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Text: All the ways to go
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introduction
In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", the "phoenix" Pang Tong and the "Wolong" Zhuge Liang are Liu Bei's indispensable right-hand men in establishing the Shu Han Dynasty, and both of them are known for their loyalty and resourcefulness.
However, during the critical period of seeking to seize the city of Shudi, Pang Tong once told Liu Bei that Zhuge Liang had a heart to deceive you, and the lord had been deceived by it!
Soon after Pang Tong left this statement, he died in Luofengpo. If what Pang Tong said was true, why did Zhuge Liang deceive Liu Bei?
(Pang Tong and Zhuge Liang)
1. The disagreement between Zhuge Liang and Pang Tong
When Pang Tong left these words, it was a critical period to seize Xichuan, when Liu Bei had already obtained Jingzhou and attacked Chengdu, if he could take Chengdu, then Yizhou and even the entire Shu would be in his pocket.
And if you want to capture Chengdu, you must capture the city of Luocheng, which is located in the northeast of Chengdu.
When you want to go down to Xichuan, Liu Bei's main army and Zhuge Liang as a strategist are in Jingzhou, and the transfer of troops must take the road from Luocheng.
It was on this strategy of army coordination that serious differences arose between the two great think tanks, Pang Tong and Zhuge Liang.
(Liu Bei's situation in Sichuan)
The strategy proposed by Zhuge Liang advocated a steady and steady battle, first consolidating the power of Jingzhou, and then slowly plotting against Xichuan, if Jingzhou was stable, Liu Bei could lead the army from Shu to Cao Wei.
In the attack on the city, the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" said that Zhuge Liang watched the sky at night and saw "the difference between Taibai and the city", and thought that if the city was stormed, the commander would be more auspicious and less lucky, so he advised Liu Bei to be more careful.
(Zhuge Liang observes celestial phenomena)
In real history, Zhuge Liang should have inferred that he formulated a cautious and enterprising strategy through various objective factors.
According to the record of the historical book "Huayang Guozhi Shu Zhi", Yizhou Mu Liu Yan had built a city in Luocheng, and its ruins are still there, which shows that Luocheng at that time was a fortified city that was easy to defend and difficult to attack, and if it was blindly attacked, it would definitely suffer heavy losses.
Different from Zhuge Liang's military strategy of seeking stability, Pang Tong's strategy has always been more radical in the matter of seizing Xichuan, and his eagerness to win also indirectly led to the tragedy of Mr. Feng Xiao's early death.
What kind of strategy did Pang Tong propose for Liu Bei's entry into Xichuan, and why did he eventually lead to his death?
(Pang Tong)
The strategy of Pang Tong's side was very clear from the beginning, as early as the first time he invested in Liu Bei's account, Pang Tong repeatedly encouraged Liu Bei to seize Yizhou.
At the beginning of his hesitation due to the issue of faith, Pang Tong said bluntly that now at the critical moment of victory or defeat, he cannot stick to the rules, and it is a common thing to become a king and lose a villain, if the lord does not attack Yizhou, he will be taken advantage of by others.
Later, Liu Bei met with Yizhou Mu Liu Zhang in Fucheng, and Pang Tong proposed to Liu Bei to take this opportunity to seize the other party, so that Yizhou could be obtained without spending a single soldier, but Liu Bei refused on the grounds that his letter was not established.
After Liu Zhang returned to Chengdu, Pang Tong offered Liu Bei three more strategies to obtain Shu, among them, the plan was to secretly select elite soldiers, let them travel day and night, take a small road to attack Chengdu, and capture the defenseless and weak Liu Zhang in one fell swoop.
(Pang Tong offered advice to Liu Bei)
Before reaching Baishui Pass, Zhongji sent people to deceive Yang Huai and Gao Pei, the guards who were guarding Baishui Pass, saying that Jingzhou was in danger, and asked them to go back to the rescue, and take advantage of the situation to take down the two people, so as to attack Chengdu by taking advantage of the situation.
As for the next strategy, it is to retreat to the White Emperor City, contact the soldiers and horses of Jingzhou to enter Shu, and slowly plan for Yizhou. The next policy proposed by Pang Tong is precisely the steady policy advocated by Zhuge Liang.
Moreover, Pang Tong also believed that if he chose the next policy and hesitated a little, he would inevitably delay the fighter planes and put the whole army in a passive situation.
(Strategist Pang Tong)
It can be seen from Pang Tong's series of actions and his repeated suggestions to Liu Bei that although Pang Tong and Zhuge Liang are in the same direction in the matter of entering Xichuan and seeking the world, they are very different in the strategic choice of gradual advancement and victory in danger.
Pang Tong advocated a quick attack and quickly took Xichuan, and finally got Liu Bei's consent. Zhuge Liang was in Jingzhou, and if he wanted to dissuade the two, he was beyond the reach of the whip, so he had to send someone to write to Liu Bei to persuade the two with bad luck.
However, Zhuge Liang's persuasion not only failed to prevent Pang Tongqin from leading the army all the way to Luocheng, but also made him say to Liu Bei: "The lord is confused by Kong Ming: he doesn't want to achieve great success in unification, so he makes this statement to doubt the lord's heart." ”
What did Pang Tong mean when he said that Liu Bei was deceived by Zhuge Liang? Why did Zhuge Liang deceive Liu Bei?
(Pang Tong persuaded Liu Bei)
2. Deception or persuasion? Zhuge Liang's hard intentions are difficult to export!
Pang Tong's so-called Zhuge Liang's deception of Liu Bei refers to Zhuge Liang's repair of books from Jingzhou and informed Liu Bei, saying that he watched the sky at night and saw that Gangxing was in the west, and Taibai Star was in Luocheng.
Taibai volley, in ancient astrology, has the meaning of bad omen. This celestial phenomenon means that if Liu Bei continues to attack, he has a good chance of success, but he will definitely suffer heavy losses, and even lose his coach.
After hearing Zhuge Liang's words, Liu Bei hesitated, and Pang Tong, who himself disagreed with Zhuge Liang, believed that the reason why Zhuge Liang said this was to compete with him.
(Pang Tong and Zhuge Liang)
Pang Tong thought that the reason why Zhuge Liang wrote a letter to block it was because he was afraid that he would seize Xichuan first and become the first strategist under Liu Bei's account, so Pang Tong said to Liu Bei, I also calculated the number of Taiyi, since I already knew that Gangxing appeared in the west, then the lord should take Xichuan in his life!
Pang Tong also said that in his own calculations, there were no other bad signs, as for the Taibai Star coming to the city, it must refer to the previously killed guard Ling Bao, the so-called bad omen has been fulfilled, please don't be suspicious, you can rush into the army.
In this way, Liu Bei, who already had the heart to march, put his heart in his stomach, and listened to Pang Tong's advice to speed up the march, and the result was that Pang Tong was ambushed in Luofeng Slope and was killed by random arrows under Luofeng Slope.
Later, although the overall situation was decided, among the dragons and phoenixes obtained by Shu Han, the phoenix chick also unfortunately fell.
(Pang Tong died in Luofengpo)
From the dedication to the end of Pang Tong's death, did Zhuge Liang deceive Liu Bei?
Combined with the descriptions in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and the clues in the history books, Zhuge Liang's letter to Liu Bei should be a mixed bag.
Among them, the unfavorable celestial phenomena are false, and it is true that a rash attack will cause a catastrophe, from this point of view, it can indeed be regarded as Zhuge Liang deceived Liu Bei.
But in the matter of deceiving Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang also has unspeakable bitterness.
(Zhuge Liang and Pang Tong)
Pang Tong's character weaknesses of arrogance and greed for merit must have been known to Zhuge Liang.
did not hesitate to repair the book to deceive the lord Liu Bei, presumably it was expected that the city would be difficult to attack, and there were many auspicious battles, so he wanted to intervene to reduce the losses of the Shu army, and also to keep Pang Tong's talent.
Zhuge Liang's efforts failed to keep this rich and talented Mr. Feng Xiao. Pang Tong had a chance of surviving, but he was content to see through Zhuge Liang's deception, but in the end, "the agency was too clever and mistook Qingqing's life".
(Luofeng Slope in the album)
A generation of geniuses, celebrities of the Three Kingdoms, but in the end, due to their own character defects, they ended up buried in the suburbs, which is really regrettable.
Everyone thinks that Zhuge Liang persuaded Liu Bei, was he worried that Pang Tong would steal the merits, or was he worried that the casualties would be too large?
Resources:
[1] In the sixty-third chapter of "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Zhuge Liang cried bitterly for Pang Tong
[2] Encyclopedia