#以书之名#
This article is about 3000 words.
Life is often unsatisfactory.
It is also those unsatisfactory poets and great lyricists who have achieved the millennium, and those poems that are as bright as the stars, which have been moving us through the millennium.
The vicissitudes of life and the desolation of the world.
In the world, everyone who feels it, they,
or walking alone in the night, knowing autumn in a leaf, "deciduous trees in other places, cold lights and lonely nights";
or the night berth of the cold river, the geese fall into the guest sorrow, "the Hanshan Temple outside the city of Gusu, the bell rings in the middle of the night to the passenger ship";
Or the moon hangs in the sky, and from then on, the two forget, "the autumn breeze is clear, the autumn moon is bright, the fallen leaves gather and disperse, and the jackdaws perch on the shock";
Or the autumn wind is bleak, so the people are not seen, "the autumn wind blows Weishui, and the fallen leaves are full of Chang'an";
or the world is deep, the dynasty changes, "the west wind is still shining, the Han family mausoleum";
Or in the depths of the river, guarding the empty mountain alone, "the river is sad at night, and the mountain smells the partridge."
……
Those who have been submerged in the long river of history are hard to find, but whenever we listen to the rain in the banana window, the snow falls in the cold window, and climb the high river, these poems always echo inexplicably in our ears, even in the softness of the breeze and drizzle, it will gradually deafen and can't stop.
As the years go by, the fragility of the soul gradually solidifies, and those once touching poems gradually fade away. However, there are always some verses, such as the long rainbow running through the sun, and the meteor falling to the ground, which makes people want to stop and cry.
1. Creative background: Thousands of miles of wandering, tears in my eyes
From the beginning of the "Anshi Rebellion" in 755 AD (the fourteenth year of Tianbao), Du Fu began a half-life wandering journey.
At the end of 759 A.D. (the second year of the Qianyuan Dynasty), Du Fu, who was already forty-eight years old, moved from Tonggu (now Longnan City, Gansu Province) to Chengdu and began his ten-year life in Bashu.
In 760 A.D. (the third year of the Qianyuan Dynasty), Du Fu settled down in Chengdu at this time, and his own thatched cottage was built on the bank of Huanhua River, and the cruel life of displacement finally came to an end.
Although Chengdu is temporarily away from the war, the "Anshi Rebellion" has not yet subsided, the country is still in turmoil, and countless ordinary people are still displaced and suffering in the war. Du Fu, who was worried about the country and the people, was in shock, and he had already put all his eyes on the country and the people, and his great ideal of "to the monarch and Yao Shun" had never given up for a moment.
In the spring of this year, Du Fu went to the northwest of Chengdu alone with great reverence, visited Zhuge Liang's Wuhou Temple, looked at the ancestral hall that had been dilapidated and difficult to find, and looked at Zhuge Wuhou, who was also ambitious, Du Fu wrote this touching and heartfelt famous article "Shu Xiang".
Shu-sang-hsien
Where to find the prime minister's ancestral hall?
The green grass is from the spring, and the yellow oriole is hollow and has a good sound.
Three times to worry about the world, two dynasties to help the old ministers.
He died before he left the school, which made the hero cry.
Fig.1 Wuhou Temple in Chengdu
Second, write the virtual with the truth, and put the virtual on the real
At the beginning of the poem, "find" is used.
This "seeking" has two meanings, one is to find the Wuhou Temple in reality, Zhuge Wuhou is extremely revered in Chengdu, whether it is the official or the people, so his ancestral hall should be easy to find. Therefore, the more important thing about this "search" is the second meaning, which is to find one's own ideal sustenance, the Wuhou who has made great achievements, but in the end his ambition has not been rewarded, is the poet's ideal sustenance.
The first and second sentences "Where to find the Prime Minister's Ancestral Hall? Parson Sen outside Jinguan City", asked and answered himself, and with questions, he found the Wuhou Temple. The three words "Parson" very vividly point out the solemn scene of the Wuhou Temple, and also point out the poet's reverence after seeing the Wuhou Temple.
The third and fourth sentences "reflecting the green grass from the spring, and the yellow oriole in the other leaf has a good sound", depicting a spring scene in the Wuhou Temple, full of vitality, and a piece of spring.
However, the six words "since spring" and "empty good sound" are colored by the poet's subjectivity. In this situation of national disaster and his own detention thousands of miles away, although the spring is bright and vibrant, the poet is still sad and resentful in his heart. The spring light of the outside world cannot stir up the ripples in the poet's heart.
The fifth and sixth sentences "three times frequently annoyed the world, and the two dynasties opened the hearts of the old ministers", which is to write Zhuge Liang's life. Seeing the statue of Zhuge Liang in the Wuhou Temple, of course, I have to feel the life of this great man. Zhuge Liang's great career in life was mainly to help Liu Bei formulate a plan to win the world, take Shu as a base, and later assisted Liu Chan, went south and north, and supported the Han family.
And Du Fu himself is also a rare ambition, dedicated to "to Jun Yao Shun", assisting the Holy Monarch, and achieving a great cause. Looking at the sages now, it is inevitable that there are a lot of emotions.
The last two sentences are famous sentences for the ages, "Death before the birth is successful, and the hero will be full of tears." lamented the historical misfortune of Zhuge Liang's illness and death in the army. Zhuge Liang's tragic ending is undoubtedly another hymn to life, and he practiced the oath of "doing his best, and then dying" with his actions, which further sublimated the spiritual realm of this outstanding ancient politician and produced the power to make people rise up.
Six out of Qishan, before and after the "Teacher's Table", this great historical figure is so similar to the poet's own situation.
Although Zhuge Liang has a great career in his life, but his greatest wish has never been realized, and the great wish of Kuang Fu Han has been wiped out with his starfall, this great sadness and regret, even after a thousand years, is also intense.
And the poet himself is now nearly fifty years old, the poet himself said that "life is rare for seventy years", almost to the twilight of life, still nothing, and far away from Chang'an, wandering in Shu, most of his great ideals will also pass away with the wind, and he is the same as Zhuge Liang, and in the end he can only "die before he was born, and make the hero full of tears".
The whole poem is written in reality, with the real scene of Wuhou Temple, the real history of Wuhou, and the poet's own life. Using the tragedy of Wuhou to write about his bleak life, from the scene to the people, from the search and admiration to the recounting and review, from sighing and remembering to tears, frustrated and heroic, several folds. The whole poem is big, deep, majestic and tragic, depressed and frustrated, and has a huge power that shocks people's hearts.
Hu Zai commented in "Tiaoxi Yuyin Cong Words": "The old man in the middle of the mountain "Poem on the Double Temple" clouds: 'The north wind blows the trees urgently, and the west sun shines on the window cool. 'Taste it carefully, its meaning is far-reaching, not just the scenery in the temple...... This is deep in the old Du syntax. For example, the poem of the old Du inscription Shu Xiangmiao: 'The green grass from the spring, and the yellow oriole in the other leaf is a good sound' is also intended to be in it. ”
Fang Hui commented in "Yingkui Rhythm Commentary": "Ji Yun: The first four sentences are sparse and sprinkled, and the last four sentences suddenly become depressed, and the courage is great. Zhao Xi: Shen Yu, broad. ”
Hu Yimei commented in "Tang Poetry Guanzhu": "The word 'Sensen' has spirit. ”
Lu Lu and Wang Pu commented in "Wenhexuan's Early Tang Dynasty Near-Body Reader": "Chen Degong said: The fifth and sixth are stable, and the knot is also free. Comment: The third and fourth wrote about the search for the ancestral hall, and only the two sentences of 'self' and 'emptiness' were in the middle, and they were already desolate, and the solemn and deep image was even different from the barren and scattered. ”
Figure 2 Wuhou Temple in Chengdu
Three, fourteen words condense a lifetime
The poem "Shu Xiang" fully reflects the characteristics of Du's poems.
The fifth and sixth sentences of the poem, "Three visits to the world, two dynasties to open the hearts of old ministers", thick ink and color, only fourteen words highly summarize Zhuge Liang's life.
In the previous sentence, before Zhuge Liang came out of the mountain, Liu Bei and others looked at the thatched house, and Zhuge Liang took countermeasures, pointing out that Zhuge Liang could foresee the political situation of Wei, Shu and Wu at that time, and formulated a set of policies for Liu Bei to unify the country, which shows that he is a great talent.
After the next sentence was written out of the mountain, Zhuge Liang assisted Liu Bei to create Shu Han and Kuang to help Liu Chan, praising his loyalty to the country. The two sentences and fourteen characters bring people to the war-torn Three Kingdoms era, and in the broad historical background, they portray the image of a virtuous man who is loyal to the monarch and patriotic, helping the world and helping the needy.
Du Fu's poems are the culmination of Tang poetry, which is depressed and frustrated, and has been tempered thousands of times. Fourteen words allow us to travel back to the Three Kingdoms period at once, and instantly look back on Zhuge Liang's glorious difficult and complicated life, which can be described as a miracle pen.
Fourth, thousands of years of sad songs, a cry
Nostalgia for the past in order to hurt the present.
When the poet was looking for the Wuhou Temple, the "Anshi Rebellion" had not yet been pacified, the country was falling apart, and the people were displaced, which made the poet worried.
As soon as he came, he longed to have loyal ministers and virtuous ministers to help the society and straighten things out. Second, I also hope that I can become a hero who saves the country and the people, and of course, the poet's life's ambition is exactly that.
It is this kind of anxiety about the country that condenses into the poet's admiration for Zhuge Liang. In this historical figure, the poet pinned his beautiful vision of the fate of the country and the ideals of his life.
"Die before you are born, and the hero will be full of tears", these two sentences exhaust the same feelings of frustrated heroes through the ages.
After the failure of the reform, Wang Shuwen, the leader of Yongzhen reform in the Tang Dynasty, the politician and reformer, just recited Mu Ran, "Die before leaving the school, and the hero will be full of tears." Then he choked up and burst into tears.
Zong Ze, the national hero of the Song Dynasty's anti-gold resistance, was difficult to reward, and when he was seriously ill, he recited alone, "Die before leaving the school, and the hero will be full of tears." Soon after, he was gone.
A hundred years of life, always with a thousand years of ambition. How can the time and place be favorable, and it is difficult to achieve great things without one.
After a hundred years, looking back on the past, I have found that my life will be extinguished, and my ambition will not be rewarded.
These two poems are the tragic songs of the heroes in their twilight years, which have been moving for thousands of years.
Qiu Zhaoao commented in "Detailed Notes on Du Poems": "'The world's plan', see Kuang Shixiong': 'old minister's heart', see the hardships of serving the country. With the deep and tragic nature of these two sentences, and the knotting of painful and sour words, there is spirit. When Song Zongjian returned to his death, he recited these two words, and the heroes of thousands of years felt the same way. ”
Gao Di commented in "Tang Poetry Collection": "Liu Yun: The whole poem is so full of words and tears. Youyun: This sentence has been left behind for thousands of years, which makes people feel sad. ”
"Commentary on the Poems of the Past Dynasties" commented: "Tragic and majestic, this is the authentic of the seven laws. ”
For thousands of years, countless men, or heroes in their twilight years, or unpaid ambitions, chanted this poem and shed tears in two lines.
Fig.3 Du Fu Thatched Cottage in Chengdu