Preface
The relationship between the Murwei and the Central Plains Dynasty began as early as the Wuding period of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, and the Book of Wei was the first time that the name of the Murwei was seen in history, and it was also the first time to contribute to the Central Plains Dynasty.
Some scholars believe that Wuluohou is Murwei, so they regard the entry of Wuluohou into the court in the fourth year of Taiping Zhenjun of the Northern Wei Dynasty as the formal establishment of ties between the Murwei people and the Central Plains.
In fact, Wuluohou and Murwei were two different peoples at that time, so is there a related connection between the two?
The relationship between the Sui Murwei and the Central Plains Dynasty
Judging from the historical documents, it was written at the same time as Wuluohou and Lost Wei, which respectively described their geographical location, economic life, customs, etc.
After that, some books are also for Wu Luo Hun and Mu Wei at the same time, Zhenguan six years, Wu Luo Hu in the six parts of Wu Luo Hun confused, so it is believed that this Wu Luo Hu is Wu Luo Hun, that is, Wu Luo Hou in the Northern Wei Dynasty.
The first tribute paid by Murwei to the Central Plains should not have started with the Wuluohou in the fourth year of Taiping Zhenjun of the Northern Wei Dynasty, but should have begun with the loss of Wei in the second year of Wuding in the Eastern Wei Dynasty, and since then the relationship between Murwei and the Central Plains Dynasty has become increasingly close.
In the eighth year of Wuding, Emperor Xiaojing gave way to Gao Yang, the king of Qi, and Northern Qi replaced Eastern Wei. The rise and fall of the Central Plains Dynasty did not affect the relationship between Murowei and the Central Plains Dynasty.
The frontier ethnic groups of the Central Plains Dynasty admired the highly developed material and spiritual civilization in the Central Plains, and maintained close political, economic and cultural ties with the Central Plains Dynasty through tribute.
Especially in the economic aspect, contributing their own local products to the Central Plains Dynasty and receiving rewards has become a way for the surrounding ethnic groups to have economic exchanges with the Central Plains, and it is also a way to learn advanced economic culture.
This kind of connection is the conscious and voluntary action of the surrounding ethnic groups, and it is also the inevitable result of the intrinsic attraction of the highly developed material and spiritual civilization in the Central Plains.
The reason why Murwei paid tribute to the Central Plains Dynasty was that in Wuding, Eastern Wei, when he was the assassin of Yingzhou, the situation changed slightly because he violated the traditional border policy of the Central Plains Dynasty.
First of all, Lu Shimao assassinated more than 800 people in the Wei Dynasty, so the tribute was cut off, and it is not difficult to see from the above records that two different ethnic policies led to two completely different results.
It was common for Murwei to harass and invade the border, and the first assassination of Shi Lu Shimao deviated from the traditional principle of Wende and Enxin, which affected the relationship between Murwei and the Central Plains, and interrupted the tribute of Murwei.
In addition to the use of force to prevent and strike, Wang Jun also adopted a policy of gentleness, to the captured chiefs of the Murwei, to make them grateful and sincere, this policy is undoubtedly conducive to alleviating the contradictions between the central dynasty and the Murwei, turning hostility into friendship, so that the Murwei "sincere contributions, endless tribute".
There is a Sui generation, and there are only two tributes to the Murowei Dynasty recorded in history, the first time is the thirteenth year of the emperor's opening, and the second time is the sixth year of the great cause of the Sui Emperor.
The reason for the low number of tributes was partly due to the relatively short history of the Sui Dynasty, and partly because the Turks had become a powerful khanate, controlling many ethnic groups in northern China.
Therefore, the relationship between Murwei and the Sui Dynasty was inevitably hindered by the Turks, which was the main reason why the Sui Dynasty did not pay tribute much, but Murwei still tried his best to break through the Turkic obstacles and maintain the tributary relationship with the Sui Dynasty.
The relationship between Murowei and the Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty was one of the glorious periods in the history of the mainland, and Tang Taizong changed the attitude of the previous dynasties towards the frontier nationalities, and his policy of restraint against the frontier nationalities won the hearts of the people.
Because of this, the frontier tribes, including Murwei, were more subordinate to the Tang Dynasty and had a closer relationship, and Murwei became tribute to the Tang Dynasty, which began in the eighth year of Tang Gaozu Wude.
Through tribute, it not only maintained and strengthened the political vassal relationship with the Tang Dynasty, but also strengthened economic and cultural exchanges, thus promoting the development and progress of Murowei itself.
At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the Turkic Khanate was still very strong, and the Turkic Khans in the east levied and extorted from the Xue Yantuo, Xi, and Police ethnic minorities under their rule, causing them to resentment and rebellion, and they all got rid of Turkic control.
Murwei is adjacent to Xue Yantuo, Khitan, Xi, and Police, and all of them are under the rule of the Turks, and the situation is basically similar, so Murwei also tries to break free from the Turkic shackles.
During the third or fourth year of Zhenguan, the Tang launched a full-front attack on the Turks, the Eastern Turkic leader Li Khan was captured, the Eastern Turkic Khanate was destroyed, and the various ethnic groups under the Turkic rule were liberated.
The Tang Dynasty implemented a policy of restraint for the border ethnic minorities attached to it, and the eldest of them was the Governor's Mansion, and its leader was the Governor and the Assassin History, all of which were hereditary.
Although the tribute edition is not more than the household department, the sound of the teaching institute, are the governor of the border state, the capital of the protector, written in the order, the record of the surrender of the eye, in order to see its prosperity.
However, in the prefecture of Mimifu, to which each province belongs, there is no name of the Governor of Murwei, but the relevant historical materials have records of the position of Governor of Murwei and Dadu.
Although it is impossible to determine when and where the government was located, there is no doubt that the Tang Dynasty had the Governor's Mansion of the Governor, and there is a difference between the two as "the Governor of the Governor" and "the Governor of the Governor".
There is solid evidence for the history of the establishment of the governor's office, but I don't know the basis for the title of the governor. What is the difference between the two has to be examined.
At the same time as the establishment of the Mi Prefecture Government, in order to prevent the plundering and rebellion of the border ethnic groups, the Tang Dynasty in the 21st year of the Kaiyuan Dynasty, and set up a festival on the border, and the strategy was made to curb the four provinces.
After the "Anshi Rebellion", the Pinglu Jiedu envoy moved south, and the task of pacifying the room Wei was changed to the Youzhou Jiedu envoy, in addition to the above, the subordinate relationship of the room Wei to the Tang Dynasty was also manifested in the following two points.
First, in addition to rescuing the head of the Feng Murwei as the governor and the governor of the capital, the Tang Dynasty also conferred the posts of generals and generals of other personnel, and second, as a subordinate of the Tang Dynasty, the Murwei also participated in the military operations of the central government.
From the above, it is not difficult for us to see that in the Tang Dynasty, Murwei has become a frontier nation under the rule of the Tang Empire.
There are two clear records of Murwei's rebellion against the Tang Dynasty, which may have been under the coercion of the Turks at this time, and participated in the Turkic raids against the Tang, and finally Li Duoqi pacified the Murwei who participated in the rebellion.
It is entirely possible for An Lushan to use the Pinglu military envoy to coerce Murwei to participate in the rebellion, but it should be certain that not all of Murwei joined the "Anshi Rebellion".
During the "Anshi Rebellion", there is no record of Murwei entering the dynasty, which does not mean that Murwei is all anti-Tang, it is likely that it is because of the civil strife in the Central Plains, the road is blocked, and it is difficult for Murwei and the northern ethnic groups to pay tribute, or it may be due to the fact that some Murwei participated in the rebellion, which affected other ministries not to pay tribute.
It can be seen that in the Tang Dynasty, although Murwei sometimes plundered the frontier and participated in rebellions, a large number of facts show that Murwei basically abided by his subordinate duties, paid tribute, and maintained a relationship with the Tang Dynasty.
Relations between Murowe and neighboring peoples
The area of Murwei is vast, and there are many neighboring ethnic groups. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the northern section of the Great Khing'an Mountains was the center of its activities.
In the Tang Dynasty, it was bordered by the Niuman River in the east and the Buleya River in present-day Russia, the upper reaches of the Onen River and the Krulun River in the west, the south of the Kholin River in the south, and Lake Baikal in the north.
In this vast area, the mountains are undulating, the rivers are crisscrossed, there are grasslands, forests and forest-steppe areas, and the numerous rivers have become natural passages for ethnic migration and communication, which is very convenient for the contact between Murowe and the neighboring peoples.
Sometimes, it also united with certain ethnic groups to carry out plundering activities, such as the incident of co-Kou Zhenwu with the Xi people mentioned above, and the connection between Murowei and neighboring ethnic groups was more Turkic, Xue Yantuo, Huique, etc.
The Turkic Khanate conquered many peoples, including Murwe. The Turks were subordinate to the Sui under their rule, and the Turkic Khan of Qimin was subject to the Sui, and the Murwei, as a subject of the Turks, also became a subject of the Sui at the same time, but remained under the direct control of the Turks.
When the Turks were strong, they were subordinate to the Turks, and when the Turks were weak, they rebelled against the Turks and submitted to the Tang, and sometimes they were subject to other powerful nations.
It was not until the fourth year of Tianbao that the Turks completely perished, and Murwei completely got rid of the Turkic rule, and the relationship between Murwei and Xue Yantuo Xue Yantuo was formed by the fusion of Xue and Yantuo, and was conquered by Rouran and the Turks successively.
At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, it gradually got rid of the rule of the Turks and became a strong department in the north, and in the second year of Zhenguan, Tang Taizong canonized the grandson of Xue Yantuo Yi who lost the bowl as the true pearl Viga Khan Zhenguan for four years.
It can be seen that Murwei is the eastern neighbor of the powerful Xue Yantuo Khanate, so it is not surprising that it is often plundered by Xue Yantuo, and the Tang Dynasty treated the plundered tribes of the Murwei and other tribes as the same as the Han people, and they were all redeemed.
With the decline of the Xue Yantuo Khanate, Murwei was no longer under the captivity of this powerful neighbor, which further strengthened the relationship with the Tang Dynasty, and the relationship between Murwei and Huique In the late Tang Dynasty, the reconciliation of the six tribes of Murwei Wusugu, who originally lived in the southwest of Julunbo, moved southwest to Youzhou Saiwai, and changed its name to Heichezi Murwei.
In the spring of the first year of Dazhong, Zhang Zhongwu broke Xi Zhong, and his Hui Que had nothing to give, and the day was dissipated.
Through marriage, he obtained the support of the black car Murowei, and after the death of Wujie, the remnants of the people were pinned on the black car Murowei under the leadership of the Twist Khan.
When the others fled, the rest of the people were divided into seven parts, which belonged to the seven surnames of the Murwei as his own subordinates. But the good times didn't last long, and in only three days, Murowei was defeated by Abo, and the subordinates who had just arrived were taken back to Qibei by Abo.
But the relationship between the black car Murowei and the Hui Que was not like this in the past, and he received the wife and children of the Murowei tribe, and yesterday the Murowei tribal master wanted to ransom his wife and children with sheep, horses and gold silk, but Zhong Wu did not want it, but only ordered to kill the Magpie prison envoy, that is, to return his wife and children.
When the Hui Que was strong, this part of the Mur Wei was subordinated to the Hui Que, not only under the supervision of the "Prison Envoy" sent by the Hui Que, but also the tribal chieftain had to send his wife and children to the Hui Que Tent as hostages.
Comparing before and after, we can see the transformation and evolution of the inter-ethnic relations, and the Murwei is a poor and weak people with many tribes and scattered tribes.
Compared to the Turks, Xue Yantuo, and Hui Turks, it was a weak one, often under the rule of powerful neighboring peoples, and was oppressed and enslaved.
The relationship between Murowei and rejection shows that this technique seems to be quite effective, but in fact it is just a trick to fool the world by those who are good at observing astronomical astronomy or qigong practitioners who are well-versed in predicting the weather.
Chuan is admittedly that what matters here is not whether the Xian Answer Prayer for Rain is effective, but the close causal relationship that exists between the technique itself and the drought.
There is no doubt that it is precisely because the nomadic herders are constantly hit and threatened by catastrophic droughts that the existence of rain prayer is inevitable.
Just as the creation of anything has two sides and is transformed into each other under certain conditions, when the nomadic herders who have suffered from the wind and snow disaster realize that the wind and snow disaster can be transformed into a favorable factor and used in certain situations, then the wind and snow witchcraft that tries to harness this natural force is born.
summary
Natural disasters run through the entire history of the steppe nomads, and their impact involves many fields such as politics, economy, military, social life, religion and culture.
The occurrence pattern is generally a combination or chain of multiple disasters, among which wind and snow disasters mostly occur in spring and winter, and drought disasters occur mostly in spring and summer.
However, it is important to note that, despite the widespread and catastrophic impact of natural disasters on nomadic peoples, natural disasters are only catalysts in the process of historical evolution, not the driving force.
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