The British Museum, why did it come to this?
You must have heard of it
"The best cultural relics in China are not in China,
And at the British Museum"
It's not just China
Most of the best artifacts in Egypt are not in Egypt
And in the British Museum
(Statue of Ramses II, Drawing @ Beef Stew/Planetary Institute)
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In fact
The best artifacts in Greece are not in Greece either
And in the British Museum
(Parthenon Sculpture, Drawing @ Beef Stew/Planetary Institute)
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Here it is
Collections of all countries in the world
All civilizations in history
With a collection of more than 8 million items
Ranked No. 1 in the world
British museum
(Please view the distribution of the sources of the British Museum's collection on a horizontal screen, compared with the Palace Museum, the collection of 1.86 million pieces, drawing @ Song Nan/Planet Research Institute)
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The collection has been criticized for being colonial
Stealing, robbing, illegal plundering
So why is the British Museum doing this?
Does it have no conscience?
In fact
Behind its violent acts
Hiding a story that has lost its original intention
01
Explore the world
When the British first started collecting
They don't even realize they've unintentionally triggered
A series of uncontrollable waves
And it all started in Jamaica
Jamaica is located in the Caribbean Sea
It has been discovered by European countries since the end of the 15th century
They competed to divide the land, develop plantations, and trade in slaves
turned on the infamous
Colonial era
Among them, the United Kingdom is a small island nation
They seized colonies more than 100 times larger than their own homeland
(Please watch the North American colonies in landscape mode, drawing @ Songnan/Planetary Institute)
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The UK continues to incorporate homegrown production of industrial products
Sell to the colony to make a fortune
The bigger the colony, the bigger the market, and the higher the chance of getting rich
So people knitted cloth by hand
Upgrade to pedal loom weaving
It was then upgraded to using a steam engine to let the loom weave its own cloth
The Industrial Revolution broke out
And behind this revolution
There's also a big shift in mindset
The British, who profess Christianity, think
Human beings can know God's truth through reason
This is where the laws of nature begin
An enlightenment of the supremacy of reason swept in
(Well-known British scientist, Cartography @ Beef Stew/Planetary Institute)
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This is 18th-century England
All kinds of great historical changes that have appeared in your textbooks
Concentrate on the outbreak at this time
Change is like a rain that washes away the obscurantism of the past
People have been enlightened and opened up new horizons
Discover that the ordinary things around you suddenly become new and interesting
Curiosity is gradually awakened
thereinto
A doctor named Sir Hans Sloane
Accompanied by a colonial fleet to Jamaica
Here he found plants and insects that he had never seen in England
Driven by curiosity, collect them
Specimens were made and brought back to the UK
(Blue Mountains, Jamaica, a naturalist boom in Europe in the 18th century under the influence of the Enlightenment, image source@alamy)
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In addition to collecting specimens
Sloan also has a number of playthings from India
The colonial movement opened the eyes of the British to a new geographical space
They don't just go to North America
We also go further to India and Southeast Asia to seek new opportunities
Among Sloan's patients were many businessmen and envoys who traveled to and from India
I brought back all kinds of novelty and small items
(Bombay Municipal Building, which was set up as a trading base after the British arrived in India in the 17th century and established the East India Company, photo source@Visual China)
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And so on
Sloane's villa in London is piled up
Butterflies, corals, animal horns and other rare playthings
It becomes a pavilion full of curiosities
This was the beginning of the British collection
And the wave is just emerging
If it's curiosity
inspired Sloan to pick up a fruit, a leaf
理性思维则驱使斯隆入手研究
He hired a group of assistants in linguistics and natural sciences
Classification and cataloguing of collections
Compile a living encyclopedia
(Sir Sloane's collection of natural science manuscripts, later years compiled the "Jamaica Naturalist", cartography @ Beef Stew/Planetary Institute)
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Quite a few curious people heard about Sloan's collection
They came to visit
So Sloan made a will in his later years
More than 70,000 items in the collection were donated to the country
The State is required to preserve the collection in its entirety
It must not be destroyed, discarded, or reduced in the slightest
and must be open to the public
Appendix to Sloan's Will, 1751
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Strive to satisfy your curiosity and desire to learn
Enhance knowledge and new knowledge for all
(At that time, there was a trend of collecting and visiting, and the Ashmolean Museum, the first public museum in the United Kingdom, came into being, picture source@wikimedia Commons)
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In 1753, Sloane died
Parliament passes the British Museums Act 1753
In accordance with Sloan's terms, all of his collection was accommodated
Merger with the library of two other nobles
Establishment of the British Museum
Its name carries the vibrant political vision of the time -
England and Scotland are united
Become the Kingdom of Great Britain
Naming the "British Museum"
（British Museum）
Located in the capital city of London
It is a sign of the surging atmosphere of this emerging kingdom
(Please view central London in landscape mode, image source@Visual China)
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Specimen of Sloan
Placed with tens of thousands of books
This is what the British Museum was originally like
At that time, the brutal frenzy of looting of antiquities had not yet occurred
It mainly displays books, specimens, and numismatic badges
It's like a reading room
Encourage people to read and observe objects at the same time
Spark your curiosity
to discover the connection between "text" and "matter".
Curiosity is the most rustic heart of the British Museum
The rational, empirical spirit of England has taken on a carrying entity because of its emergence
(The original site of the British Museum was Montagu House pictured below, photo source@Visual China)
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End of the 18th century
The affluence brought by industry has made it possible to explore the oceans
English navigator under the blueprint of kingdom expansion
Arrived in the Arctic and Australia one after another
"Ocean" has opened up a new world of colours
thereupon
The protagonist of Robinson Crusoe has a lifelong ambition to travel the world
From time to time, Captain Gulliver's Travels opens the nautical map
The desert island in Shakespeare's The Tempest is no longer set in an unreal setting
Shelley's Ode to the West Wind celebrates the west wind that propels the sailboat
The ocean has become a spiritual symbol of the times
In those days, the ocean was the future
(Britain arrived at the North Pole in order to open up the Northwest Passage, the picture shows the islands in the Arctic Circle, photographer @ cycad)
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1771
A fleet exploring the South Pacific returns
The rare objects brought back are included in the British Museum
Its collections range from a geographical area known to the people
Jump into the wider unknown
If knowledge is an ocean
The British Museum is a small ship
Transporting people to an unknown future
At that time, the expectations in people's hearts were simple and simple:
The world is still very big
We're going to check it out
02
Collect the world
19th century
If there are no museums in your country
Then your country may be smashed and moved into a museum in another country
This is a bloody lesson from Egypt
Centuries ago
Europeans broke the shackles of religion
Go back to the ancient Greek and Roman eras
is famous for history
Renaissance
There was a growing trend of collecting in European society
A number of museums with private collections have emerged one after another
But this is a crisis for Egypt
(Luxor Temple, Egypt, image source@Visual China)
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At this time, Egypt was part of the Ottoman Turkish Empire
It was a time of empires juxtaposing side by side
The Ottomans were entrenched on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean
North of the Black Sea was the domain of Tsarist Russia
France single-handedly dominated Western Europe with Napoleon
Britain is relatively small
But with hundreds of warships in the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean
Weave an invisible network of transportation
Napoleon continued to expand abroad
The situation in Eurasia is on the verge of eruption
(Distribution of Eurasian power during Napoleon's Empire, Mapping @ Song Nan/Institute for Planetary Studies)
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The Red Sea in eastern Egypt
It is a "shortcut" between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean
Napoleon went to Egypt to cut off the British network
Britain and France then went to war in Egypt
The British Museum initially received donations from its collections
In 1799, the British navy routed the French off the coast of Egypt
Ancient Egyptian artifacts looted during the latter's garrison
All of them went to Britain as trophies
The British Museum has opened a new channel for its collections:
win
That is, as a victorious country, the property of the vanquished
(Rosetta Stone, which later became a key artifact in deciphering hieroglyphs, cartography @ Cowstew/Planetary Institute)
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The Ottomans watched as the Anglo-French fought in their own territory
It has neither a collecting ethos
There is also no interest in ancient civilizations
Simply open Egypt to calm the people
European scholars, ambassadors, thieves, speculative businessmen
Take away the mummies, buildings, statues of ancient Egypt
The Raid of the Nile
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Museums in Europe are ready to move entire tombs
The wind of collecting turned into a frenzy of looting antiquities
Swept into the Mediterranean
The Englishman Elgin came to Greece with the acquiescence of the Ottomans
The Parthenon, a masterpiece of ancient Greek architecture
Cracked, blasted, cut, packed into 200 boxes and shipped back to the UK
(Swipe to see the Parthenon sculpture, Sir Elgin is the father of Sir Elgin who ordered the burning of the Old Summer Palace, by @Beef Stew/Planetary Institute)
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I heard that the Parthenon reliefs arrived in England
Royalty and museum directors in other countries understood its artistic value
Bidding came one after another
Britain has never shelled out a penny for a collection before
Under the hot bidding
Britain preemptively bought it for the highest price of £35,000
The British Museum has added another collection channel:
buy
Acquired from wealthy large collectors
Or ask the nobles to donate and return as a thank you
(Affected by the Renaissance trend, most of the purchases at this time are ancient Greek and Roman cultural relics, welcome to swipe to view, cartography @ Beef Stew / Planet Institute)
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The Ottomans opened Egypt like a wolf into the house
Britain took advantage of the situation to infiltrate its military power
Sponsor expeditions of diplomats and geographers
Enter the long-closed heart of the Middle East by the Ottomans
The world's earliest civilization - the civilization of the two rivers
It was discovered for the first time from a scientific point of view
The consciousness of archaeology sprouts in this undercurrent of turbulence
The British Museum has added another channel to its collections:
excavation
That is, to accept the cultural relics excavated by the scientific expedition team in other countries without authorization
(The Assyrian exhibition hall of the British Museum, a large number of Assyrian cultural relics entered the museum at this time, photographer @ Chen Yang)
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Britain cannibalized the Ottomans on the side
On the one hand, from the Black Sea to the north, it restrained the expansion of Tsarist Russia
Tsarist Russia concentrated its forces in Europe
Britain, however, set its sights on the vast Eurasian continent early
It is based in India
The British army expanded on the one hand
British scholars while exploring
They crossed the Pamirs and arrived in Kashgar
Travel through the Taklamakan Desert and meet Dunhuang
At this time, the sense of sovereignty of various countries over cultural relics had not yet germinated
Britain recognized the value of antiquities early on
He bought it from the locals in a coaxed manner
(Please watch the exhibition hall of the late Qing Dynasty in landscape mode, image source@Visual China)
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"Wondering
What other Chinese artifacts are available in the British Museum?
See how to see it at the end of this article!"
The first half of the 19th century
Britain is leading the way
A flexible network of maritime communications to keep the power of each country on land
The expedition team shuttled through the African jungle infested with fierce beasts
Climb over the world's highest Himalayas
Conquer the polar ice
Step by step, open up the hinterland of the continent unknown to mankind
No matter where they go deep, as long as they reach the coast
It will be able to pass through the British Navy, which roams the world's five oceans
Escort and return home safely
In that era, if you control the sea, you own the world
(Victoria Falls on the East African plateau, discovered by the Royal Geographical Society in search of the source of the Nile, named after Queen Victoria, image source@Visual China)
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The British Museum's collection exploded at this time
The scale is so varied
If time is taken as the vertical axis
Human civilization from its origins to the present
Two Rivers – Egypt – Greece – Rome – Middle Ages – Renaissance
The wind and clouds that span thousands of years are slowly spreading
(Thousands of years, thousands of people and thousands of faces, cartography @ Beef Stew / Planet Research Institute)
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If you take space as the horizontal axis
There is no difference between Eastern and Western civilizations in the world
Americas - Europe - Africa - Asia - Oceania
The colorful creations of different groups of people on the planet are on full display
(Collection of Turquoise Cultural Relics, Mapping @ Beef Stew / Planet Institute)
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People classify and catalogue collections
The management system of the museum gradually developed
At that time, the artifact had not yet become a cultural relic
Each piece of the collection resembles an uncarved jade
Waiting for archaeology to give it a richer connotation
They are grouped in:
Greco-Roman antiquities, numismatic emblems, and Oriental antiquities
The collections are so novel and obscure
Continuously extending from the point to the line
Unexpected connections with other collections
Weaving into a vast "Internet"
(Roman sculpture gazing at Assyrian stone carvings, photographer @ Sun Yelin)
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Take advantage of the sovereignty of all countries in the world over archaeology and cultural relics
It is still in a hazy, unconscious state
The British Museum relies on Britain's military prowess
Step by step, the world was "collected".
When the British ships were strong and the guns were sharp, the contours of the empire on which the sun never set
The British Museum then reached its peak
03
Play around the world
Mid-19th century
No matter where you are
As long as you see the sea, you can feel the existence of the British Empire
Its military penetrates the world from the ocean
The British Navy nimbly shuttles through the world's straits and seaports
Once it is found that the flames of war are ignited in various countries
Immediately incarnate as a "maritime policeman" and forcibly extinguish it
(The Bosphorus, the choke point of Eurasia, controlled by the British, image source@wikimedia Commons)
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Its trade from the ocean spreads all over the world
The British Empire was under the banner of "free trade".
Breaking down the tariff fortresses of Europe with gunboats,
Blow up China under the Qing Dynasty
Dumping of goods "Made in England".
Forcibly turn the world into a trade market for the British Empire
(The original copy of the "Treaty of Nanjing" in the late Qing Dynasty, Britain made huge profits by smuggling opium to China, in 1840, the Qing government banned drugs and sold tobacco, and Britain went to war against China under the pretext of maintaining trade freedom, photographer @ Yan Tingyu)
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Its civilization has influenced the world from the sea
The British Empire prides itself as the savior
With the mission of "sowing the seeds of civilization".
Send missionaries, doctors, and teachers to remote places
Construction of churches, schools, hospitals
James Stuart:
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Transform lazy, lowly people into moral activists in society
Forcibly "transforming" the world with the civilization of Great Britain as the criterion
(Papua New Guinea folklore, this country has been carved up by the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Germany, picture source@Visual China)
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That's what it's all about
The Fallen Empire
It penetrates the world with invisible tentacles
The sun rises every day
The gears of time began to turn from England
The sun shines east of the prime meridian
The English businessman and missionary who traveled the world started the day
Sunset
The British Navy was stationed in the darkness of the night
The British Empire thus had overwhelming military authority
Arrogantly play with the world in the palm of your hand
(Please watch the landscape of the change of the empire where the sun never sets, drawing @ Songnan / Planetary Research Institute)
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The British Museum has also expanded its collection with the help of the Empire
Once the situation in Europe was tense
Now the countries are suppressed by the military power of the British Empire
The British Empire turned its attention to Western Europe
Send scholars to explore the roots of British civilization
A large number of Western European collections were incorporated into the collection at this time
(Collection of Western European Cultural Relics, Cartography @ Beef Stew/Planetary Institute)
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The markets of countries around the world were forcibly opened
A large number of local artifacts began to flow overseas
in the market
There is no meaningful distinction between "cultural relics" and "commodities".
There is only a difference in price
So whether it is the spoils of the burning of the Old Summer Palace,
Cultural relics excavated by archaeological teams from other countries without authorization,
or the royal treasures resold by Qing Dynasty relics to auction houses
In the name of trade, it flows into the European and American markets from all over the world
Everyone has it at their fingertips
The British Museum acquired a large number of oriental artifacts at this time
(Please swipe to view Oriental cultural relics, European society has set off a "Oriental fever", keen to buy tea, prints, porcelain from the East, cartography @ Beef Stew / Planet Institute)
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The power of the British Empire became more and more entrenched
The British Museum's path to collecting is also getting easier
Mid-19th century
The world is like a British playground
Mass Nationals Non-Redetained Mainland
Rather, it is to move overseas
They invested in shipping, insurance, oil refineries, railways, etc
Develop the local economy and make a fortune
People began to collect small local objects
All kinds of novelty collections are included in the collection
(Javanese Wai Yang Puppet, Java was one of the trading bases of the British East India Company, and the British Empire conquered Java by force in 1816, replacing the Dutch colonization of Indonesia, Cartography @ Beef Stew/Planetary Institute)
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Collections from all over the world come together at the British Museum
People are starting to find out
Indian Buddha statues are so similar to Greek statues
China's papermaking techniques are the same as those of Samarkand
Thousands of years of transmission, integration and intermingling of civilizations around the world
Like a magnificent picture, it appeared with a bang
This opens up a bigger picture:
Originally
Civilization knows no borders
transcends time and space
Then museums should also break down national borders
In order to "protect" world civilization in its entirety
(Enlightenment Hall, British Museum, image source@Unsplash)
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The second half of the 19th century
The British Empire saw it as its mission to "protect the world's civilization".
On the one hand, through military aggression, looting the collection
On the one hand, through free trade, the acquisition of collections
The collection is growing
The British Museum also built a new building to expand its collection
In 1857, the new building was officially completed
Its façade imitates Greek architecture and consists of 44 columns
That is, the entrance we see now
There are two museums in the east and west, which are dedicated to large collections
At the center is a spacious domed reading hall
Enter the hall
Looking up is like looking up at the firmament
(Circular Reading Hall, photo source@Visual China)
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Here it is
The heart of the empire
The British Empire financed the purchase and maintenance of the collection from top to bottom
Admission to the public is free of charge
The public also responded enthusiastically and not only visited the museum
He also actively donated to his collection
Two-way investment led to a rapid expansion of the British Museum's collections
The number of buildings was so large that new buildings had to be set up
Nurtured
National Gallery of Art
National Library
Museum of Geology, etc
A group of direct descendants
(The National Gallery of the United Kingdom, each museum was established at different times, the National Gallery is the earliest one, photographer @ Yao Lu)
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At the beginning of the museum's construction, Sloan's natural specimens were also removed
It is also a museum of natural history
however
Sloane's collection is gone
It's like the original intention has been removed
From the Age of Enlightenment, to Imperial Hegemony
Britain has grown from an ignorant lion cub to a male lion who is proud of the world
But forgot
There is more than one predator in this world
(Please watch the London Museum of Natural History in landscape mode, image source@Visual China)
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End of the 19th century
The world's first generator appeared in Germany
The first barrel of explosives was tested in Sweden
The first plane took off in the United States
A number of industrial up-and-comers have caught up
These industrial countries are trying to protect their own nascent industries
Re-close the tariff fortress that had been knocked open by the British Empire
(Munich New City Hall, Germany led the second industrial revolution, image source@Visual China)
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The emerging industrial powers are vying for markets and raw materials
Race to carve up Africa and Asia
The British Empire was embroiled in a war to retain its power
The contradiction has become white-hot
Escalated to the First World War
The illusion of peace maintained by the British Empire with hegemony was shattered
The true face of violence has also been exposed
(Benin Cultural Relics Wall in West Africa, Beninese civilization destroyed under British aggression, image source@Visual China)
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The British Museum as the heart of the empire
A large amount of bloody loot was stored in wartime
After the war, the museum was restored and reopened
Maintain the prestige of the empire
However, the power of the British Empire gradually declined under the attrition of war
Strength can never go back to what it used to be
(Archaeological activities were completely suspended during the war, and the United Kingdom resumed immediately after the war, this is a replica of the Sutton Hood helmet that was entered after the war, picture source@Visual China)
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In 1939, World War II began
The dome reading hall of the British Museum collapsed after a bombing
The elegant hall has turned into a wasteland
After the war raged
Someone began to reflect on the colonial evils of the empire
There are also expectations for the rebuilding of the empire
The majesty that the British Museum symbolizes
Gradually, there is a gap with the real predicament of the Empire
With the disintegration of the empire after the war
Where will the British Museum go?
04
Wandering the world
21st century
There are more than 90,000 museums around the world
The British Museum was founded early, famous, and has a large collection
sat firmly on the throne of the ancestor-level elder
However, after World War II
The decency of the patriarchs became increasingly difficult to maintain
Run a veteran museum
Funding is needed
Britain was in debt billions of dollars after World War II
It is difficult to restore the level of expenditure at the British Museum before the war
(Entrance to the British Museum, photographer @ Yan Shujin)
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Run a veteran museum
Space is also needed
The British Museum is located in a prime location in London
For the Parliament Chamber, Big Ben, Tower Bridge, etc
Surrounded by political, economic and cultural landmarks
It is no longer realistic to expand the new building
(Central London, The Shard and Tower Bridge in the picture, picture source@Picture Worm Creative)
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Today, there are 1,800 museums in the UK
The British Museum, along with dozens of them, relies on government funding
There are many monks and little porridge
They need to separately seek corporate sponsorship
Hold exhibitions to enhance competitiveness
And a lot of publicity, to attract tourists
The British Museum as a patriarch
There are still many up-and-comers who still need to compete
(The Victoria and Albert Museum, the second largest national museum in the United Kingdom, still insists on free admission, picture source@alamy)
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There is a need for external competition
Internally, the British Museum has a huge and complex management problem
It is the heart of the former empire
Many nationals regard it as an eternal "home of collections"
They are constantly donating their collections
Some donated books and paintings
Some donated cigarette cards, flints, and commemorative tokens
These valuable, mundane, and inconspicuous collections
Together, they form part of a collection of 8 million pieces
But not all collections are suitable for display
(Shipwreck Cross, Cartography @ Beef Stew/Planetary Institute)
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The British Museum cannot refuse donations from others
It has been continuously revised since the establishment of the museum
British Museums Act 1963
Among them, Sloan's rules and regulations: all are reserved, and they cannot be divided
Nor can it be discarded at will
This is the dilemma of unbridled expansion
Huge collections fill the British Museum's ship
It drifted heavily on the surface of the sea
Between two fires
Unexpectedly, the wind direction began to change
(Wardsden bequest donated by the nobles, a separate exhibition hall is required to be set up when entering the museum, drawing @ Beef Stew/Planetary Institute)
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In 1954, the world was sacked by the Nazis
Gradually sprout the awareness of cultural relics protection
Many countries signed the Hague Convention
Depends on the period of the war
Forcible removal of cultural relics from the location
Illegal plunder
(The sculpture of the Old Summer Palace in the special exhibition of the late Qing Dynasty, photographer @ Artery Shadow)
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Enter the 21st century
The world was freed from colonial rule
Establishment of nation-states
With the awakening of the consciousness of national sovereignty
Countries are beginning to trace the roots of their civilizations
Reflect on and critique the atrocities of past colonization
It is emphasized that cultural objects should belong to the country in which they are located
Ask for the former colonists
Return of cultural relics
(Acropolis Museum, Greece was the first to recover cultural relics from the British, and a new museum was specially built in 1989 to wait for the cultural relics to return home, picture source@Visual China)
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The wind blows, and the waves rise
The anti-colonial wave is booming all over the world
The illusion of what was once "equality" was debunked
The crimes of colonization were also put on the table
The British Museum is in it difficult to turn around
If it follows the wave, return the artifact
It is equivalent to denying one's own past achievements
So it side Esloane's rules:
It is reserved in its entirety and cannot be divided
As a shield
While moving Sloane's statue to the colonial history gallery
to reflect
(Sloan statue, photographer @Sun Yelin)
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Well, in addition to reflection
Did the British Museum take action?
In 2004, the British Museum issued the Remains Act
Human remains used for archaeological purposes will be returned to their relatives
This is the first time that an artifact has been returned by the British Museum
Gluing 2009
UK Parliament Passes Holocaust Relics Return Act
Return of some of the artifacts acquired during the Holocaust
(Egypt Hall, the mummy is an ancient Egyptian coffin, most of which contain remains, picture source@Visual China)
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however
The British Museum does not return artifacts acquired during the Imperial period
Even for countries around the world
It was an illegal acquisition in the name of trade
In its view, that's a commodity
and not cultural relics of other countries
(Please view the David Porcelain Hall in landscape mode, on long-term loan to the British Museum by the David Foundation, photographer @Sun Yelin)
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The British Museum was also not returned
Opium war
The Eight-Nation Alliance's War of Aggression against China
As well as aggression
India, Myanmar, Malaya
South Africa, New Zealand, Canada
Artifacts obtained
Even for the countries of the world, it is illegal looting
In its opinion, it was the spoils of war
and not cultural relics of other countries
(Shwedagon Pagoda, Yangon, 1885 after the collapse of the Burmese Gongbang Dynasty after three Anglo-Burmese wars, image source@alamy)
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The British Museum, of course, did not return it
Artifacts obtained by scientific expeditions in the 19th century
Even for countries around the world
That is to take advantage of the consciousness of modern archaeology and the sovereignty of cultural relics
has not developed before
Illegal excavation without respect for national sovereignty
In its view, it was the result of a superior British investigation
and not cultural relics of other countries
(Please swipe to view the collection that Stein took from Dunhuang, drawing @ Cow Stew/Planetary Institute)
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Its glory is a disaster for others
Its achievements are destructive to others
The contradiction of opposites has caused the British Museum to lose its bearing
The times are moving forward
The British Museum is looking back
When the anti-colonial cry is like the morning sun, the darkness of the past is illuminated
Facing the sun
An elongated shadow behind it
It was the era of empires that had come to an end
The era of war that has come to an end
The era of expansion has come to an end
(Please view the gable of the main entrance of the British Museum in landscape mode, the relief transitions from animal image to god image, symbolizing the human race from ignorance to civilization, image source@wikimedia Commons)
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The end of the shadows
It is the Age of Enlightenment that has come to an end for a long time
More than two hundred years ago
Before the outbreak of the war of aggression of the Empire
Before the frenzy of looting of cultural relics was set off
Sloan was first driven by curiosity in Jamaica
Picked up the first fruit
The first leaves were plucked
The first natural specimens were made
These are the most simple original intentions
It's long gone
“
Want to know what other Chinese artifacts are available in the British Museum?
We have prepared a small interaction for you on the official account,
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Chinese cultural relics],
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The team that created this article
Written by: Athena
Photo: Liu Yude
Design: Beef Stew Map: Songnan
Reviewer: Ding Ding & Yue Fan & Xin Tian
Cover source: Yao Lu > Yan Shujin > Visual China
Audit Specialists
Li Zenghong, professor at the School of History, Culture and Tourism of Liaocheng University
Jiang Hong, associate researcher of Sichuan University
Annotation:
[1] The information on the artefacts mapped in this article is from the official website of the British Museum.
[2] The Hague Convention refers to the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, signed by a number of countries in The Hague in 1954, as well as the Protocol and the Implementing Regulations.
[1] James Hamilton, translated by Wang Jing. The British Museum: The Birth of the First Public Museum[M]. Beijing: Beijing Yanshan Publishing House, 2020.5.
[2] James Lawrence, translated by Zhang Ziyue and Xie Yongchun. The Rise and Weakness of the British Empire[M]. Beijing: China Friendship Publishing Company, 2018.11.
[3] Understanding the British Museum[J]. Sanlian Life Weekly, 2018, No. 2 (970 Issue).
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