The "big pick system" of the Qing Dynasty to raise people to be officials: what level of officials can Fan Jin be after he is promoted

The following article comes from the history school, the author Wei Siwei

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"Fan Jin Zhongju" because of its satire on the Qing Dynasty's imperial examination system and people's social atmosphere of praising the high and low, and has become a compulsory subject in middle school Chinese, whether it is Fan Jinzhongju's own sour rot before and after, Hu Butcher's former and later Gong, Zhang Squire's diligent friendship, all show the weight of the name "lifting people".

A rare lifting man

Affected by the situation that the champions in modern novels and film and television works are all over the place, and the jinshi is not as good as the dog, in our subconscious, it is useless for a reader to not be a jinshi. Not to mention that the identity of a gentry bully has become the standard lifting person, since lifting people is so unbearable, why is Fan Jin still called Wenqu Xing by Hu Butcher?

Above_ Fan Jinzhong holds up the old illustrated book

Although Wu Jingzi's "Confucianism and Foreign History" is based on the story of the Ming Dynasty, it is based on the background of the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, Fan Jinzhongju also reflects to a certain extent the living conditions of Qing Dynasty scholars who broke through the shackles of class. Of course, in the novel, Fan Jin finally won the Jinshi again, and even became a scholar and politician in Shandong, but these are all simple and passing, far less wonderful and detailed than what he wrote when he was in the middle of the game. For no other reason, even Wu Jingzi, who was called "Anhui's No. 1 Writer" by Hu Shijing, was only a showman.

Among the groups of officials in the Qing Dynasty, the most orthodox had four origins: Jinshi, Juren, Wugong, and Yinsheng.

There is no need to repeat the jinshi, and the people are selected through the township examination of the province;

The five tributes refer to the five temporary policy ways of being officials: Engong, Bagong, Deputy Gong, Sui Gong, and Yougong;

As for Yin Sheng, it is because the ancestors accumulate virtue, the elders are in high positions, or they are given official qualifications by the emperor for sacrificing their lives for the country.

Above_ Wu Jingzi (1701-December 11, 1754), the word Minxuan, the word Wenmu, the number grain people

Above_ "The Outer History of Confucianism" is a novel written by Wu Jingzi in the Qing Dynasty

As a person who has really passed the imperial examination, although he is not as glorious as Jinshi, he is also a top-notch talent in various provinces under the examination-oriented education of feudal society. As a scholar, you must first become a child, and then the child participates in the county examination and the government examination and becomes a Xiucai; Xiucai participates in the township examination organized by the province, and only after passing the examination is a person is lifted; a person is promoted to Beijing to participate in the general examination, and after passing it, he is called a tribute; and a tribute scholar then participates in the palace examination, so that he can be regarded as a jinshi. In comparison, the provincial examination of civil servants is much more valuable than today's civil servants.

In the Qing Dynasty, if there were no special circumstances, the provincial township examination was held once every three years, according to the novel Fan Jin belonged to the Guangdong people, in the early Qing Dynasty Shunzhi period Guangdong each township examination can only take more than 90 people, to the Qianlong period changed to 72 people, Fan Jin won the seventh place in the Guangdong township test, which is already a very high ranking.

Becoming a lifter also has the initial qualifications to be an official, so on weekdays, Squire Zhang, who is high up and has been a magistrate of the county, will come to talk to Fan Jin, and as soon as he makes a move, it is a meeting gift of fifty taels of silver and a three-entry mansion.

Above_ Qing Dynasty imperial examinations

A door that opens for lifting

It's just a middle move, and what official position can Fan Jin, who is not a jinshi, do?

This has to mention the preferential treatment policy formulated by the Qing Dynasty in order to attract scholars. According to the regulations of the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, if the lifter participated in the examination three times and did not pass the Jinshi, the imperial court would open a new door for these fallen lifters, that is, the big pick.

The so-called big selection means that the emperor will appoint princes and ministers to select them face-to-face in the order of 20 batches of people who meet the above conditions. But this time, the selection to change the fate of the lifters does not look at knowledge, and secondly, it does not spell the literary style, but only looks at the appearance and conditions of these lifters. "Looks great" is the only criterion, for those who participate in the big pick, they only hate their skin is not good, which really confirms the concept that high knowledge is not as good as good looks.

Therefore, when Fan Jinzhong raised the former Hu butcher and scolded Fan Jin, there was "Don't you see those old men in the Zhang Mansion (Zhang Squire) in the city, all of them have thousands of furniture, and they have big ears in every aspect." A sharp-billed monkey like you should also soak in the urine to take care of yourself".

Above_ Qing Dynasty official position card

However, not all 20 people can be selected, because only three first-class people and nine second-class people are selected who are dignified and generous, a total of twelve people. The remaining eight are called "Eight Immortals", not in the ranks, purely to accompany the runner.

The three people who were rated as first-class in the big pick can be county governors and distributed to various provinces as errands. The nine second-class people can serve as instructors such as teachings and teachings, and return to their provinces to alternate the "director of the education committee" of each county, take charge of the county's Confucian temple sacrifices, and educate their students. It seems that such an official position is not enough, but it is also unavoidable for people from poor families.

Take Gao Zhaoxu, an ordinary instructor in the Qing Dynasty, as an example, who participated in the big challenge in 1880 in the year of Guangxu Gengchen, and was listed as a second-class. Although Gao consciously looked dignified and resentful, he was a second-class candidate, and he waited until 1885, the year of Guangxu Yiyou, to make up for the training of Yichuan County, Shaanxi Province.

Many people were dissatisfied with the system of the big pick, which all depends on the appearance and eyes, and some people once stopped the princes and ministers who participated in the big selection and asked: "What is the basis for the big pick?" but the minister replied with a smile: "I will pick my life." The selection of grass-roots instructors in the state and the fortune of a person's life are only based on their appearance.

Above_ Jiangnan Gongyuan Wuzike, the largest imperial examination venue in the Qing Dynasty (1888)

And for such a child's play selection, it doesn't just exist in the big challenge. In the Qing Dynasty, an examiner once made a couplet to satirize the candidates: "Er Xiaosheng is not a paper on fate, touch." Let's use our hands and don't use our eyes, pumping. But this kind of confused selection method that is all based on the subjective assumptions of the examiner has benefited Fan Jin immensely.

Because before the exam, Fan Jin took the exam from the age of 20 as a child, and he failed to be admitted to Xiucai after more than 20 exams. Therefore, if Fan Jin, who was fifty-four years old at the time and had a mediocre appearance, participated in the big challenge, he could only be rated as second-class at most, and he could only be appointed as a county school teacher who did not know the Year of the Monkey and Ma Yue.

However, this should not be underestimated because of this, because although the instructors are poor compared to other fat poor, they also have their own advantages.

Above_ Qing Dynasty imperial examination papers

The power of the instructors at the grassroots level

For example, the "freshman registration fee" is a very important income for instructors. Whenever a child is admitted to the examination, he needs to teach and discipline these officials to stamp their "resume" with a seal. But this chapter is not covered in vain, and the freshmen must send a "heart" to the instructors in order to be officially recognized, otherwise, the instructor can deprive the hard-won talent status in the future with a word, and years of hard work will turn into ashes.

During the Guangxu period, Wuchang, Hubei Province had a field surnamed Xiucai, because the family was rich, so he was troubled by the instructor when stamping, and asked for hundreds of taels of silver "meaning". But although the Tian family is rich, it is not a big wrongdoer, so they will wait until Tian Xiucai enrolls. The instructor knew that he was not giving money at this time, so he returned to the county school to complain to the academic administration sent by the imperial court, saying that Tian Xiu had only achieved fame by fraud. Under the bias and bias, Tian Xiucai was dismissed from his reputation and blasted out of the county school, although the Tian family had a big business, but because he was unwilling to bribe the instructor, he cut off the reputation of the younger generation.

Above_ The "No. room" of the imperial examination in the Qing Dynasty 

Zeng Zhaokun, the author of the Qing Dynasty notebook "Melon Shed Chatter", wrote this paragraph after taking office as a teacher in Xuyong Hall (now Xuyong, Gulin and other counties in Sichuan): "So a poor Confucian has to walk in the Dacheng Palace, manage the area around the red wall, and govern the functions and powers of civil and military personnel. How can it be a coincidence that there have been several lives of cultivation." This passage not only reveals Gao's pride, but also shows that the instructor has the power of life and death over the "civil and military students" in the region.

The so-called Dacheng Hall is the main hall of the Confucian temple in various places, it is the place to worship Confucius, and walking here is to teach the disciples on behalf of the saints, which shows that although the official position of the instructor is small, it is extremely noble, and is in charge of the education of the place, although it is not as majestic as the county, the county and others, but it is also the scorpion baba - the only one.

Above_ The Chinese baskets for the transportation of food and other supplies recorded in Western publications are also common forms of examination baskets brought into the field

Zhang Chenlan, the instructor of the Tongguan Department of Shaanxi Province during the Guangxu period, once made a "Song of Dezi" about his career as an instructor:

The first official can sit in front of him, and he can do the Ding sacrifice twice.

I look forward to the three-year exam, and I can only play the fourth-class show.

五品升衔加得，六旬太太苦得。

七品县印代得，八条卧碑记得。

Nine taels of fasting are deducted, and ten points will be counted.

This can also be supplemented with Zeng's statement that the instructor's duties and powers are complementary, "the first rank official sits in front of the official" means that the instructor is noble, and "the two times of the Ding sacrifice can be done" refers to the fact that all localities should worship Confucius on the first Ding day of the second month of the lunar calendar and the eighth month of the lunar calendar every year, and the cost can be lowered, and the whole cow, sheep, and pig of the sacrifice are also distributed by the instructor.

"Fourth-class Xiucai can play" because Xiucai has to take the county's annual examination twice every three years to check whether his homework is solid. In the exam, there is no big problem in rating the first, second and third class, but the fourth-class Xiucai is in trouble, and he will be reprimanded in public at the lightest, and he will be famous everywhere, so the Xiucai who does not want to be removed from the fame and the instructor who has the power of life and death naturally have articles to do.

Above_ In the 1870s, a private school in the late Qing Dynasty, when school was released

Above_ A scholar in the late Qing Dynasty

As for "ten generals", it is because instructors basically have no way to be promoted, and officialdom has always had no rules for instructor promotion, so for those who have higher hearts than the sky, instructors are just a way out, so there is no motivation to improve, and many grassroots instructors are just vegetarian meals, mixed food and waiting for death.

On the surface, the imperial examination system of the Qing Dynasty, which seems to be sacred and glorious, is full of malaises from the root. The selection of instructors at the grassroots level is so sloppy that most instructors naturally regard responsibility as child's play. Therefore, the education reform at the end of the Qing Dynasty was to build a university hall and abolish the imperial examination, but it was already deep in the bones, and the medicine stone was ineffective.

Resources:

【1】《儒林外史》 吴敬梓

【2】《旧典备徵》  朱彭寿

[3] "Miscellaneous Memories of Shizaitang" Liu Yusheng

[4] "Modern Notes" Xu Yishi

[5] "Qing Historical Manuscript • One Hundred and Eight Volumes • Election" Zhao Erxun (Editor-in-Chief)

(This article only represents the author's point of view and does not represent the position of this number)

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#202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .. 1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-FIRE: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1) 6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body{--appmsgExtra-BG: #F7F7F7}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5) 3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc)body:not(.pages_skin_pc){background:var(--weui-BG-2)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme: dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]),,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .. 15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-FIRE: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;-- weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);-weui-tag-background-red: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, ..) 1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) 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div.autoTypeSetting24psection > p,div.autoTypeSetting24psection > section{margin-bottom: 24px;}