Fanciers all over the world are very fond of the Janssen brothers, and they can't put down the breeding pigeons from the original Janssen brothers, and they do not hesitate to introduce them at a high price, but how the Janssen brothers breed pigeons, few people can say clearly, Mr. Wu Gaoping, a wonder of Taiwan's pigeon industry, used his knowledge of the Janssen brothers pigeons and his life's energy, seriously summarized and summarized, and completed his book "Janssen Breeding Principles" Mr. Wu Gaoping wrote a paragraph (Golden Mother Breeding Method), I was very touched after reading it, and wrote my feelings after reading this paragraph and my personal understanding and knowledge, and discussed it with the pigeon fanciers. Next, I will combine my knowledge of genetics to uncover the genetic secret of the Jensen brothers' double-headed golden mother method - the cytoplasmic inheritance of golden mother egg cells and the predetermined role of nuclear genes in golden mother egg cells.
The main characteristics of cytoplasmic inheritance
1. In cytoplasmic heredity, the results of forward and reverse crosses are not the same, hybrids only show maternal traits and are matrilineal, while in nuclear heredity, the results of forward and reverse crosses are the same;
2. Cytoplasmic inheritance does not follow Mendelian laws of inheritance. In the process of cell division, cytoplasmic genes are unevenly distributed, and nuclear inheritance is opposite.
3. Cytoplasmic genes only exist in some components of the cytoplasm and cannot be located on chromosomes, while nuclear genes can be located on chromosomes.
In the process of hybrid backcrossing, the hybrid is backcrossed with one of the mothers and both parents, after many generations, although most of the nuclear genes have been replaced, the cytoplasm is basically unchanged, and the backcrossed offspring still show maternal traits, and the inheritance controlled by nuclear genes is more and more like the reincarnation parents due to the replacement of nuclear genes. This shows that cytoplasmic genes are independent to a certain extent and are not interfered with by nuclear genes, and a very important feature of cytoplasmic inheritance is the phenomenon of maternal inheritance.
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In other words, maternal inheritance is controlled by the cytoplasm, in maternal inheritance, the genetic material that determines the trait exists in the cytoplasm, which is some component of the cytoplasm, in the process of hybridization, the hybrid only shows the maternal traits, and the fundamental reason is that the genetic material provided by both parents is unequal in the zygote formed by the combination of sperm and egg, and in the protoplast of the hybrid zygote, there is both the nucleus of the mother and the entire cytoplasm of the mother. When the sperm of the paternal parent is fertilized, only the nucleus enters the egg cell, but its cytoplasm rarely or even cannot enter the egg cell. In this way, in the zygote, the nuclear gene is from both parents and half, and the cytoplasm is basically from the mother, and the traits controlled by the nuclear gene are expressed by both parents, for example, the pigeon feather color inheritance that we are familiar with is controlled by the nuclear gene from both parents in the zygote and the nuclear gene from each parent is jointly controlled, and there is a difference in performance, which is dominant, recessive, and co-dominant. Traits controlled by cytoplasmic genes only show the maternal ones, and the Janssen Brothers Golden Mother Selection Method uses a very important feature of cytoplasmic inheritance------ the phenomenon of maternal inheritance.
In the phenomenon of maternal genetics, the can inherit the good characteristics of the golden hen, including the good characteristics of the pigeon that the majority of fanciers want, but the cannot pass it on, if the hen with very poor characteristics in pigeon racing is matched with this, their offspring will show the characteristics of this hen with very poor characteristics in pigeon racing, and the good pigeon characteristics will be lost and lost. Therefore, I would like to remind fanciers that when you get a good racing, you must be careful with a hen and if you can, it is best to pair them with a hen or granddaughter of their mother, or to pair them with a proven breeding hen, in order to maintain the excellent characteristics of the great cocks.
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The material basis of cytoplasmic heredity and its role
The cytoplasm has genes that control hereditary traits, and this kind of gene is called cytoplasmic genes, and cytoplasmic genes have the same stability, continuity, and variability as nuclear genes, so what exactly are cytoplasmic genes? Using microscopic observation, there is no structure like intranuclear chromosomes in the cytoplasm, but there are many organelles, and these organelles have the same stability and continuity as intranuclear chromosomes. Currently, the presence of DNA has been evidently found in many organelles. For example, plastisomes, mitochondria in plant cells, and kinetometries, kinetosomes, and centrospheres in animal cells. Some paramecium, which has a granule in their cytoplasm called carb, also belongs to this structure. There is a structure in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli called plasmid, which is actually a circular DNA molecule, and we all know that the plasmid in the cytoplasm of bacteria is a very important genetic material for bacteria to transmit drug resistance traits in medicine. Some traits of organisms are inherited through them, so the genetic material in these cytoplasmic structures (organelles and some granular matter) is generally called cytoplasmic genes.
There are many examples of maternal inheritance and cytoplasmic inheritance, but in addition to this, I will also talk about the influence of maternal egg cell nuclear genes on the cytoplasm of maternal egg cells. Is it matrilineal that in the process of hybridization, all hybrids that only show maternal traits are inherited? Not necessarily, because some of the inheritance of maternal traits is the result of the influence of the predetermined effect of the maternal nuclear gene, not the real cytoplasmic inheritance, the egg cell is under the influence of the maternal nuclear gene, developed in the mother's body, so the embryonic characteristics produced by the egg cell, the influence of the maternal nuclear gene is stronger than that of the father, and the maternal nuclear gene sometimes has a predetermined effect on the cytoplasm, which is called maternal influence, this influence only has an impact on the offspring, and after the second generation, the influence disappears and the trait inheritance also changes.
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Relationship between cytoplasmic genes and nuclear genes
Although both nuclear and cytoplasmic heredity are relatively independent, this does not mean that they are not related to each other in the slightest. Both the nucleus and the cytoplasm are important components of the cell, which coexist in a continuum, and they are necessarily interdependent, mutually restrictive, and inseparable. The genetic phenomena they control must also influence each other, so their independence is conditional and limited.
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Double-headed gold mother method
In order to ensure that the good characteristics of the pigeons in their loft are passed on continuously, how did the Janssen brothers and some of the forerunners do it?
Let's first take a look at how the Janssen brothers choose breeding hens, the American Janssen expert Gai Rus said: the eyes are red and white (yellow) distinct, the rainbow emerges in a ribbon, wide shoulders and thick chests, and the waist is thick and the tail is small, this is the most satisfactory form of the Janssen brothers, the Janssen brothers and some of the ancestors are: the most outstanding male pigeons in the loft, with the proven breeding ability of the "golden mother", the hens are retained, the cocks are raced, if the performance is outstanding, they will be promoted to breeders, and then go to mate with another "golden mother". In other words, to make a Janssen pigeon, its mother or grandmother, and the father's grandmother, must contain two golden mothers. Bishabo, an expert in eye theory, has an unusual theory, he values the mother of the hen pigeon the most, that is, the grandmother, which means that the golden mother will give birth to the golden mother, and the daughter of the golden mother may give birth to a super breeding mother, and then effectively use the law of genetics, you can break through the bottleneck of breeding.