#我来唠家常#
▲ Shangqiu Huashang Cultural Square There are more than 20,000 "Shang" characters written by famous artists such as oracle bone inscriptions, Zhong Dingwen, large seals, small seals, official scripts, regular scripts, line scripts, and cursive scripts on the ground. Photo/Visual China
-The Legend of the Gentleman of Things-
The city of Henan with the most Henan temperament
Shangqiu is a concentrated Henan.
▲ Shangqiu city center at night. Photo by Wang Bing
Just like Henan is always folded, Shangqiu is also a small transparent in Henan. It is neither as ancient as Luoyang and Kaifeng, nor as maverick as Xinyang and Anyang. Shangqiu, which is decent and has a rich heritage, is very similar to the appearance of Henan in China.
Where does the merchant's business come from?
Similar to Henan's geographical advantage in China, Shangqiu, the "gateway to eastern Henan", is the key point from North China to East China and connecting Jiangnan.
As the thoroughfare of the four provinces, Shangqiu is bordered by Suzhou and Huaibei in Anhui Province in the east, Kaifeng in Henan Province in the west, Heze in Shandong Province in the north, and Bozhou in Anhui Province in the south. The open plain shaped by the Yellow River is the basic appearance of Shangqiu, and occasionally there are one or two higher slopes, but they are just lonely hills.
▲ The geographical location of Shangqiu. Drawing/Paprika
The flat realm made the ancestors who lived in Shangqiu in the early days never have the worry of obscuring their vision. Walking out of Shangqiu and seeing the scenery elsewhere is a natural choice for the ancestors of Shangqiu to understand the world.
More than 3,000 years ago, in the Xia Dynasty, a Shangqiu man named Wang Hai pulled ox carts and horse-drawn carts, loaded with grain and goods, and went to the surrounding cities to barter, and even crossed the Yellow River to the Yishui area of today's Hebei.
▲ The exhibits of the Shangqiu Museum in Henan Warring States Bronze - Fang Li. Photo by Shi Yaochen
"The Divine Destiny Bird descends to give birth to business. According to the records of the Book of Poetry and the Book of Songs, due to the meritorious work of assisting Dayu in controlling the water, the deed born because of the mother Jian Di devouring the eggs of the Xuanniao was sealed by the emperor Shun in Shang (now Suiyang District, Shangqiu), and the Shang tribe was born. For the next few hundred years, the Xianshang tribe remained under the jurisdiction of the Xia Dynasty.
Around 1800 B.C., Wang Hai, the leader of the Xianshang tribe, began to train cattle for grazing in addition to farming, and extended this labor mode to the entire tribe. The use of animal power has improved the efficiency of agricultural production and allowed the Wanghai tribe to enjoy a bumper harvest all year round.
▲ The Lizhuang site on display in the Shangqiu Museum shows the relics of Longshan culture in the late Neolithic Age, and the most famous "Nine Ox Sacrifice Pit" reflects that in Wang Hai's era, cattle were not only used for currency and transportation, but also used for a large number of sacrifices. Photo by Shi Yaochen
In addition to ensuring the livelihood of the tribal people, there is still a large surplus of these agricultural and sideline products. Looking at the warehouse full of grain, and then looking into the endless distance, Wang Hai came up with a clever plan - to go to other tribes to barter. Wang Hai's inadvertent move became an abuse of commercial trade among the Chinese nation.
After Wang Hai, the people of the Shang tribe followed in Wang Hai's footsteps further, and even formed merchants who specialized in trafficking goods. "Zhao led the car cow to serve Jia far away, and used filial piety to support his parents. ”
▲ The national treasure unearthed in Shangqiu: the mural of the four gods and clouds. It is 5.14 meters long and 3.27 meters wide, and was unearthed in the Han Tomb of Persimmon Garden, Mangdang Mountain. The mural was painted more than 2,000 years ago in the main chamber of the tomb of Liu Mai, King of Liang in the Western Han Dynasty. Mangdang Mountain is the site of Liu Bang's snake uprising, and it is also home to the largest Han tomb complex in China, the tomb of King Liang of the Han Dynasty. Photo/Official website of Henan Provincial Museum
▲ The Mausoleum of King Xiao of Han Liang in Shangqiu Mangdangshan is the largest stone chamber mausoleum found in China so far, and is known as "the first stone chamber mausoleum in the world". Photo by Yuan Qianxi
Since these merchants came from the Shang tribe, over time, people called these people engaged in commercial trade activities "merchants", the goods exchanged between the two parties were called "commodities", and the occupation that made a living from them was called "commerce". These terms are still in use today.
▲ The writing of "Dayi Shang" in the oracle bone inscription. "Dayi Shang" is the Shang Dynasty's name for their own national capital, similar to today's "Great Shanghai" and "Great Beijing".
Through business, the Xianshang tribes accumulated a large amount of wealth, which in turn nourished the development of agriculture and animal husbandry of the Xianshang tribes. Until the time of Wang Hai's seventh grandson Shang Tang, the strength of the Xianshang tribe was quite strong.
At that time, it was at the time of Xia Ji's excessive prostitution, and the Xia Dynasty was already in decline. Shang Tang took the opportunity to lead a large army, and after 11 battles, finally eliminated the Xia Dynasty and established the Shang Dynasty, with its capital in Nanbo (now Gushu Town, Yucheng County, Shangqiu).
Where did the Song of the Song Dynasty come from?
However, the time when the Shang Dynasty set the capital of Shangqiu was not long.
Due to the internal political struggles of the Shang royal family, coupled with the flooding of the Yellow River and the diversion of the Yellow River, the Shang Dynasty changed its capital several times. After the relocation of the capital, the scenery of Shangqiu is no longer there. It was not until the Song Dynasty more than 2,000 years later that Shangqiu ushered in the second highlight moment.
▲ Baguanzhai, located on the bank of the ancient Song River outside the south gate of the ancient city of Shangqiu, preserves the original stone of the famous calligrapher Yan Zhenqing after the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty. Photo by Shi Yaochen
During the Northern Song Dynasty, Shangqiu was called Yingtianfu. The name of Yingtian is taken from the honorific title of Zhao Kuangyin, Taizu of the Song Dynasty. Before it was named Yingtian, Shangqiu was called Songzhou. That's right, it's the "Song" of the Song Dynasty.
According to historical records, Zhao Kuangyin, who was born in a military family, did not develop smoothly in his early years. When he was destitute, Zhao Kuangyin once divined in the temple of Emperor Gaoxin in the south of Shangqiu City, and the fire god Yan Botai in the southwest of the city, and the results of both divination showed that he had the "Mandate of Heaven", that is, the appearance of the Son of Heaven.
▲ Yan Botai Theater. Diagram / Diagram Worm Creative
Perhaps it is the effect of psychological suggestion, since then, Zhao Kuangyin has repeatedly made military exploits, and his career has climbed all the way. In the sixth year of Xiande (959 AD), Zhou Shizong died of illness, and his seven-year-old son Chai Zongxun succeeded to the throne, and Zhao Kuangyin was appointed as the envoy of the German Army and became a senior general of the forbidden army. Soon after, Zhao Kuangyin was in Kaifeng Chenqiaoyi "yellow robe plus body", established as the son of heaven, the capital of the country is set in Bianliang (now Kaifeng, Henan).
In ancient China, the country name of the feudal dynasty has always been named after the fief or title of the founding monarch. For example, Liu Bang, the king of the Han Dynasty, was named Han, and Li Yuan, the prince of the Tang Dynasty, took Tang as the name of the country. For Zhao Kuangyin, it is most appropriate to set the "Song" of Songzhou, the land of dragon diving, as the country name.
▲ Mangdang Mountain Geopark. Mangdang Mountain is located in the alluvial plain of the Huanghuai River at the junction of Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu and Anhui provinces. Photo by Shi Yaochen
Since you are the "heart" of the Great Song Dynasty, the development of Tianfu is naturally "favored". Yingtian Academy, which was founded in the Jin Dynasty after five generations, has been continuously upgraded in a few years. With the upgrading of Yingtianfu to the accompanying capital "Nanjing", Yingtianfu Academy was also promoted to "Nanjing Guozijian", becoming the highest institution of learning in the Northern Song Dynasty in one fell swoop. "The state and county schools began here", and the world's schools "thrived according to this".
The academic atmosphere and faculty are always the most attractive aspects of a school. Literary scholar Yan Shu thought so. When he was appointed as the prefect of Tianfu, Yan Shu attached great importance to the development of Tianfu Academy, and hired famous teachers for it. Yan Shu, Sun Fu, and Hu Ying all held lectures at Yingtianfu Academy.
▲ Yingtian Academy, one of the four major academies in China. Photo by Shi Yaochen
In 1027 AD, Fan Zhongyan resigned from his official position due to the death of his mother. At the time of the funeral in Tianfu, he was invited by the academy to teach.
Fan Zhongyan's name was a golden signboard for enrollment at that time. In addition, Fan Zhongyan's selection criteria have no restrictions on age, identity and region, only the basic requirements of morality and academics, and students from all over the world have come to him. For a time, "people are happy and famous, and Zou Lu is prosperous".
Shangqiu is not only the land of Longxing in the Northern Song Dynasty, but also the place of revival in the Southern Song Dynasty. After the Jingkang disaster, Zhao Gou ascended the throne in Yingtianfu (now Shangqiu) in Nanjing, and the country name was still set as Song, known as the Southern Song Dynasty in history, but the national capital was moved from Bianliang to Lin'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang).
▲ The Song Dynasty inherited the past and had a far-reaching influence on the development of Chinese culture. It has attracted talents and artists from Xishu, Nantang and other places, which are famous for their art and culture, and have poured into the capital Tokyo Bianliang, which can be described as star-studded... The picture shows "Bamboo Birds", Huizong of the Song Dynasty, now in the Metropolitan Museum. Photo by Shi Yaochen
From "Prosperous Ancient Capital" to "Yellow Flood Area"
After the Jingkang Revolution in the Song Dynasty, Henan's status plummeted.
The political center moved away from Henan, and this place has not been favored since. In the following hundreds of years, the whole of Henan, including Shangqiu, even became one of the most turbulent places in the country.
▲ Winter in Shangqiu. Diagram / Diagram Worm Creative
Approximately flat and accessible land, it is easy to become an arena for both sides of the war. After the Song Dynasty, although Shangqiu was no longer "prominent", and even experienced many wars of different sizes, the tenacious people of Shangqiu could always bring Shangqiu back to life.
▲ The folk artists of Shangqiu are performing the iron flower fire dragon. Diagram / Diagram Worm Creative
Until the Anti-Japanese War, a measure by Chiang Kai-shek caused this former heavy ancient capital to suffer a catastrophe and became a "yellow flood area" that everyone avoided. Since then, Shangqiu has been continuously stigmatized, and even became the best target of ridicule in the eyes of regional blacks.
In 1938, the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression entered a stage of strategic stalemate, and China and Japan launched a long confrontation and tug-of-war in Henan. With the fall of Shangqiu and Kaifeng, the Nationalist Government did not hesitate to dig the Zhengzhou section of the Yellow River in order to protect itself in order to resist the Japanese attack.
▲ The embankment burst at the mouth of the Yellow River Garden, 1946. Photo courtesy of Lao Yao
The boiling water of the Yellow River burst the embankment from the mouth of the garden in Zhengzhou, and the overflowing river water broke the Longhai Railway and flowed mightily to the southeast of Henan. As the Huayuankou became bigger and bigger, and the old course of the lower reaches of the Yellow River gradually dried up, the Yellow River, which had no scruples, was arbitrarily diverted. Because there is no fixed river channel, the New Yellow River rolls around in this empty and flat land, forming a swampy area between the three provinces of Henan, Jiangsu and Anhui, which is what people call the "Yellow Flood Area".
▲ The Yellow Flood area formed by the flooding of the Yellow River. Drawing/Paprika
The southeastern Henan plain, including Shangqiu and Zhumadian, became a Qianli Ze country overnight. Disasters always come in tandem, and floods are followed by droughts and locust plagues. The suffering people of Shangqiu can only stay away from their homeland and embark on the road of escaping the famine.
▲ Flour and coal mines are important economic sources for Shangqiu Yongcheng. Photo by Yuan Qianxi
In the "Documentary of the Disaster in Henan Province", there is such a record: "Its migrants are tormented by hunger and disease, and they often cross the road and fill in the ravines, and they don't know how many." Fortunately, they were able to escape, and they had to reach the other side, and they all died for life. Arduous preparation, not for drowning ghosts, as many as homeless people......" Those who have watched the movie "1942" may not be unfamiliar with this past.
When the surviving Shangqiu people returned to their homeland, they found that the fertile land of Shangqiu in the past was no longer suitable for the planting and growth of crops due to the flood irrigation of the Yellow River, desertification and salinization.Chinese
▲ The temple fair in Mangshan Town, Shangqiu, has a history of more than 1,000 years, starting from the Tang Dynasty and flourishing in the Song Dynasty. There are also 10 days of market activities during the temple fair, which is only once a year. Photo by Yuan Qianxi
Since then, "escaping from the famine" has become a way of life for the Shangqiu people.
In the eighties and nineties of the last century, when the Shangqiu people were married, they would still ask the woman if she had the experience of going out to beg with her parents. If not, they will even be worried, their daughters-in-law will not even be able to beg for food, and what will happen to their future grandchildren when the flood comes? Even today, this custom still exists in the rural areas of Shangqiu: after sowing in autumn, they go out to "beg for food" (now generally referred to as part-time work) for half a year, and then go back to farming in the spring of the following year.
▲ At the beginning of April, during the Pear Blossom Festival in Ningling County, Shangqiu, local pear farmers stood on a ladder to pollinate pear blossoms, with a medicine bottle full of pollen hanging on their chests. Photo by Zhao Liang
After a long period of wandering, this group of Chinese "gypsies" has developed a "strange" personality - they do not like to integrate into the local society, and only prefer to associate with small groups of fellow villagers. Small groups that are extremely huddled together will inevitably become a "factor of social instability" in the eyes of the locals.
The inertia of "wandering", coupled with the barren land, made the development of Shangqiu stagnant for a time, and even became an economic "collapse area" in Henan.
From the "Yellow Flood Area" to the New Shangqiu
The endless Great Plains was once a constraint for Shangqiu, but it was also a life-saving straw when Shangqiu sank.
▲ Pear blossoms in full bloom. Photo by Zhao Liang
"If you want to get rich, you must first build roads. Such a slogan, adapted and disseminated by Internet jokers, is a little magical, but it is a true portrayal of Shangqiu's development in recent years.
▲ Traffic map of Shangqiu City. Drawing/Paprika
The geographical location at the junction of the three provinces has brought some convenient conditions to Shangqiu. The two main railway lines of Longhai and Beijing-Kowloon intersect in Shangqiu, and the three high-speed railways of Zheng (Zhou) Xu (Zhou), Shang (Qiu) He (Fei) Hangzhou (Zhou) and Jingxiong (An) Shang form the main skeleton of a clover in Shangqiu. In addition to Zhengzhou, Shangqiu has become the second largest transportation hub in Henan Province.
▲ Shanghe-Hangzhou high-speed railway. Photo/Visual China
Convenient transportation allows the development of Shangqiu to take the fast lane. Yongcheng, under the jurisdiction of Shangqiu, with the advantages of national highways and high speeds, seized the opportunity of leather trade, and even withdrew the county to build a city, which was directly managed by Henan Province.
Affected by the traffic in all directions, Shangqiu's eating habits are not rigid. Rice noodles and rice noodles in the south, roast chicken and baked cakes in the north, plus spicy soup and fried buns with Henan characteristics, can all be found in Shangqiu. In addition, located at the junction of the three provinces, the eating habits of Henan, Shandong and Anhui provinces are mixed with unique tastes in Shangqiu.
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▲ Shangqiu cuisine, the pictures are dry pot duck, fried buns, and water steamed buns. Figure/Marketchart.com
Just as Hu spicy soup is Zhoukou's business card, sa soup is the label of Shangqiu's diet. According to the "Cheng Family Genealogy", during the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Shangqiu area in eastern Henan suffered from a drought, and Cheng Jingyun, the twenty-third generation grandson of the Northern Song Dynasty physicist Cheng Hao, deliberately took out the grain in his granary to give porridge. In order to increase the nutrition of the people, Cheng Jingyun ordered his family to kill the cattle, sheep and chickens at home, and put them into a large pot to stew.
▲ SA soup. Figure/Marketchart.com
The rich broth has become a generation of memories of Shangqiu people. In order to preserve this taste, after the famine, some people followed suit and boiled meat soup. If you ask a Shangqiu person what this soup is called, most of them will get this answer: "You say what kind of soup is it." The name of the sa soup was just called.
Bean porridge is another wonder of Shangqiu's omnivorous culture. Soybean noodles are mixed with a small amount of millet noodles and boiled over high heat, and finally sprinkled with a handful of spiced soybeans to make it fragrant. A bowl of fragrant sa soup, or a bowl of warm bean porridge, paired with beef dumpling buns, meat boxes, sugar cakes and other snacks, is enough to decorate the morning of Shangqiu people.
▲ Yongcheng Xuehu bean porridge has been famous for a long time, and was named "Eryu Porridge" by Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, and the therapeutic value of this porridge is recorded in the "Compendium of Materia Medica" and "Porridge Spectrum". Source/Tencent Video "Taste Yongcheng"
However, in addition to a comfortable life, the ancient capital Shangqiu had greater ambitions. It is not difficult to see from the "Central Plains Urban Agglomeration Development Plan" approved by the State Council that the urban development of Shangqiu has been positioned as a national regional central city.
Shangqiu, who has business genes, will naturally not fail to live up to this opportunity. As far as Shangqiu is concerned, it should not be far away to completely remove the hat of "yellow flood area" and usher in another stage of economic development.
▲ Shangqiu