In the impression of the world, the Yuan Dynasty is a dynasty known for its brutality, but Zhu Yuanzhang, the Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, said: The Yuan Dynasty is "losing the world with leniency", what is going on?
It turned out that in the short history of 98 years, the Yuan Dynasty changed more than a dozen emperors, among them, there were as many as 11 queens in the harem.
It is said that the curtain listens to the government, but it has the right to make a decision, the emperor's tolerance or incompetence, so that the influence of the queens on the government has gradually risen, coupled with the marriage of most of the royal family and the daughters of the courtiers, which has also directly caused the collusion of the former harem and disrupted the government.
The Yuan Dynasty treated the people and foreigners cruelly, but in the end, it was its own emperor and queen who "didn't play" the Yuan Dynasty.
01
How did the queen get involved in politics?
It was she who gave orders concerning state affairs and replaced all the great officials, all because of the absence of a Kuriltai. Because the kings did not come, the assembly could not be held.
After the arrival of Guimayu Khan to his mother, he had no affairs with the state at all, and Delegona continued to rule until the throne of the Khan belonged to his son."
Because in the time of Taizong, Legona Hatun was dissatisfied with certain people and hated them in her heart, so when she became regent, she tried to retaliate in various ways."
It can be seen that Tregona ruled completely according to its own likes and dislikes during the regency, which once caused riots in the country. "After the death of Kiyu, state affairs were chaotic again, and his wife was in charge of state affairs with his ministers."
After the death of Kublai Khan, he "immediately sent the widow Boyan to chase Timur Hehan, inform him of his grandfather's situation and let him return, so that he could ascend to the throne. ”
Since there is no perfect system of succession to the throne, it is inevitable that there will be some chaos in the country during the vacancy period, and the queen can be calm, deal with major events, preside over the normal operation of state institutions, and realize the smooth transfer of the throne, from this point of view, their role should be affirmed.
It is well known that the Yuan generation did not establish the primogeniture system, and at first it was the implementation of the Kurultai system to elect the emperor; Later, this system existed in name only, and became a means of fighting for supremacy within the Golden Family: by the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the nominal cover was also removed.
Although there were changes in the way in which the emperor was established, the empress played an important role in each form, and when the Kuriltai system was introduced, they tried to use their ingenious means and power to influence and even manipulate the Kuriltai.
For example, this is the case with Empress Ruizong's instigation of Heteni, who used her strong strength and her outstanding courage and talent to successfully complete the transfer of the imperial throne from the Woyongtai system to the Tuo Sui line.
Timur's accession to the throne is even more revealing, as after Kublai Khan's death and the year after Timur's arrival in Dadu, Timur's mother, Allah, held all important state affairs and convened Kuriltai after Timur's arrival, with the participation of Nambi Hatun and her daughters Buicchen Hatun, Barbarian Zitai, Koge Zhenhatun, Bushu Handun, and other Hatun, princes, and strangers.
After Chengzong Timur, the Elector of Kuriltai ceased to exist. Each clan may use force to seize the throne, such as Wuzong, and the later Yingzong, Ningzong, and Shun Emperor were all established by the queen.
An important reason why they were ordained was that the Queen Mother wanted to control them easily. After the death of Renzong, Mingzong should have been established, and Shunzong Zhaoxian Shengyuan Empress replied that "seeing that Mingzong was heroic when he was young, and Yingzong was a little soft and cowardly, all the small groups would not be conducive to establishing Mingzong, so they supported Yingzong." ”
Therefore, when Yingzong ascended the throne and sorted out the government in a big way, he regretted it and became sick, and Wenzong Bu pointed to Liningzong after losing Liquan, and Emperor Shun also said that he could still be in charge of the dynasty, but the result also failed to last.
Interestingly, when Emperor Shun arrived, Empress Hudu also directed a scene of "Neishan", because Emperor Shun was negligent in political affairs, "Hou and the crown prince love Yu Yu Lidala to conspire with the inner Zen, and send Pu Buhua to tell the prime minister to be peaceful."
For example, the ancestor of the queen Nanbi, to the twentieth year of the Yuan Dynasty, she was accepted as the queen, and succeeded to the official position, "when the ancestor of the spring and autumn period was high, quite pre-governmental, the ministers often did not see the emperor, and the queen served Yan," which played an important role at that time.
The other is behind or Zong Bu Luhan, at the beginning of Yuan Zhenchu, she was made the queen, "Cheng Zong has many diseases, and then he is in the middle, trusting the minister Ha Thorn Hasun, the government of great virtue, known as Pingyun, and he was executed." ”
Empress Buruhan appointed virtuous ministers, "to become the rule of great virtue." In this case, the queen can still take into account the existence of Emperor Jian and dare not do whatever she wants, but in the process, they have gradually increased their desire for power, developed their own power, and excluded dissent.
After the death of Seongjong, she actively prepared to listen to the government, but because of the preemptive strike of the Renzong faction, she was defeated.
In the history of the Yuan Dynasty, there were indeed several empresses or empress dowagers who actively participated in politics, gave advice and assisted the emperor, leaving a deep imprint on them in the political history of the Yuan Dynasty.
In the early Yuan Dynasty, the Holy Empress Ruizong Zhuang instigated Qiaohe Tini not only had an important influence on the politics of the Dingzong and Xianzong dynasties, but even in the Taizong Dynasty, she was also highly respected, and it may be that these records have taken over, but the fact that the instigation of Lu Heteni played an important role in the politics of the Taizong Dynasty is undoubted.
Another example is Yuzong Huiren Yuyu Holy Empress Zhou Kuozhen, because of her ingenuity, as early as the late Shizu Dynasty has begun to emerge politically, set up real gold as the emperor.
He reigned for three years, and when he died, his throne was sealed, and his wife, Koge, was very wise, and he appreciated her, and carried out all her orders. In the Chengzong Dynasty, Kuo Yanzhen, as the empress dowager, had a special influence on the formulation of many major decisions of the imperial court.
For example, in dealing with the conversion of Ananda and his army to Islam, when Ananda had a large number of soldiers and supporters, Kotenjin suggested that their religious freedom be respected and appeased, so that Chengzong changed his mind and abandoned the method of subjugation, so as to avoid the outbreak of sharp contradictions.
Zhou Gezhen also provided a very good suggestion on the formulation of the time requirements for Chengzong's final expedition to Haidu and Duwa, which was adopted. The Holy Empress of the Sejo Zhao Ruishun "has a clear and sensitive nature, reaches the opportunity, the early government of the country, and the influence of the country, and is powerful at that time," and she made a unique contribution to the governance of the early Sejo Dynasty.
Shizu listened silently, and finally ordered the abolition of bribery and horse grazing, the Yuan Dynasty square meter of the victory village and there is a compassionate music, in the cheers of the victory, only she considered how not to make her children and grandchildren repeat the mistakes of the past, as for her diligence and thrift, personally led the officials to weave, which was rare in the feudal era.
The queen interfered in politics and the contradictions and struggles between the two palaces, and the queen or the empress dowager interfered in politics before the Yuan Dynasty, and with the development of the history of the Yuan Dynasty, the queen or the empress dowager interfered in politics more and more intensely.
At the same time, the contradictions between the emperor and them gradually developed, which led to a struggle for power between them and the emperor, and even developed into an official coup, in which the delicate empress dowager was either expelled from the middle office, or given to death, a republic or a wren, until the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, this situation has never changed.
This should be said to be an important aspect of the contradictions and struggles within the ruling class in the late Yuan Dynasty, because the Empress Dowager Dafan began to get involved in politics in the previous dynasty and tasted the sweetness of power, so they will never give up this existing power after the new emperor comes to power, so there is bound to be a clear struggle between them and the emperor.
The "disgust with the affair" here is obviously just an excuse, and the loss of the Emperor Houhai and the death of the martyr's mother are in fact the reflection and result of their complete defeat in the political struggle. After Chengzong, Empress Buruhan increased her desire for power in the process of governing the Chengzong Dynasty.
Emperor Ji of the Yuan Dynasty respected the nurse very much, and even knighted the nurse and her husband. The group was even more obedient to his biological mother, lest he go against the will of the Queen Mother.
Therefore, although Wuzong also tried to create a rule and reform the law and make a difference, due to the fact that the knighthood was too prosperous, the virtuous was too similar, and the queen mother was misbeneficial, so that Zhiyuan, Huoyou's politics began to change, and the benevolence of the sect was filial piety, smart and flattering, and Heda Confucianism, "The queen mother, lifelong do not violate the color, treat the ancestors and relatives old, and always be courteous."
Despite the fact that "diligently governing and abiding by the constitution of the ancestors", the country also failed to save the Yuan Dynasty from the doom of its demise, and to his surprise: after the ostensibly cowardly Yingzong came to power, he resolutely saw it, and immediately set out to make drastic changes, rectify the government, eliminate the group of you, eliminate the power and privileges of answering yourself, and since then the flame of self-cultivation has subsided, and soon he died of hatred.
If the ending of the exhibition to the Empress Wenzong Bu Ta Li is still relatively "benevolent", then the fate of the Empress Shun Dana Lost Li is quite miserable, and the Shun Emperor Dan Na lost the island after the daughter of Yan Tiemur, Yan Tiemur has been respectful of the dynasty, the power is in hand, and the success of the shock is unscrupulous.
02
What are the characteristics of the queen when she is in politics?
With the exception of Empress Chengzong Buruhan, the Yuan empresses generally did not have strong supporters in the imperial court, such as Empress Delegona, who did not even have the cooperation and support of her son Geduan, and she tried her best to persuade Muhammad, a former minister of Hehan, to expose them, fabricating lies that he had been in close collusion with them.
By this excuse she could cast a weft stone in their path, and for that reason they would be punished on the Great Khuretta, but he refused to do anything about the scandals and deeds of the vine letters, and made his body a prisoner of free will.
Although Empress Guochengzong Buruhan had some supporters, she was finally defeated in the palace coup, an important reason was that she was opposed by the then prime minister Ha Thorn Hasun, and the intervention of Empress Kudu was almost unanimously indignant by the ministers.
The main ones were their sons or attendants, among whom the eunuchs played an important role, such as the instigation of Lu Heteni, Chang Yanzhen, and A, all of whom had exerted influence on politics as the empress dowager, and it was precisely the collusion with the crown prince that made her unscrupulous, in addition to relying on the supreme status of the empress dowager, they also influenced politics through the attendants around her.
Later, the Qi clan repeatedly protected Pu Buhua, and the impeacher sat back and moved to the left. The queen, only the prince, eunuchs, and traitorous ministers were embarrassed and misbehaved, and the whole country was restless, and the demise of the Yuan Dynasty was inevitable.
03
Why does the queen interfere in politics frequently?
From the above analysis, it can be seen that the situation of empresses interfering in politics in the Yuan generation is quite prominent, and this phenomenon is also rare in the entire history of China, although there are also empresses in other dynasties who interfere in politics and even claim the title of emperor.
But after all, it is a minority, and the appearance of the frequent intervention of the empress of the Yuan Dynasty is by no means accidental, and it reflects the development of Mongolian society, because although Mongolia in the 11th and 13th centuries was in the stage of development of patriarchal patriarchal clans, it still retained many remnants of matriarchy.
We can illustrate the special position of the uncle as a nephew and the custom of his son-in-law, for example, when he should have gone out to propose marriage to his son, and when he was asked where he was going, he said, "I will go to this son's maternal uncle, the Gulkhune, to ask for a daughter."
When Guodang was about to conclude a marriage contract between Ah Bald and Dexue Chan, the latter said to him: "Give your own daughter, you go, and leave your son as a son-in-law."
It was time to agree to the bald, and leave his son, Genghis Timujin, who was only nine years old at the time, as a son-in-law in the family of the Lun Ci Chan, and the mother's relatives or the wife's relatives Benmi are of the same nature, so they are all expressed by the proper noun Bald Guti, and Rasht said when describing the ancestors of Genghis Khan, "The ancestor of ten thousand people is Alan Huoa." ”
Mongolian women played an important role in the social and economic life of the country, and they could not be isolated from the outside world, as Marco Polo said, "All the business and everything that the husband and the family needed were done by women." "The affairs of the state are entirely carried out by women, who also produce the few things necessary for a simple nomadic life.
The important role in the domestic cattle work determined that ancient Mongolian women enjoyed a lot of power in the family. After admiring the industriousness of ancient Mongolian girls and women, and the swiftness and speed with which they worked, the guests noted that "all women have monopoly power in their homes, and some shoot arrows like men." ”
"All women have monopoly power in the family" is inevitable, but it is undeniable that many women have monopoly power in the family or that women have a large part of the power in the family.
They were also very respectful of these images, and when they sat down to eat, they first took a little grease and put it on God's mouth, and God's wife put oil on her mouth. Take a little soup again and sprinkle it on the outside of the door, so that other gods and ghosts can enjoy it. ”
Wives accompanied the commanders when they went on expeditions, and even during the great hunt of the nature of military exercises, the great strangers set out with their concubines and concubines, and the emperor and the kings often consulted with the noble khadun (khan, princess), and the Mongol tribes and the Bait tribes in the Kobdo district, which have preserved many ancient customs to this day, can confirm the property and economic status enjoyed by women, especially widows.
To sum up, ancient Mongolian men were a little "strict with their wives", and Mongolian women also rose a lot in status because of this, but family quarrels are small things, and disrupting the government is a big thing. What's more, at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the empress, who held great power, could protect her favored ministers and appoint the emperor at will according to her own preferences.
Therefore, the demise of the Yuan Dynasty is probably also because the court has been hopelessly absurd.
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