<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > preface</h1>
Apples are very popular in the world, and in the Western countries planting a wide range, China is the world's largest apple production and sales of the largest country, and apples in our country is also one of the most important fruit planting and consumption of one of the important varieties, in our country's fruit industry has an irreplaceable position, and in recent years China's apple planting scale is increasing, production efficiency is improving, more and more fruit farmers are gradually embarking on the ranks of planting apples,
Rot disease will seriously endanger the yield and quality of apples, the occurrence of rot disease, usually mixed with dry rot and anthrax, etc., will have a relatively large impact on the production of apples, and may spread to aggravate the disease, so in the production process, it is very important to master the prevention and treatment of rot disease.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > symptoms</h1>
1. Branch symptoms
Rotavioli will first infect the branches, when harming the branches, it is invaded from the skin holes of the branches, and when the pathogen gradually begins to multiply, it will form oval or flattened reddish brown spots in the epidermis, and the texture is very hard, which will cause the edges to crack, and the normal tissue will have a more obvious dividing line, and there will be a circular groove in the middle, and in the second year, this cracking phenomenon will be more serious, the diseased tissue will gradually warp, and the severity of the disease will be linked together. The formation of a whole patch of disease spots, the epidermis is particularly rough to the touch, so the apple rotion disease is also known as coarse skin disease, when the branches grow to four or five years later, the spots on the branches will be densely distributed together, extremely rough, when the disease extends to the xylem, it will affect the water and nutrient transport and storage, for the overall tree potential, it will play a very strong weakening effect, resulting in the death of the branches, and even the death of the whole plant.
2. Fruit symptoms
After infecting the branches, it will harm the fruit through rainfall, generally starting from the young fruit, but the young fruit will generally not be sick after infection, and generally when the young fruit is close to the ripening stage and the storage period will gradually become ill. At the onset of the disease, the skin pore is used as the center, creating small spots with water-like spots, and at the same time forming a circular pattern similar to concentric circles, and expanding in all directions.
< h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > pathogenesis</h1>
In general, the incidence of the disease is time-based, the pathogen usually hides on the affected branches for wintering, in the second year of April to June will produce spores, these spores are the source of initial infection, in July to August, in the back will gradually weaken, usually in the spring to infect the branches, and then through the wind and rain to infect the fruit.
In the early stage of fruit growth, due to various protective mechanisms, germs can not infect the fruit, and when the fruit expands, the bacteria can invade, in mid-July to early August infection rate is faster, infected branches, usually from May, with the skin hole as the center to form a new virus, the second year of infection, the spots will gradually expand, the formation of tumors, multiple tumors connected together, will form a very rough epidermis.
In orchards, for better light, plants at the bottom of the hillside have a faster incidence of disease, while orchards with poor fruit in the canopy have a slower incidence and a later onset. When the temperature is higher than 20 degrees Celsius, the relative humidity is higher than 75 degrees, then this environment is very conducive to the reproduction of pathogens, as well as the walking of fruit orchard spores, or more serious, especially the air humidity is relatively large, and the sheltered environment is more prone to disease.
< h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > pathogenesis characteristics</h1>
The pathogen of apple rotunda is mycelium and conidia, overwintering in the diseased tissue of the branches, and in the spring, the conidia produce various conidia, spread in the rain, spread to the branches and people near the fruit and enter the incubation period, especially for the diseased fruit, there is no symptom in the early stage, it will wait until the maturity and storage period begin to show symptoms, at the same time, different varieties of disease resistance is different, such as our common Fuji apple and Chiaki, etc. These varieties are all more susceptible to germs, and are more susceptible to diseases than other varieties.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > cause of rotavirus</h1>
1. Lighting conditions
For the fruit that grows on the periphery of the canopy, due to good light conditions, or in the sunny slopes of the well-lit, the onset time will be earlier, and the fruit in the canopy, due to poor light conditions, or in the shady slope of the poor light, the onset of the fruit is relatively slow, and the onset is relatively late.
2. Humidity and temperature conditions
The humidity and temperature of the climate are also closely related to the incidence of apple rotunda, when in the orchard with large air humidity and easy to condense at night, the incidence of rotion disease is more serious, and in the sunny slope, the orchard with better ventilation and light transmission has less incidence.
3. Orchard site selection
The location of the orchard is very important, if the newly built orchard is in the downwind direction of the old orchard, and the old orchard has a serious rotifer disease in the previous year, once the closer it is to the old orchard, the more the incidence will occur.
4. The management level of the orchard
The management level of the orchard is also very important, if the management of the orchard is relatively poor, the growth of the whole plant is relatively weak, and the soil is partial clay and red clay acid soil, then the plant is prone to disease. And the disease of branches and fruits infected by pests and diseases will be more severe.
5. Varieties of apples
Apple varieties are also the most important, which is one of the causes of apple rotunda, if the skin pore density of the fruit is relatively large, and the cell junction is more loose, then the apple rot rot rot disease bacteria are more likely to invade, these varieties are very susceptible to disease.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the basic preventive measures for rotavirus</h1>
1. Eradicate overwintering bacteria
It is necessary to eradicate the overwintering germs in time, and in the early spring, some of the upturned skin and tumors on the branches should be scraped. And after scraping the tumor, it is also necessary to apply some bactericidal drugs, common pesticides are 50% carbendazim, wet powder 50 times liquid, or apple rot quick klein double liquid, directly applied to the tumor, or applied to the wound left by the disease, and some of the stumps in the orchard should be taken out of the garden, buried deeply or burned.
2. Pharmaceutical protection during the growth period
In the growth period should also be protected, and the type of use of the agent, the number of times and whether the fruit is bagged is closely related, for some fruit that is not bagged, usually sprayed immediately after the apple flower falls, generally sprayed five times in a row, in rainy years, or late maturing varieties of sprayed agents, the number of times can increase,
In general orchards, It is usually possible to use Bordeaux liquid as the mainstay, alternately using some organic fungicides for comprehensive control, the prevention and control effect is better, and the bacteria are not easy to produce resistance. But in the young fruit stage is not used, otherwise it is easy to cause fruit embroidery disease, in the late growth of the fruit, usually at the end of August, until September try not to spray Bordeaux liquid, you can spray methylthiopramine and other absorbent fungicides.
If it is a bagged fruit, then in the prevention of fruit rotundiflorosis is the most critical, that is, before bagging, it is necessary to take medicine, spray 80% of the spray 80% of the spray wettable powder 800 times liquid after the flower, and before the fruit bagging, the orchard should be sprayed with fungicides, such as methylthiopyridine, which has a better role in killing germs, and the fruit and the liquid on the branches can be bagged after drying.
After bagging, we must also strengthen the prevention and control of branches and branches of diseases, if not all fruits in the orchard are bagged, then it is necessary to spray the fruit preservation agent in time, after the bagging is removed in the later stage, if the fruit of the orchard grows better, it can no longer be sprayed, but if there is a phenomenon of pathogen infection, then it should continue to spray fungicides, such as methylthiopramine, or spray wettable powder.
3. Increase water and fertilizer management
To strengthen management, enhance the growth of the overall tree, strengthen water and fertilizer management, increase the release of organic fertilizer, while applying compound fertilizer, in the early stage of fruit tree growth topdressing should be based on nitrogen fertilizer, in the middle and late stage of growth of topdressing, while with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, can effectively enhance the tree potential, balance the soil fertility structure.
4. Prune the branches
The same should pay attention to the pruning of the pastoral, adjust the branch structure of the overall orchard, improve the lighting of the orchard, pay attention to the branches when shearing in winter, cultivate a more beautiful, productive tree shape, and increase the attention to summer shears, and timely prune the over-dense branches and long branches, which can maintain ventilation in the canopy.
5. Thin flowers and fruits
To carry out reasonable flower thinning and fruit thinning, reasonable to ensure that the load of fruit on the plant is reasonable, the fruit should pay attention to leaving a single fruit on each branch, eliminate the phenomenon of producing too large or too small fruit on the same plant, pay attention to disease and pests, actively prevent and control, improve the overall plant disease resistance, for overgrown plants, to alleviate its growth, you can take the way of pruning branches, but you can not use growth inhibitors
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > treatment after morbidity</h1>
1. Treatment of the tumor site
For the site where the tumor is produced, it can be directly applied 10% of The Kokangbao 15 times, and can also be sterilized and disinfected as a whole, in general, after two to three years of medication treatment, the bark will produce anti-fall resistance, which can further promote the shedding of infected tissue.
2. Spraying of protective agent
Before the pathogen begins to invade the plant tissue and before further onset, usually from early to mid-May to early June, some protective agents can be sprayed, or diluted with 300 times the liquid of Liangguoan, sprayed on the garden, focusing on the branches and fruits of the plant.
3. The initial onset of the disease
In the germ invasion until the initial stage, we must pay attention to the rational use of agents, you can use protective agents and therapeutic agents in combination, can control the incidence of disease, usually use Liangguoan 300 times liquid, with 70% methyl thiophex wettable powder 800 times liquid, can effectively prevent and control diseases, in the early stage of the disease, to timely prevention and control, can effectively control the spread of diseases, the two are used alternately, when spraying agents, you can use foliar fertilizer in time, can effectively supplement the growth and growth of nutritious and strong trees, Usually the more commonly used foliar fertilizer is Wofengsu, which has a better effect.
4. Storage period
In the storage period, if the fruit in the field begins to develop diseases, then pay attention to the removal of some diseased fruits, take out of the countryside deep burial, or fire treatment, before the fruit storage and transportation, to strictly carry out the selection and inspection of the fruit, the diseased fruit and the fruit with external damage in time to remove, and the healthy fruit using the agent for soaking, the commonly used agent is sec-butylamine. Soak the fruit in sec-butylamine for about three minutes, or use a 45% Turkdo suspension, soak the fruit for three to five minutes, remove and dry and store.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > summary</h1>
The economic benefits of apple planting are actually relatively high, and many people in the planting of apples, usually may produce one or another problem, both disease problems, but also the problem of improper management, and no matter what kind of problem, if not timely prevention and control, then it is likely to have a relatively large impact on the yield and quality and commerciality, and may even seriously affect the economic benefits and economic income, which will have a greater impact on apple growers, so before planting, It is necessary to have a scientific understanding of apple planting technology, especially the disease of rotunda.
As one of the major and common diseases of apples, rotavirus disease should be prevented and controlled in a timely manner, and the strategy of prevention and control is to strengthen cultivation management and improve the resistance of apple trees to diseases above the foundation, using the eradication of overwintering bacteria, and spraying during the growth period, combined with the method of fruit bagging treatment, comprehensive prevention and control of scientific diseases, the above these for the introduction of rotunda disease and related prevention and control methods, I believe that everyone should have more understanding of apple rotunda after reading, It can also better prevent and control this disease.