Text/Pan Yu/Kang Tao
Wenzi (c. 540 ~ 440 B.C.), Xin's family, known as Ji Ni [jiān], also known as Ji Ni, Ji Yan, Ji Ran, and the fisherman. A native of Kuiqiu Pushang (now Lin Qi, Minquan County). Lao Tzu's only descendant disciple was a thinker, politician, military strategist, and economist during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
"Wenzi" and Wenzi and his people
First of all, we need to figure out first: who is Wenzi's surname?
"Historical Records: Biography of the Goods and Colonies":
In the past, the Yue Wang's sentence was trapped in the meeting, and it was Fan Li and Ji Ran.
It is recorded in the famous family names of the surname in "Hundred Family Names":
Ji Ran, a person in the Spring and Autumn Period, Xin Yan, the character Wenzi, the person of Kuiqiu Pu, the year of birth and death is unknown. Because he is proficient in calculations, he is called Jiran. The more you taste, the more you use the five strategies to dominate the Central Plains. Fan Lishi, the production to a huge million.
It is recorded in the family celebrities surnamed Xin:
Xin Wenzi, that is, Wenzi, a native of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the year of birth and death is unknown, an essayist, his ancestral home is the Song Kingdom (now Henan Province), and his representative work is "Wenzi". In the first year of Tianbao (742), Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty enshrined Wenzi as a true person of Tongxuan, respected the book "Wenzi" as the "Tongxuan True Scripture", and Taoism enshrined it as one of the "Four Sons" true scriptures.
It can be seen that Ji Ran does not have the surname Ji, but the surname Xin, that is, Wenzi is surnamed Xin and his name is Xin Yan.
Secondly, the authenticity of the book "Wenzi".
"Wenzi" is an important Taoist work after "Laozi" and "Zhuangzi". The Hanshu Art and Literature Chronicles and the Sui and Tang Dynasties are both recorded. From the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, there were Zhang Zhan, Li Xian, Zhu Xuan, Xu Xiafu, Zhu Ben, Du Daojian, etc. Tang Dynasty enshrined "Wenzi" as "Tongxuan Zhenjing", and "Laozi", "Zhuangzi" and "Liezi" together called the "Four Xuan", and set it as the foundation of taking scholars. Therefore, it shows that the status of "Wenzi" in Chinese history is very high. So, why is it that the "Minquan County Chronicles", "Kaocheng Chronicles", "Suizhou Chronicles" and "Guide Mansion Chronicles" do not record Wenzi's person and deeds?
The disciple of Lao Tzu, when he was in parallel with Confucius, and called King Zhou Ping, seemed to rely on it.
To Tang Liu Zongyuan's "Discernment of Wenzi", it is recognized as a book of refutation, cloud:
There are 12 chapters in the book "Wenzi", which says: "Lao Tzu's disciple". If it is desirable from time to time, its meaning is the original "Lao Tzu"; However, the book is examined, and the book is also refuted.
After that, such as Song Chen Zhensun, Huang Zhen, Qing Tao Fangqi, Gu Guanguan, Zhang Taiyan of the Republic of China, Liang Qichao, Wang Chongmin, Zhang Xincheng, Huang Yunmei, Jiang Boqian, Wang Shumin, Yu Dacheng, etc., all pointed to its hypocrisy.
Ming Hu Yinglin and Qing Yao Jiheng thought that "Wenzi" was a mixture of authenticity and falsehood.
Song Wang Yinglin, Ye Daqing, Ming Song Lian, Qing Sun Xingyan and others believed that the book of Wenzi was not false.
Li Xian of the Northern Wei Dynasty annotated "Wenzi", which said:
"The surname is Xin, the person of Kwaiqiu Pu, and he is called Jiran. Fan Li's master. Ben was employed by Lao Tzu, and recorded his last words, which are twelve clouds".
Du Daojian, a famous Taoist scholar in the Yuan Dynasty, "Preface to the Meaning of the Xuanzhen Sutra":
"Wenzi, the grandson of Jin, surnamed Xin, the word Jiran, Wenzi's name. The Kwai Hill of the Jiaju belongs to the Song Dynasty, a name is Song Yu, the teacher Lao Tzu learned, heard the avenue early, and wrote twelve articles called "Wenzi"" "Chu Ping Wang hired and asked, Fan Li thus the teacher, Gou Jian to the doctor, Zuo Yue Ping Wu, the success of the land, the retreat to the place of Yu, Dengyun Xian, Wu Xing's plan of the Yin is its ancient place."
"Historical Records" Liu Song Peisi's "Historical Records Collection Explanation" quoted "Fanzi":
"Ji Ran, the person of Kwaiqiu Pu, surnamed Xin, named Wenzi, the son of the first Jin Dynasty, is also a person, and the shape seems to be inferior to people. Less and clearer, learn yin and yang, see the subtle and know, its line is vast, its heart is general, and it refuses to show itself the princes. Those who benefit from yin, the seven countries, the world does not know, so it is called Jiran. When he traveled to Haize, he was called the fisherman. ”
Ge Gangyan's "The Book of Wenzi and Its Thoughts" by Zhao Kuifu of Northwest Normal University:
Since the Wei and Jin dynasties, Wenzi has always been valued by Taoist scholars. In the twenty-ninth year of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, he set aside metaphysics and stipulated that "Xi "Laozi", "Zhuangzi", "Wenzi" and "Liezi", also known as Daoju" ("New Tang Dynasty Book Election Chronicles"), and his knowledge became a subject for selecting talents. Daoist thought such as Wenzi is the only doctrine in history other than Confucianism that has been designated as official learning and Taoism. In the first year of Tianbao, Wenzi was enshrined as a Tongxuan Zhenren, and changed "Wenzi" to "Tongxuan Zhenjing", which was listed as the third major classic of Taoism after the "Tao Te Ching" and "Nanhua Zhenjing", so there were many annotations since then. But outside of Taoism, the book "Wenzi" has almost no status.
In short, since the famous historian and writer Ban Gu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the study of Wenzi has mainly focused on debating its authenticity, and there is no consensus for more than 2,000 years. Therefore, as a history of letters, local historical records were compiled by local great Confucians and famous Confucians, and it was a pity that Confucianism was not interested in Buddhism and Taoism, and because of the controversy, there was no record of the local chronicles.
In 1973, the Han Tomb at No. 40 Bajiaolang Village, Dingxian County, Hebei Province (now Dingzhou) excavated the bamboo slips "Wenzi" and other books, and the controversy over "Wenzi" has been decided ("Dingzhou Western Han Dynasty Zhongshan Huaiwang Tomb Bamboo Slips (Wenzi" Interpretation", Cultural Relics, No. 12, 1995). ）。 As a result, it changed the attitude of the world overnight, and also led to the upsurge of research on Wenzi. According to the excavation report of the No. 40 Han Tomb in Dingxian County, the owner of the tomb is Liu Xiu, the queen of Zhongshan Jing in the Western Han Dynasty, and a large number of ancient bamboo slips are buried in the tomb, and "Wenzi" is one of them. The six chapters of the bamboo slip "Wenzi" have the same text as the hand-me-down version of "Wenzi", and several chapters that are the same as the hand-me-down version prove that all the texts in the simplified text have been changed to Lao Tzu, and have changed from a courtier to a student who asks questions. King Ping was canceled and a new Lao Tzu was added. As in the short text:
"King Ping said: How many kings are there? Wenzi said: The king is just one. Wen Zi said: In ancient times, there was a ...... who was the king of Taoism. "The heirloom version was changed to "Wenzi asked: How many royal roads are there?" Lao Tzu said: One is enough. Wen Zi said: In ancient times, there was a ...... who was the king of Taoism. ”
The above and so on, compare the two, the traces of tampering, at a glance. As a result, "Wenzi" was restored to its original appearance, proving that "Wenzi" was not a forgery, and the heirloom version of "Wenzi" was actually usurped by later generations.
The green mountains can't cover it, after all, it flows eastward. Throughout history, rulers have often created cultural taboos in order to serve their rule, and even the pearl has been dusted. In the era of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, traditional culture will inevitably radiate its due power. As an important work of ancient Taoism, "Wenzi" inherits the philosophy of "Laozi" and enlightens Huang Lao Taoism, and contains both Confucianism and law thoughts, which is a bridge for the development and transition from Laozi Taoism to Huang Lao Taoism. Restoring Wenzi to its original appearance in the history of Chinese thought, culture, and philosophy will certainly enable it to play its due role in the building of socialist spiritual civilization.
Fumiko Hometown Aoi Hill
Du Daojian's "Preface to the Meaning of the Xuanzhen Sutra":
"Wenzi, the grandson of Jin, surnamed Xin, the word Jiran, Wenzi's name. The Kwai Hill of Jiasui (formerly belonging to Kaocheng, Suizhou, now belonging to Lin Qixiang, Minquan County), belongs to the Song Dynasty".
So, where is Kwai Hill? Kwai Hill, an ancient place name, now belongs to Lin Qixiang, Minquan County. "Kaocheng County Chronicles (Ming Wanli)" Preface, containing: "Kaocheng Shigu Kwai Hill". "Kaocheng County Chronicles (Qing Shunzhi)" Preface, contains:
"Kaocheng Gukui (Mound) Alliance". "Kaocheng County Chronicles (Qing Kangxi)" historic sites contain: "Kwai Hill, thirty miles southeast of the county. In the first year of King Gengwu of Zhou Xiang, the princes of the Qi Huan Guild were in Kuiqiu, that is. So far, there is still a foundation, which was built when the alliance was built. Because of its name, it is called Huimengtai".
Qing ▪ Dynasty Qianlong Kaocheng County Map
According to the Qing Kangxi's "Kaocheng Chronicles", Volume 1, "Qin Zhizhi County", "Zuo Chuan" and "Chronology of Major Events in Chinese History": In the 34th year of the reign of Qin Shi Huang Wuzi (213 BC), the First Emperor used his servants to shoot Zhou Qingchen "with princes as counties" Zhiyan and Li Sizhi proposed to build a county, and the county governance was established in Linqi Township, Minquan County for 1507 years, in Heqiu (now Wangqiao Town, Minquan County, to the 23rd year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, and moved to Jiangshan Cemetery in 1390) for 96 years, in Jiangtombdian (now Chengzhuang Town, Minquan County, to the second year of Ming orthodoxy, moved to Beiguan Town in 1437), in Beiguan Jinan (now Beiguan Town, Minquan County, to the 48th year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, moved to Qiyang in 1783) for 346 years, in Qiyang (now belonging to Qiyang Town, Lankao County, moved to Zhangjun's tomb in 1949), and in Zhangjun's tomb (now belonging to Kaocheng Town, Lankao County, abolished in 1954) for 5 years, in the long river of history, left the mark of 2167 years.
After the official naming of Kaocheng, with the change of dynasties, the name of the county has changed several times in the Spring and Autumn Period of Daiguo, Gucheng, Yongxian (Qin, Western Han), Kaocheng County (Eastern Han), Kaoyang County (Southern Dynasty and Eastern Wei), Cheng'an County (Northern Qi), Kaocheng County (Sui), Daiyi County (Later Liang of the Five Dynasties), and Kaocheng County (Later Tang).
Qing Kangxi's "Kaocheng County Chronicles)" Volume 1 - Construction II History records: "Kaocheng is a subordinate province of Germany, since King Wu of Zhou Feng Boyi after the examination in Shang, In the Spring and Autumn Period, Zheng took it and changed it to Gucheng; Qin Zhiyong County, which belonged to Dang County; Western Han Dynasty belonged to Liang State; Eastern Han Dynasty was changed to Kaocheng County, which belonged to Chenliu County; Wei was changed to Kaoyang County; Northern Qi Dynasty was changed to Cheng (Cheng) An County, which belonged to Jiyin County; Sui Fu was Kaocheng County, which belonged to Song Prefecture; Tang Dynasty placed Dongliang Prefecture, sought to be abolished, and the county belonged to Caozhou; (the Jin and Han dynasties belonged to Kaifeng Mansion, Song Dynasty belonged to Gongzhou, and the early Jin Dynasty belonged to Caozhou) and then belonged to Suizhou; Yuan Dynasty because of it, until the Ming Dynasty, it was still named Kaocheng County, which was subordinate to Suizhou, and belonged to Kaifeng Mansion; in the 24th year of Jiajing, it was promoted to Dezhou as Guide Mansion according to the minister's proposal, and the county was still subordinate to Suizhou and belonged to Guide Mansion; and now (present) Dynasty is because of it。 ”
In the 17th year of the Republic of China (1928), Minquan County was established, and the north of the Longhai Railway in Minquan County was originally the territory of Kaocheng, and in 651 BC, the ruins of the princes of the Qi Huan Guild League "Kwai Qiu Hui League" belonged to the seat of the government of Linqi Township, Minquan County.
In the 32nd year of the Republic of China, "Minquan County Chronicles" (1943) ("Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House", 1990 point school book) Volume 1 Tongji Chronicles:
"In the summer of the first year of King Xiang of Zhou (651 BC), the guild slaughtered Zhou Gongkong, Qi Hou Huan, Song Zixiang, Wei Hou Wen, Zheng Bowen, Xu Nanxi, and Cao Bo in Kuiqiu. The princes are allied with Kwai Hill. "Chen Liuwaihuang County has the Kwai Qiu Hui League in the east, which is said to be in the old county Jidong Wusheng Temple (note: Wusheng Temple, in the south of Lin Qikou, Lin Qixiang, Minquan County). ”
"Spring and Autumn":
"In the ninth year of the Duke of Xu, [Sutra] in the spring of the ninth year, the king of March Ding Chou, the prince of Song said that he died. In the summer, the guild slaughtered Zhou Gong, Qi Hou, Song Zi, Wei Hou, Zheng Bo, Xu Nan, and Cao Bo in Kuiqiu. Autumn and July, Bo Ji died. In September, the princes allied in Kwai Hill. Jiazi, the Marquis of Jin. In winter, Jin Li Xi Ke killed Xi Qi, the son of his king. In the spring of the ninth year, Song Huan died, and the princes of the Xiang Guild were not buried, so he was called a son. Whoever is in mourning, the king is called a child, and the prince is a son. In the summer, I will be in Kwaiqiu, looking for an alliance, and repairing it, and the ceremony is also. The king sent Kong to Qi Hou Yin, saying: 'The Son of Heaven has something to do with civil and military affairs, so Kong Ci Uncle Yan. 'The Marquis of Qi will bow down. Kong said: "And there is a destiny. The Son of Heaven made Kong say: 'Uncle Yi is old, plus labor, give a level, and there is no bow'. He said: "Tianwei does not violate the face at hand, and Xiaobaiyu dares to be greedy for the life of the Son of Heaven without bowing down?" Do you dare to bow down?' down, worship, ascend, accept. In the autumn, the princes of the Qi Marquis League were in Kuiqiu, saying: 'All those who have been in my alliance, after the alliance, will be reconciled. 'Zai Kong returned first, and the Marquis of Jin said: 'But there is no meeting.' The Marquis of Qi is not virtuous but diligent and far-sighted, so the northern expedition to Shanrong, the southern expedition to Chu, and the west will also be for this purpose. I don't know what I know about the east, and I don't know what I know about the west. It's messing around. The monarch is chaotic and industrious. 'The Marquis of Jin is returned. "Minquan County Chronicles" (1995) records: Kwai Qiu Huimengtai is located in the east of Wang Xiaozhuang Village, Linqi Township, 20 kilometers northeast of Minquan County, the mound is two meters above the ground, with an area of about 300 square meters, surrounded by water on three sides, and the forest is verdant. According to history, in the first year of King Xiang of Zhou (651 BC), the Qi Huan Guild slaughtered Zhou Gong, Lu Hou, Song Zi, Wei Hou, Zheng Bo, Xu Nan, and Cao Bo in Kuiqiu, and passed the "Five Forbidden Covenants". This alliance is a reconciliation alliance. The history books call it the "meeting of clothes", not the "meeting of chariot soldiers" of "blood".
"Mencius and Teng Wengong Confession":
"Five tyrants, Huan Gong is prosperous. The princes of the Kwai Hill Society, bound the animals, carried the books without blood. The first fate said: 'If you are not filial, you will not be able to easily grow a tree, and you will not have a concubine as your wife.' Then he said: 'Respect the virtuous and cultivate talents, in order to show virtue.' The three lives said: "Respect the old and the young, and never forget the guest journey." The four fates said: "There are no officials in the world, there is no official affairs, and the scholars will be obtained, and there is no special killing of doctors." The five lives said: 'There is no warp prevention, no curbling, no sealing and no suing.' He said, "Whoever I have made an alliance with, after the alliance has been made, he will be reconciled." ’”
"The Biography of Gu Liang" summarizes the "Five Forbidden Covenants" as:
"No Yongquan, no, no easy tree, no concubine as a wife, no wife and state affairs. ”
Western Jin Dynasty Du Pre "Spring and Autumn Zuo's Sutra Collection Explanation":
"Chen Liuwai Huang County has Kwai Hill in the east. ”
Tang Dynasty geography work "Gu Di Zhi":
"Kwai Hill is one hundred and fifty steps southeast of Caozhou Kaocheng County (note: one mile and one hundred and fifty steps), that is, the Huan Guild League. ”
Tang "Yuanhe County Atlas" Kaocheng County contains:
"Kwai Hill, one hundred and fifty steps southeast of the county, left to pass 'Qi Huan Guild Princes Yu Kwai Hill', yes. ”
In the Ming and Qing dynasties, there are records of "Kaocheng, ancient kuiqiudi" in the "Kaocheng County Chronicles" revised several times.
Qing Kangxi's "Kaocheng County Chronicles" Historical Monuments, recorded:
"Kwai Hill, 30 miles southeast of the county, the princes of the Qi Huan Guild in the first year of King Gengwu of Zhou Xiang are in Kwai Hill, that is. So far, there is still a foundation, built by the alliance, because of the name of the place called the alliance Taiwan. ”
Qing Kangxi's "Kaocheng County Chronicles" of the "Monument to the Establishment of Kwaiqiu Academy" cloud:
"Kwai Hill is within one hundred and fifty steps southeast of Kaocheng (the old Kaocheng County), that is, the Huan Guild Alliance. ”
For the Kwai Hill Alliance, there are many literati and writers in the past dynasties. According to the Ming Dynasty, Liu Xian's "Kuiqiu Nostalgia":
"I have patrolled the city in the twilight of the year, and I feel nostalgic for the past. Where is the head of the Qiluan Pavilion now, and the tomb of Mengbi joining the army has been flattened. The cold night on the side of the embankment is cold, and the alliance platform is clear in the moon. There is no need to talk about the past, leaning on the west wind and listening to the geese. ”
During the Ming Dynasty, Hu Mi, the deputy envoy of Henan, "Kwaiqiu Ancient Station":
"The depression of the ancient post leans on Guoyu, and the east and west are thoroughfares. At that time, the uncle was the land of punishment, and the emperor was stationed in the festival area on this day. Passers-by have a lot of songs, and residents are not fortunate enough to hoe. The spring birds seem to complain about the rise and fall, and they break the willows in front of the door. ”
During the Chenghua period of the Ming Dynasty, Cai Shenshi, a teacher of Kaocheng County, said:
"In the Spring and Autumn Period, Xiaobai is Kuang Zhou, and this high platform will be built to meet the marquis. Although Chuangba is fortunate in the world, the fake benevolence is still ashamed of future generations. Where is the crown and jade silk now? The ruins of the barren hills are still left. In the afterglow of the sunset, the smoke and grass make people worried. ”
When Ming Chongzhen was examined, Yang Qiyuan, the magistrate of the city, "Huimengtai":
"The hegemony is depressed for many years, and the alliance is on the stage. The people of the house talk about the Kwai Hill, a generation of lonely cities and wild waters. ”
Cao Lian, the secretary of the Qing Henan Academy, "The Title of the Alliance":
"Looking at Kwai Hill on the south side of the city, this place was once allied with the princes. When Qu Zi came, the king was forbidden, and Duke Huan did not take a leave of absence. Yun Heng still wants Zhu Qi to be dark, and the wind is hesitant to end the autumn. The most is a good place for people, and the rise and fall are all in vain. ”
Qing Dynasty Gongshengyi (now Zhuangzi Town) Zhang Liangke "Huimengtai Nostalgia":
"The hegemony of the Five Lives Hall is opened, and there is a Huimeng platform left in Kwai Hill. Now Rong is still invading Zhuxia, who was the pipe back then? Xiaquan Siba ancient and modern, rambling about the holy gate five feet ashamed. ”
The modern poet Chang Fangbin said:
"The old Jindong on the north bank of the ancient river, in the sunset of the Mengtai. The broken stele is mossy and green, and the pine and cypress are steaming red. The barren smoke and vines surround the monk's house, and the fireflies and ghosts phosphorus the Buddha Palace. What is the reason for a period of desolation? ”
"Mengtai Sunset":
"Where to find it on Kwai Hill? A bay of clear water reflects a thousand autumns. The ancient hill on the lakeside shines beautifully, and the willow smoke covers the princes. The clothes will be the first to open, and self-denial and revenge make people sad. ”
Kwai Hill is located in the lower reaches of the waters, on the west bank of Mengze, with abundant water and forests, and developed agriculture and commerce. The river (Yellow River), Pushui, Jishui, Danshui, and Suishui are untamed, forming a vast expanse of smoke and waves here, and the products are abundant. The convenient water conservancy and transportation in the surrounding area promoted the development of commerce, and the agriculture and merchants flourished. In spring and autumn, Kwai Hill is a land and water wharf, a prosperous commercial area. For more than 2,000 years, it has been a hub for commerce and trade.
Another said: In the Spring and Autumn Period, Pushang was famous for its extravagant pleasures, and there were many trysts between men and women here, so it was later used to refer to the extravagant and promiscuous music, and the popular place of customs.
In the late Spring and Autumn Period, the secretaries of the Jin State annexed each other in order to seize the power of the Jin State, and by 453 BC, the Zhao, Han, and Wei families were divided into three Jin lands, and the Jin monarch became vassals. In 403 BC, Zhou Tianzi officially recognized the three families as princes. The "Three Divisions" became the dividing point between the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in China.
Spring and Autumn Five Tyrants
The Jin Kingdom, one of the five hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period, perished, and the three kingdoms of Han, Zhao, and Wei among the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period were born, and from this, the prelude to the annexation of Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei, and Han Qixiong was opened.
Warring States Seven Heroes
Henan Guanhe Tongju, Hanyang Zhu Yan "Ninghou Jundi Repair the City":
"When Kaocheng was in the Huanwen Alliance, it was rich and strong. and Qin Zhi Shouzai, the world is famous. ”
After a long period of war for hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period, many small vassal states were annexed by large powers. In some countries, there has been a change within the country, and the power has gradually fallen into the hands of a few doctors. These doctors turned out to be slave owners and aristocrats, and their power grew. The Jin state, which had always been known as the overlord of the Central Plains, also declined in the late Spring and Autumn period, and the real power was held by the six doctors (Han, Zhao, Wei, Zhi, Fan, and Zhongxing), as well as the big families such as Xi and Luan. They had their own territory and their own armies, and they fought against one another. Later, some of the scattered nobles fled to all directions. "Wenzi, the son of the first Jin Dynasty." Wenzi's ancestors were nobles of the Jin Kingdom, who fled to Kwai Hill to do business to avoid war, and later gave birth to Wen Zi in Kwai Hill Pushang.
Born into a wealthy aristocratic merchant family, Fumiko was the basis for his later career as a philosopher, writer, educator, thinker, economist, and famous strategist. Wenzi studied under Lao Tzu and was Lao Tzu's only disciple.
"Fanzi" in "Historical Records Collection Explanation":
"Ji Ran, Kuiqiu Pu Shangren, surnamed Xin, the word Wenzi, the deceased son of the first Jin Dynasty, once traveled south to Yue, Fan Li Shizhi. "Wenzi, learned from Lao Tzu, heard the avenue early, and wrote two out of ten books, called "Wenzi". "Wenzi tasted the south and traveled to Vietnam, and Fan Li did it. ”
When Wenzi traveled south to the country, he accepted Fan Li, the doctor of the country, as an apprentice and awarded Fan Li seven strategies. Fan Li assisted Goujian, the king of Yue, and used his five strategies to destroy the state of Wu. Later, Fan Li retired and used Wenzi's strategy to do business, and was praised as a "business saint" by later generations.
Sima Qian's "Su Wang Miao":
"Ji Ran, Master Kwaiqiu Pu. The son of the pre-Jin kingdom also. The surname is Xin, the word Wenzi, taste the south of the Yue, Fan Lishi. ”
"Taiping Yulan" volume 404
"Orthodox Daozang Zhengyi, Yilin, Tang, Ma Zong" Volume 1:
"Wenzi Twelve Volumes, Zhou Ping Wang Shiren, Shi Laojun...... Ji Ran, the servant of Kwaiqiu, surnamed Xin Wenzi, the son of the first Jin Kingdom". To sum up, Wenzi's hometown is in the ancient kuiqiu pu of Linqi Township, Minquan County. Wenzi's life and hometown are very clear and uncontroversial.
Fumiko's retreat
Where did Fumiko end up in seclusion?
"Historical Records: The Biography of Goods and Colonies" contains:
"In the past, King Goujian was trapped in the meeting, and he used Fan Li and Ji Ran. ”
In the original preface of "Wenzi (Du Daojian)" in Chinese:
Yu was counted in the Huiji. Auditors, accountants also. Wukang Jichou Mountain is named after Ji Ran tasted here, but its meaning is inherently based. Fan Lishi Jiran, seen in the historical records, Yan Shi thought that he was at the same time as Confucius, and his book was called "Wenzi". ...... To view the ministers of the past financial schemes, there are few people who can be self-sufficient, and the strategy of planning, Fan Li is slightly used in Yue, ten years of life and gathering, both to repay Wu, but to drift away from the poisonous hand of the black beak, and the plot is convenient. Ji Ran is an immortal Taoist [originally missing two words] has. Gai Jiran has tasted Lao Tzu, and the husband does not need to plan .......
Where is the meeting? Where is the planning mountain?
Huiji is named after Huiji Mountain. Legend has it that Xia Yu has the name of Huiji Mountain, which means accounting. The "Records of the Historians" records the popular saying in the Han Dynasty:
"Or Yan Yu will be the princes of Jiangnan, and the merit will collapse, because of the funeral, the fate will be Ji. Auditors, accountants too".
Biography of the Book of Yuejue:
"Yu Shiye, worry about the people and save the water, go to Dayue, go to Maoshan Mountain, the big accountant, the lord is virtuous, the seal is meritorious, and the name is changed to Maoshan Huiji. ”
Wang Chong, the auditor, quoted Wu Jungao's words in the fictional chapter of the book "On Balance":
"The name of the mountain. Xia Yu patrols hunting, accounting in this mountain, because of the name of the county, so it is said to be a meeting. ”
History records that the concubine of Emperor Shaokang of Xia was sealed in Huiji (in the area of present-day Shaoxing City) and was the ancestor of the Yue Kingdom. In the late Warring States period, the state of Chu destroyed the Yue state, killed the king of Yue, and occupied Jiangdong. The Yue royal family was scattered in the area of Huiji, established themselves as the ruler, and submitted to the state of Chu.
Jichou Mountain is in the southeast of present-day Deqing County, Zhejiang. "Huanyu Ji" volume 94 Wukang County:
"Jichou Mountain is thirty-five miles southeast of the county (now Wukang Town). "Wu Xing Ji" cloud: Planning the mountain, the doctor in the past has a lot of wisdom and wisdom to plan on this mountain. According to the boundary between its place and Yuhang County, it is now commonly known as the boundary head mountain, and the head is also correspondingly covered with chips. "Fan Zi Ji Ran": Ji Ran, Kwai Qiu Pu Shangren. The third son of Jin, surnamed Xin, is a scholar and knows everything. Fan Li knows his sage and is humble. Please accept the Tao hidden in the stone room, which is the punishment of the white sandpiper [yù ] and the alliance.
"Taiping Yulan" volume 924
Wenzi later lived in seclusion in Yingyu Mountain, Wuxing, and did not know what happened.
The influence of Wenzi's thought on later generations
After the book "Wenzi" was written, it was banned and destroyed in the early Qin Dynasty. After Qin annexed the Six Kingdoms and established a centralized feudal monarchy, in order to consolidate his power, Qin Shi Huang adopted the advice of Prime Minister Li Si and implemented a policy of cultural suppression, and in 213 BC, ordered the confiscation and burning of poems, books, Baijia languages, and history books other than the Qin period. "Wenzi" is also among the banned and destroyed. After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, in 124 BC, Emperor Liu Che of the Han Dynasty saw that "the book was lacking and simplified", and issued an edict to "open the road of book dedication", and the books that were banned and destroyed by Qin gradually appeared. "Wenzi" was also circulated again at this time. The Hanshu Art and Literature Chronicles lists it in the category of "Taoism". The Tang Dynasty respected Taoism, and "Wenzi" was also valued, and there were constantly people annotating it, and the book was renamed "Tongxuan Zhenjing" by Taizong's edict, which shows its status. However, after the Sui and Tang dynasties, as Taoism lost its dominant position in the struggle with Buddhism, the "Wenzi" gradually disappeared, and the study of it was quite cold
Song Chao Gongwu's "Junzhai Reading Journal" contains Li Xian's biography for Wenzi:
"The surname is Xin, the person of Kwaiqiu Pu, and he is called Jiran. Fan Li's master, originally employed by Lao Tzu, recorded his last words, for twelve. ”
Du Daojian's "Tongxuan Zhenjing Zhangyi Preface III" said:
"Wenzi, the grandson of Jin, surnamed Xin, the word Jiran, Wenzi's name. The Kwai Hill of the Jiaju belongs to the Song Dynasty, a name is Song Yu, the teacher Lao Tzu learned, heard the avenue early, and wrote twelve books called "Wenzi". ”
Western Han Dynasty historian, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (140 ~ 135 BC) Taishi Ling, Sima Qian's father Sima Tan commented on Taoism in "On the Essence of the Six Schools":
"It is also a technique, because of the great shun of yin and yang, the goodness of Confucianism and ink, the key to naming the law, migrating with the times, responding to the changes of things, establishing customs, doing everything, pointing to the covenant and easy to operate, doing less and doing more. ”
"Historical Records: Taishi Gong's Self-Introduction"
Among them, "because of the great shun of yin and yang, the goodness of Confucianism and ink, and the key to naming the law", that is, the Taoist school of "Wenzi" has the characteristics of integrating the strengths of each school, taking its goodness, summarizing its essentials and avoiding its shortcomings.
Ban Gu also summed up this characteristic in six words, that is, "Confucianism and ink, and the method of combining names" ("Hanshu Art and Literature"). Although Sima Tan emphasized that Taoism takes the strengths of each school, and Ban Gu only said that it combines and combines each school, they all pointed out that Taoism uses Taoism to integrate the doctrines of various schools, and it has comprehensive characteristics in thought.
Born into a wealthy aristocratic merchant family, Wenzi studied under Lao Tzu and was the only disciple of Lao Tzu, who later became a philosopher, a writer, an educator, a thinker, an economist, and a famous strategist. The influence of Wenzi's thought on his hometown is only Zhuangzi.
Lao Tzu (about 571 B.C. ~ 471 B.C.), the word Boyang, the number Dan, also known as Li Er, Qurenli, Lixiang Township, Ku County (now Taiqinggong Town, Luyi County, Henan Province). He was one of the greatest philosophers and thinkers in the mainland, and was revered as the ancestor of Taoism.
Wenzi (c. 540 ~ 440 B.C.), Xin's family, known as Ji Ni [jiān], also known as Ji Ni, Ji Yan, Ji Ran, and the fisherman. A native of Kuiqiu Pushang (now Lin Qi, Minquan County), the only disciple of Lao Tzu.
Zhuangzi (about 369 ~ 286 BC), named Zhou, the word Zixiu (Yizuo Zimu), was born in Meng (Minquan Zhuangzi Town). He was a great thinker, philosopher, and writer during the pre-Qin (Warring States period).
As a result, Wenzi is about 30 years younger than Laozi, and Zhuangzi is about 170 years younger than Wenzi, about 200 years younger than Laozi.
Lao Tzu uses "Tao" to explain the evolution of all things in the universe, and "Tao" is an objective natural law. The core idea of Lao Tzu is the dialectic of simplicity. Politically, Lao Tzu advocated the rule of inaction and teaching without words. In terms of power, Lao Tzu pays attention to the principle that things must be reversed. In terms of self-cultivation, Lao Tzu is the ancestor of Taoism's dual cultivation of life. Lao Tzu's achievements are mainly reflected in the Tao Te Ching or the Tao Te Ching. His philosophical ideas and the Taoist school founded by him have not only made important contributions to the development of ancient thought and culture on the mainland, but also exerted a far-reaching impact on the development of the mainland's ideology and culture for more than 2,000 years.
Wenzi, a disciple of Lao Tzu, learned Taoism, Confucianism, Mo, Law, Fa, and Soldiers, and eventually returned to Taoism. On the basis of Laozi's moral theory and the rule of inaction, it integrates the views of Confucianism, Mo, Law and other schools, and opens up the pragmatic dialectical style of Taoism. Emphasizing the return to the basics, quiet inaction, and returning to the basics. He put forward five methods of governing the body, governing the country and following the Tao of "nothingness, simplicity, quietness, weakness, and simplicity", and summarized a set of realistic methods of governing the country based on morality, sincerity as God, self-cultivation, governance, and law, and a combination of politics and Taoism with a sufficient degree of foundation.
The thought of "Wenzi" can be said to be consistent with "Tao", "morality" and "law". Therefore, the Taoist system is the virtue of the law, the law is practiced, the Tao is scattered, the law is supplemented, the virtue is the law, the virtue is the law, the knowledge is to persuade the good, so that people can return to life, follow the Tao and be virtuous. The Taoist view of "Wenzi" is derived from Lao Tzu's idea of "quiet and inaction", and then it has been exerted and expanded.
Zhuangzi is a representative of the Taoist school, the inheritor and developer of Laozi's philosophical thought, and the founder of the pre-Qin Zhuangzi school. Zhuangzi inherited the essence of Laozi's "rule by doing nothing, teaching without words" and Wenzi's "morality-oriented, sincerity-oriented, self-cultivation, governance, and law and Taoism", softened the hundred schools of thought, and pursued the spiritual freedom of "Taoism and nature, and inaction". The fundamental spirit of his doctrine was converted to the philosophy of Lao Tzu. Later generations called him and Lao Tzu "Lao Zhuang", and their philosophy was "Lao Zhuang Philosophy". Mr. Lu Xun said: "His writing is full of oceans, his demeanor is all directions, and the works of the sons of the late Zhou Dynasty can not be the first."
"Wenzi" and "Zhuangzi", as the successor of Laozi Taoism, Zhuangzi was clearly influenced by Wenzi. From the Han and Wei dynasties to "Huang Lao" and "Lao Zhuang", Lao Zhuang's study played an important role in Wei and Jin metaphysics, and really began to infiltrate the bone marrow of Chinese literati. The Zhuangzi has deeply attracted the scribes of all generations with its unbridled and magnificent rhetoric, and the personality ideals and the spirit of life that Zhuangzi put forward have profoundly participated in the construction of the inner spiritual world of traditional Chinese literati.
The Taoist ideas of Laozi, Wenzi and Zhuangzi are the spiritual source of traditional Chinese culture and will never be exhausted.