The reporter learned from the Mausoleum Museum of the First Emperor of Qin on January 26 that since 2011, the Mausoleum Museum of the First Emperor of Qin has carried out detailed archaeological exploration work on the west side of the outer city of the Qinling Tomb, and found 9 large and medium-sized tombs, neat and orderly, arranged in a straight line. Since 2013, the first tomb has been continuously excavated. At present, the excavation of the tomb road, the burial chamber and three chariot and horse burial pits has been basically completed, and major archaeological achievements have been made.
Tomb No. 1 is located about 440 meters west of the outer city of the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum, the plane is in the shape of "middle", sitting in the south and facing the north, and is composed of three parts: the south and the north tomb road and the tomb chamber. There are three burial pits on both sides of the cemetery. A large number of pottery, bronze, jade, iron, and small Ming ware of gold and silver were unearthed in the tomb. Pottery is shaped like a cocoon-shaped pot, a reed, a pot, a bean, a pot, and so on. Bronze ware includes tripods, beans, francium, pots, plates, retorts, lamps, bells, pianos, etc. Jade artifacts include jade gui, jade bi and small jade ding. Weapons include iron swords, iron armor, copper crossbow machines with outlines, copper ge, etc. Small Ming utensils include gold and silver camels, dancing sleeve figurines, wind figurines, hundred opera figurines, horse figurines, horse figurines, hunting dogs, silver boxes, etc. There are also gold belt hooks and a large number of copper half taels.
A four-wheeled wooden cart was cleared out of the north cemetery road, and the remains of the wooden cart are intact. The total length of the wooden car is about 7.2 meters, with a complete square painted car cover, 2.6 meters wide from east to west, 4.2 meters long from north to south, bright red, well preserved, 19 copper cover bow caps have been cleaned up, all are set on the cover bow, the remains of the cover bow are well preserved; There are curved ruler-shaped and cylindrical copper components. There are four wheels on both sides of the car, with large brass wheels attached. The scale intersects with the wheel cross, and there are two yokes on the scale, both of which are intact.
There are 5 groups of chariots and horses buried in the burial pit, one of which is a sheep cart, including 4 single-wheel wooden carts and 1 double-wheel wooden cart. The sheep cart is six sheep, side by side in a row, and the bones are intact. The body is decorated with bronze harnesses such as copper shackles, buckles, and copper rings similar to those used to drive horses, showing that they are in a driving state, as a sheep cart. The vehicle behind the sheep bone was destroyed.
Archaeologists preliminarily believe that Tomb No. 1 is a large-scale Chinese-shaped vertical pit earthen coffin tomb, which is the largest, highest grade and best-preserved high-level aristocratic tomb of the Qin Dynasty that has been excavated, which fills the gap in the archaeology of the high-level aristocratic tombs of the Qin Dynasty and is a valuable archaeological data for studying the funeral system of the high-level nobles of the Qin Dynasty and even the imperial tomb system in ancient China. This tomb belongs to the mausoleum of the first emperor of the Qin dynasty, which is closely related to the overall planning and design of the mausoleum of the first emperor of Qin, and the era is from the late Warring States period to the unification of the Qin Dynasty. It witnesses the demise of the "centralized cemetery system" of the royal tombs from the Xia and Shang dynasties to the late Warring States period, shows the formation and establishment of the "independent cemetery system" from the late Warring States period to the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, reflects the great historical changes of the ancient Chinese centralized system from blood politics to geopolitics, and greatly enriches the understanding of the material culture and the institutional culture represented by the Qin Empire before and after the unification, which has very important academic value.
At the same time, vehicles of various forms, shapes and purposes are unearthed in one tomb, which is extremely rare, and provides unique information for the study of funeral vehicles and funeral vehicles in the Qin and Han dynasties. The four-wheeled single-wheeled cart in the tomb is the only four-wheeled vehicle buried in the tomb found by archaeology at present, and it is preliminarily judged that it is closely related to the coffin burial, and may be the locomotive that transports the coffin during the burial. Judging from the current archaeological finds, it is a very rare funeral phenomenon. The five groups of chariots and horses (including sheep carts) unearthed in the burial pit have different forms and shapes and different uses, which reflect the grand occasion of the male tomb owner's travel during his lifetime, and show the new changes and new forms of the shape and combination of the funeral chariots and horses during the Qin Empire, which is an extremely important material material in the process of the reform and development of the Chinese car system. At the same time, it enriches the connotation of the chariot and horse burial pit, and also provides a certain reference for understanding the identity of the tomb owner.
The excavation of Tomb No. 1 is a major harvest of the archaeology of the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang in recent years. It reflects all aspects of the social life of the Qin in the era of change, including institutional changes, ritual changes, and technological changes, and is an excellent model for studying the political system, funeral system, social life, and cultural exchanges in the late Warring States period and even the Qin period.
According to the CCTV news client