Abstract:In recent years, printing technology has gradually penetrated into all aspects of production and life, and continues to grow and develop, forming a huge industrial system. At present, the printing industry has become an important part of the national economic system, with an annual output value of more than one trillion yuan. In recent years, the total output value of the mainland printing industry has shown an upward trend as a whole. In 2022, the total output value of the mainland's printing industry increased by 2.9% year-on-year to 1.43 trillion yuan, ranking first in the world in terms of overall scale.
1. Definitions and Classification
Printing is a technology that transfers text, pictures, photos, anti-counterfeiting and other original manuscripts to the surface of paper, textiles, plastic products, leather, PVC, PC and other materials through plates, ink, pressurization and other processes, and reproduces the content of the original manuscript in batches. According to the Industrial Classification and Codes of the National Economy formulated by the National Bureau of Statistics, China classifies printing as the reproduction of printing industry and recording media (NBS code 23), and its NBS Level 3 code is C231. The printing industry includes the printing of books, newspapers and periodicals (National Bureau of Statistics code C2311), the printing of this book (National Bureau of Statistics code C2312) and packaging and decoration and other printing (National Bureau of Statistics code C2319).
Second, industry policies
In recent years, the state has issued a series of policies related to the printing industry to promote the healthy and sustainable development of the printing industry. In March 2023, the National Press and Publication Administration issued the "Notice on Strengthening the Quality Management of Printing and Reproduction", proposing that by 2025, the quality of the printing and reproduction supply system will be effectively improved, the quality brand will be cultivated and expanded, the quality advantage will be significantly enhanced, and the quality and safety will be guaranteed. In December 2023, the General Office of the Shanxi Provincial Party Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the Shanxi Provincial People's Government issued the "Implementation Opinions on Promoting the High-quality Development of the Consumer Goods Industry", proposing to strengthen the cultivation of innovative R&D institutions, strengthen the introduction of supporting enterprises and projects, improve the level of intensive processing of raw materials, enhance the added value of products, and strive to cultivate three potential industrial chains in the field of consumer goods industry by the end of 2025.
Third, the development process
The development of China's printing industry can be traced back thousands of years, when there was already technology for block printing and movable type printing. In ancient China, block printing was the earliest printing technique, which used a convex pattern engraved on a wooden board, and the ink on the pattern was printed onto the paper. During the Song Dynasty, movable type printing became popular, a technique that used separate small typings to print letters and symbols onto paper. At the beginning of the 19th century, lithography technology began to be used in the printing industry. Lithography uses a flat plate to print ink onto paper or other materials. In the middle of the 19th century, letterpress printing technology began to be widely used in the printing industry. Letterpress printing uses a protruding plate to print ink onto paper or other materials. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, digital printing technology began to rise. Digital printing uses a computer-controlled printer that can quickly print a variety of images and text. The development of digital printing technology has made printing more convenient and flexible, and at the same time has provided the possibility of personalized printing.
Fourth, industry barriers
1. Technical barriers
The printing industry needs to achieve its profit goals through cost control, and cost control requires printing enterprises to have advanced production technology, forming a certain technical barrier. As large-scale enterprises in the printing industry continue to implement technological transformation of existing equipment, improve equipment performance, improve production efficiency, reduce product consumption, and combine intelligent and automated prepress imposition processing system, highly automated full-process printing and other technologies to ensure the industry-leading level of its production technology. Therefore, the advanced production technology and process of large-scale enterprises in the printing industry require a certain amount of time and experience accumulation, which constitutes a certain barrier to new market entrants.
2. Talent barriers
The printing industry needs to establish a systematic talent training system for product development, design, testing, manufacturing and operation management. In recent years, with the continuous growth of the mainland macro economy and the rapid development of downstream industries, the mainland printing industry has maintained a good growth momentum, and the demand for professionals is also increasing. With the development of the business model of the printing industry from the traditional single production and manufacturing model to the integrated solution model, the sales model has also developed from the traditional offline physical printing to the online C2B production and sales model, resulting in the increasingly obvious contradiction between the supply and demand of relevant printing talents.
3. Scale barriers
The scale effect of the printing industry is more significant, which constitutes a high scale barrier. The printing industry is faced with small-batch, customized and personalized customer needs, and only enterprises that have reached a certain scale can achieve long-term sustainable development. At the same time, printing enterprises need to reach a certain scale in customer acquisition channels, and only after ensuring a considerable degree of customer sources and obtaining a large number of orders, can they have the prerequisites for the implementation of co-printing. In addition, some customers tend to choose suppliers with complete categories and strong comprehensive service capabilities for the sake of reducing supplier management costs and express logistics procurement costs, and establish long-term and stable business cooperation with them. Therefore, enterprises with a certain scale in the printing industry have competitive advantages in product types and production costs, forming a scale barrier in the printing industry.
4. Financial barriers
The printing industry is an asset-heavy industry, and the initial investment requires large-scale investment in fixed assets. In particular, the quality of high-end paper printing products is stable and production efficiency needs more advanced production lines, some production equipment is imported equipment, and large-scale fixed assets have higher requirements for the financial strength of printing enterprises. When enterprises in the printing industry provide customers with various specifications and categories of products, they need to purchase corresponding raw materials for production, which also causes greater pressure on the funds of printing enterprises.
Fifth, the industrial chain
1. Analysis of the industry chain
The upstream of the industrial chain of the printing industry is mainly the raw material and equipment market, mainly including base paper, ink and printing equipment, etc., the middle of the industrial chain is mainly the printing industry, and the downstream of the industrial chain is the application market, mainly including textile and garment, apparel industry, chemical raw materials and chemical products manufacturing, tobacco products industry, pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, food manufacturing industry.
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