Launching the "Simon Autonomy" - The Life of King Demuchuk Donrup, the Right Banner of Sunit (23)
Wang Bingming
Soon after King De arrived in Nanjing, the Kuomintang army was defeated one after another in the decisive battles of Huaihai and Pingjin, and the reactionary rule was crumbling.
Seeing that the Kuomintang government had no time to take care of anything else and that the People's Liberation Army had not yet reached the western Inner Mongolia Union Banner, King De could take the opportunity to go to Simon to engage in "autonomy" and oppose the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government at Wangye Temple (Ulanhot). If it does not stand on its ground, it will go into exile under the banner of the "Mongolian Autonomous Government" and engage in political activities as the leader of the Mongolian nation with the support of the United States, in order to make a comeback.
To this end, King De continued to try to make contacts and contacts with the United States to seek support, and in Nanjing, he directly proposed to the American ambassador Stuart Leiden, hoping to help him in his "Mongolian independent statehood" activities.
Stuart replied, "Your intentions are good. I will definitely report your opinion to the US government. "The living Buddha Diliwa, the former friend of the King of Germany, was about to leave Nanjing for the United States, and the King of Germany handed him a power of attorney in Mongolian with his personal seal, so that he could liaise with all aspects of the United States as the personal representative of the King of Germany.
In order to seek support from many sides, the German king also asked someone to meet with the Soviet ambassador in Nanjing, and tentatively raised the issue of "Mongolian independence and statehood", but was rejected.
After Chiang Kai-shek was forced to "go into the wilderness" due to the defeat of the civil war, Li Zongren became the acting president, Sun Ke was the president of the political affairs, and Bai Yunti became the chairman of the Mongolian and Tibetan Committee.
Wu Heling suggested to King De that it would be best to get the title of "Governor of the Autonomy of the Mongolian League Banners" from the central government, so as to attract the attention of the League Flags and launch the "Autonomy Movement."
Through the activities of Wu Heling and others, Sun Ke and Bai Yunti specially invited King De to discuss the establishment of the "Supervisory Chief's Office".
Afterwards, King De considered that in this period of rapid changes in the situation, serving as the "chief" of the Kuomintang government was tantamount to marrying someone, which had little practical effect, and might also lose the trust and support of some Mongolian youths, so he met with Bai Yunti and refused the matter.
After the People's Liberation Army approached Pukou, the Mongolian and Tibetan Committee wanted to invite King De to live in Taer Monastery in Qinghai, and King De proposed to go to Alxa Banner, and with the consent of Prince Dali Zaya (King Da) of Alxa Banner, he flew to Dingyuan Camp (now Bayanhot) in January and February.
While passing through Wuhan, Xi'an, Lanzhou, Yinchuan, and other places, King De made stops and met with Bai Chongxi, Hu Zongnan, Zhang Zhizhong, Ma Hongkui, Ma Hongbin, and other local military and political governors.
At the beginning of April 1949, King De arrived at Dingyuan Camp. After consultation with Dawang, Ba Wenjun (secretary general of the Suijing Mongolian Political Association), Lin Qin Sangge (head of the Umeng League), Bai Haifeng and others, it was decided to convene a meeting of representatives of the league flags and first set up a "Mongolian Autonomy Preparatory Committee".
King De proposed a high degree of autonomy, but the word "height" was removed because King Da and Bai Haifeng expressed their opposition in view of the situation at the time.
In order to attract the deputy head of the Islamic League (the head of the main alliance died at the beginning of that year) Alatan Ozil (Ah Wang) to come to participate, in order to strengthen his momentum and influence, King De proposed to elect Ah Wang as the chairman (chairman).
On April 13, the meeting of representatives of the alliance flags was officially held. In addition to the flags of the "national control areas" at that time, most of the participants were exiles and guest residents whose origins had been liberated.
The meeting elected A Wang as chairman, King De and King Da as vice chairmen, He Zhaolin and Zachisqin as deputy secretaries general, and Bai Haifeng and Ba Wenjun as committee members.
Soon after the meeting, it was learned that Wang had died of a sudden illness, and King De succeeded him as chairman.
In May of the same year, a petition delegation headed by King De arrived in Guangzhou. King De and others met with Li Zongren, He Yingqin, Yan Xishan, Bai Yunti, Gui Yongqing, and others.
The important members of the Kuomintang, who felt that they were in danger, had too much vain and perfunctory demands for the autonomy of the German king, but only Yan Xishan, the new premier, resolutely opposed them. King De also contacted Chiang Kai-shek through Gui Yongqing and asked to go to Taiwan to petition Chiang Kai-shek in person, but Chiang Kai-shek did not agree.
During his stay in Guangzhou, King De also contacted the United States on many occasions to ask for help. The personnel of the US Embassy replied: The US Government has recognized that you can represent Mongolia and that you will be the target of Mongolian work, and that it is studying the appointment of a representative to be permanently stationed there. The U.S. Information Service provided Dewang with several radio stations and several spies.
After the repeated activities of King De and others, and the fact that the Kuomintang also wanted to take advantage of King De, Yan Xishan and others, they turned to allow King De to practice self-government, and allocated some funds and guns. At this time, Wu Heling, who was already in Guangzhou, and Li Shouxin, who had come from Taiwan, also regathered around King De.
In mid-July, King De and others returned to Dingyuan Camp and held a meeting with Dali Zaya, Bai Haifeng, Li Shouxin, Wu Heling, He Zhaolin, Ba Wenjun and others. After repeated discussions and controversies, the "government" personnel and relevant documents were drawn up.
On August 5, the "Mongolian People's Congress" was officially convened and closed on August 10. The meeting elected King De as chairman of the "Mongolian Autonomous Government," Da Wang as vice chairman, Wu Heling as chairman of the Senate, and Bai Haifeng, Li Shouxin, He Zhaolin, and Ba Wenjun as political councilors. In his capacity as chairman, King De also announced the appointment of principal officials of the various ministries and offices of the "government".
After the meeting, in the name of the conference, he issued a "telegram" to Li Zongren and Yan Xishan, a "declaration of the conference," and a "Mongolian autonomy law." While advocating "self-determination and autonomy" and "revival of the Mongolian nation," these documents also affirmed that they were "centripetal (Kuomintang central government) autonomy" and "a centrifugal movement."
In addition, the "Congress Telegram" still wantonly attacked the Communist Party and the People's Liberation Army. It was only due to the insistent opposition of Bai Haifeng and others that the words "Communist Party advocating chaos" in the original draft were deleted when the "Manifesto" was officially issued.
After the meeting, Wu Heling, Zaqisqin and others saw that the situation was getting tighter and left Alxa Banner one after another.
Before Zachischin's departure, King De brought him a blank piece of official paper stamped with the large seal of the "Mongolian Autonomous Government" and instructed him to "handle it cheaply" after arriving in the United States, still pinning his hopes on the support of US imperialism.
By September, as the People's Liberation Army approached the Alxa Banner, divisions arose within the "autonomous government" over the issues of waiting for liberation, stubborn resistance, or fleeing westward, leading to splits.
Due to the resolute opposition of King Da and Bai Haifeng to flee, King De had no choice but to sneak away from Dingyuan Camp and go north on September 20 with a small number of attachés. Li Shouxin and Guiguiting, who led the remnants of the old troops stationed in Ningxia, heard the news and hurriedly led their troops to chase after them, and met with King De at the Tukemu Temple in the north of the Alxa Banner.
Although King De is at the end of his rope, he still does not forget to bluff. In addition to still using the name of the "Mongolian Autonomous Government", it has also set up a false shelf of the "General Headquarters of the Mongolian Army". Li Shouxin was appointed deputy commander-in-chief, and the Mongolian tricolor flag of the Genghis Khan era and the "General Headquarters of the Mongolian Army" was reused.
King De originally planned to go west into Qinghai and Tibet to find a way out, but it took more than a month to reach the area of Guizi Lake in the northwest of Alxa. At this time, the People's Liberation Army had entered the Hexi Corridor and cut off King De's way.
King De and others were trapped in the desert Gobi, in a dilemma, the weather was cold and the ground was frozen, and there was no grain and grass to continue. Most of them were born in the old department of Li Shouxin, who was a soldier and a habitual bandit, that is, he went out to harass, rape and loot, causing hundreds of miles of people around him to be completely depopulated.
The local security forces and armed herdsmen rose up to defend themselves, deployed around the Kidnapping Lake, and clashed with the remnants of De and Li many times, inflicting heavy losses on the enemy.
After King De left, King Da, Bai Haifeng and others changed the name of the "Mongolian Autonomous Government" to the "Simon Autonomous Government" and issued a telegram announcing a peaceful uprising. The Ningxia Military Region of the People's Liberation Army invited Dawang and others to send a letter to King De and Li Shouxin, urging them to surrender.
Ulanfu, chairman of the People's Government of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, also sent a letter to King De, hoping that he would throw himself to the people, and said that as long as it returned to the people, he would not blame the past. After receiving the letter, King De still did not repent, and even asked for permission for him to unify Eastern and Western Mongolia and exercise "autonomy".
Despite repeated representations by the relevant representatives, King De still stubbornly insisted on his ultra-nationalism, saying that the Communist Party and the Kuomintang were Han Chinese anyway, and that "it may be the same for the Mongols," and continued to flaunt that "the cause of national rejuvenation is his own responsibility" and refused to accept liberation.
After arriving at Dingyuan, in May, King De sent his nephew Alatan Wachir to the Sino-Mongolian border to liaise with the Mongolian People's Republic.
Subsequently, the Mongolian People's Republic sent a letter from Dugur Surong, the eldest son of King De (who was studying in Ulaanbaatar at the time).
King De did not reply because he was busy with "self-government" in Dingyuan Camp and was afraid that the Kuomintang personnel around him would find out. When he was trapped in the desert in the northwest of Alxa, because it was hopeless to defect to and rely on the Kuomintang and the United States, he turned to the Mongolian People's Republic and personally went to the border to meet with Mongolian personnel.
Later, King De crossed the border into the Mongolian People's Republic on December 29. Soon after, he wrote a letter to recruit Li Shouxin and several other former subordinates to the Mongolian People's Republic.
After King De and Li Shouxin crossed the border, more than 1,000 remnants of De and Li who remained in Guizihu were contacted back and forth by Tao Buxin and others, and surrendered to the People's Liberation Army in the spring of 1950.