/hm2 less than that of corn compound fertilizer, saving 16.8% Millet can be used as an important crop for the adjustment of planting structure in fallow areas of Hebei Province.
The results of the STEM system evaluation of Jigu 39 and its light, simple and efficient mechanized production technology model provide a basis for millet growers to select varieties, promote rural revitalization, and replace water-consuming crops in groundwater overexploitation areas in North China, and put forward the following suggestions: (1) It is suggested that the government should take the government as the main body, organize and coordinate the promotion departments of various cities, combine seeds, agricultural machinery, land circulation and other subsidy methods to carry out the promotion work, and at the same time improve the adjustment of the planting industry structure, and further promote the popularization and application of Jigu 39 and its supporting light, simple and efficient production technologies. (2) Scientific research units and seed companies set up scientific and technological service teams to give technical guidance at the first time for problems such as variety selection, sowing technology, pest control technology, and joint harvesting technology in the promotion process. For Jigu 39 to show different problems in different regions, scientific research units should continue to strengthen technical optimization, so that the new varieties can be promoted to more regions. (3) All new business entities and farmers should contact the government and scientific research units through telephone, WeChat and other means in a timely manner, and reflect the problems in production to the government and scientific research units, so as to avoid risks and reduce agricultural production losses in a timely manner.
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