.22长步枪弹(.22 Long Rifle)
10. .22长步枪弹(.22 Long Rifle)
The .22 Long Rifle, also known as the .22LR, is a common small-caliber rifle cartridge that has been widely used since the late 19th century. It is used in a variety of firearm systems such as pistols, rifles, semi-automatic rifles and sniper rifles, and it is currently one of the most consumed bullet calibers in the world.
With a total length of 15.6 mm and a warhead diameter of 5.7 mm, the .22 long rifle cartridge cartridge is available in a wide variety of sizes, ranging from 29 to 60 grains, with 40 grains (1 grain = 0.0648 grams) being the most common size. This ammunition has high reliability, low recoil, is made of ordinary gunpowder or smokeless powder, and has a maximum effective range of 150 to 300 meters.
The advantages of the .22 long rifle cartridge include low cost, smokeless and low noise, light weight and low recoil, and easy availability. This allows it to take on the role of training, recreation, and even some degree of hunting or self-defense for a long time. This caliber is also often used for self-defense firearms such as police and bear spray. Its disadvantage is that it lacks firepower, especially it cannot guarantee one-hit defeat of larger targets.
As a result, the .22 long rifle cartridge occupies a dominant position in the historical origins of small-caliber firearms. It has strong appropriateness, plays a wide and critical role in a variety of weapon systems, and has become one of the fastest growing pistol and rifle cartridges in the world, and will still have a huge market space in the future.
.38特种弹(.38 Special)
9. .38特种弹(.38 Special)
The .38 Special is a popular pistol cartridge developed by Smith & Wesson & Company and Winchester Repeater Arms Company in the late 19th century, mainly for revolvers and semi-automatic pistols. Its overall length is 26 mm, and the diameter of the bottom rim of the cartridge case is 9.07 mm. The shell has been widely used in the United States for more than a century and is still one of the most common calibers on the market.
The advantages of the .38 special ammunition are moderate power, low recoil of shots, rapid bursts, and diversified warhead designs. It can be used in a variety of pistols and even parts of carbines, with a relatively smooth trajectory and high accuracy of use at short and medium distances. The projectile can be matched with warheads ranging from 130 to 158 grains (1 grain = 0.0648 grams) and has a muzzle velocity of about 244.5 m/s when fired. It has a wide range of terminal ballistic energy to choose from, which can complete a variety of purposes such as self-defense and law enforcement.
However, the .38 special ammunition also had some significant shortcomings, the maximum effective distance was only 50-100 meters, and it had a poor effect on the penetration of the cover and the stopping of large targets. Therefore, the modern trend is that high-powered pistol bullets are gradually replacing their dominance in the police field. However, due to factors such as low cost and low recoil, the .38 special ammunition will still have a place in the market.
In short, the .38 special ammunition has good reliability, which can not only complete self-defense, but also meet the needs of shooting sports. It has a long history of production and has been popular in North America for a long time and will continue to be favored by a large number of consumers.
.357马格努姆弹(.357 Magnum)
8. .357马格努姆弹(.357 Magnum)
The .357 Magnum is a high-powered pistol bullet developed in 1935 by the American Smith & Wesson Company, with a 158 grain (1 grain = 0.0648 grams) metallic armor tip bullet. The cartridge soon became known for its powerful stopping effect and is still widely used today on all types of revolvers and semi-automatic pistols with a barrel that can withstand pressure.
The .357 Magnum bullet has a total length of 33 mm, a bottom rim diameter of 9.07 mm, and a maximum working pressure of 350MPa. Its warhead weight ranges from 110 to 200 grains, and the firing barrel achieves an extremely high muzzle velocity of 1240-1450 m/s. In this way, the kinetic energy of the missile at 100 meters can reach 700-1200 joules, with strong penetration and the ability to stop exposed targets.
Although the recoil is its main disadvantage, at short and medium ranges, the .357 Magnum is guaranteed to be destructive to human targets, while providing some self-defense and hunting value. It formed the backbone of high-performance pistol cartridges and had a profound impact on pistol cartridge design worldwide. Even in today's trend of automatic large-caliber pistol cartridges, this old ammunition is still active in the first-tier market.
Therefore, the excellent ballistic performance of the .357 Magnum cartridge has established its status as a high-power pistol cartridge, making it one of the ideal choices for equipping all types of pistols to improve their combat effectiveness.
9×18毫米马卡洛夫口径(9×18mm Makarov)
7. 9×18毫米马卡洛夫口径(9×18mm Makarov)
The 9×18mm Makarov caliber pistol cartridge was successfully developed by the former Soviet Union in 1951 and is mainly used on semi-automatic pistols such as the Makarov PM. With an overall length of 18.1 mm and a diameter of 9.27 mm at the bottom rim of the cartridge case, it is slightly shorter and narrower than the 9×19mm Parabellum. The muzzle velocity of this caliber with a 95-particle warhead is about 315 m/s, and the kinetic energy reaches about 210 joules.
The 9×18mm Makarov caliber projectile is designed with counter-terrorism, self-defense and law enforcement needs in mind, which is different from military requirements. It uses low-pressure smokeless gunpowder with less recoil and is suitable for burst fire. At a distance of 10 meters, the SOY bullet can easily achieve a high dispersion density. Compared with large-caliber pistol cartridges, it can provide 20+1 or more ammunition capacity, which is better than the low price of the gun and easy to distribute in large quantities.
However, the effective distance of the 9×18 mm bullet is short, only 50-100 meters, the warhead is easy to deflegate, and the accuracy is attenuated at 20 meters. Its terminal ballistic performance is also relatively limited. This mainly limited the use of the cartridge in the military and police fields, and has now been gradually replaced by more advanced pistol cartridges. But it is still active in the civilian market in some parts of the world.
Therefore, the 9×18mm Makarov caliber bullet was active for a while, and had the advantage of having a low threshold for self-defense and use, although it is gradually becoming a niche, it will continue to play a role in the countries of origin and third world countries.
5.56×45毫米NATO (5.56×45mm NATO)
6. 5.56×45毫米NATO (5.56×45mm NATO)
The 5.56×45mm NATO bullet is a medium-caliber infantry bullet commonly used by NATO member countries, which is designed to replace the overly powerful 7.62mm bullet, reduce recoil, increase the rate of fire, and increase the density of fire. The projectile is a bottleneck-type structure, with a total length of 45 mm, and uses a small mercury-injected primer to ignite smokeless powder. The mass of the full ammunition varies from 8-10 grams, and the muzzle velocity exceeds 900 m / s.
The 5.56 mm ballistic trajectory is characterized by light weight, high speed, flat trajectory, obvious thrust collapse, and high accuracy in the effective range of 100-200 meters. The 55-cell warhead has a larger anti-personnel effect, and its smaller deletal performance is also more suitable for close combat.
Although the ballistic performance of a single shot is desirable, the 5.56 mm bullet is constrained by the ballistics theory of large-caliber weapons, and the long-range accuracy and probability hit rate are poor. It also has limited transmission to bunkers and light armor. At the same time, it is designed to emphasize firepower density rather than single-shot effectiveness, and its ability to dominate the enemy is often questioned. In terms of application, it can only play the advantages of low- and medium-intensity conflicts.
Therefore, as an economical and practical military medium-caliber bullet, the 5.56mm NATO has been popular with assault rifles for 100 years, and is still the standard ammunition for mainstream infantry weapons, and its positioning and role will remain stable for a long time.
9×19毫米鲁格弹(9×19mm Parabellum)
5. 9×19毫米鲁格弹(9×19mm Parabellum)
The 9×19mm Luger, also known as the 9mm Luger or 9××19mm Parabellum, is one of the most widely used pistol bullets in the world. It was designed by the German Georg Luger in 1901 with smokeless gunpowder and was equipped with warheads in several weight classes.
The 9×19 mm Luger bullet has a total length of 19.15 mm and a shell diameter of 9.02 mm. The muzzle velocity of the muzzle of the 12-16 inch barrel reaches 350-430 m/s, and the kinetic energy at 100 meters can still exceed 400 joules. It has a high hit rate on shortbore semi-automatic pistols, submachine guns, and short-barreled assault equipment.
The missile has good accuracy, sensitive response, and moderate terminal ballistic performance, which can be used for self-defense and can also perfectly cope with the needs of close combat. It has a low recoil and can fire continuously and rapidly, providing a good balance of stopping action and gun control. At present, more than 80% of the world's police pistols and submachine guns still use this old munition.
Therefore, the 9×19mm Luger bullet is outstanding in pistol and submachine gun ammunition. Its versatility, user experience and cost control make it the most popular pistol bullet in the world today.
.45 Automatic Pistol Bullet (.45 ACP)
4. .45 Automatic Pistol Cartridge (.45 ACP)
The .45 Automatic Pistol Cartridge (.45 ACP) is a large-caliber pistol cartridge developed by the American diction company in the early 20th century, originally used in the M1911 automatic pistol. Its overall length is 22.8 mm, the diameter of the cartridge case is 12 mm, the original all-copper armor warhead weighs about 230 grains (1 grain = 0.0648 grams), and the muzzle velocity is about 252.7 m/s.
The .45 ACP uses a large-weight, low-velocity warhead design with a terminal kinetic energy of 600-800 joules, which can have a powerful deterrent effect on biological targets. Its penetrating force is also larger, especially at close range, it has a certain protective and stopping effect. However, due to the huge recoil, it is difficult for ordinary users to shoot at a large dispersion circle, and the accuracy of the full bullet is average and the attenuation is fast.
In recent years, high-end self-defense pistols and submachine guns have been massed upwards to medium and high calibers, and the timely introduction of new high-speed service ammunition has also given greater vitality to the .45 ACP. However, therefore, the shell is more suitable for short- and medium-range combat, and its unique position in terms of stopping effect remains the same.
7.62×39mm (7.62×39mm)
3. 7.62×39mm (7.62×39mm)
The 7.62×39mm is a common intermediate power bullet designed by the former Soviet Union in 1943 for use on the SKS semi-automatic rifle and later the AK-47 assault rifle. With a total length of 38.7 mm and a bottom rim diameter of 9.3 mm, it fires a variety of warheads in 123/125/127 grains.
The typical muzzle velocity of the warhead of 7.62×39mm is about 700 m/s, effective at a distance of 100-300 meters, and still retains lethality at 500 meters. Its internal trajectory is characterized by a straight trajectory and good clustering, while the external trajectory is characterized by average accuracy and the trajectory is easily affected by wind deviation. This kind of ammunition is sensitive and has a strong stopping effect, which is especially suitable for jungle warfare and close-range combat.
The 7.62×39mm ammunition and its proprietary weapon system, combined with its low price, have been widely used around the world. Although the new small-caliber high-speed ammunition is gradually replaced, it is still active in the front-line demand and is one of the mature designs with strong practicality.
7.62×51毫米NATO (7.62×51mm NATO)
2. 7.62×51毫米NATO (7.62×51mm NATO)
The 7.62×51mm NATO bullet, or 7.62 NATO for short, is a high-power weapon cartridge developed by the United States in the 1950s and adopted by the NATO Alliance for use in equipping automatic small arms and precision marksman rifles. It has a full length of 51 mm, a cartridge case caliber of 7.82 mm, and a high-pressure smokeless powder that provides a muzzle velocity of more than 700 m/s.
Compared to the full-power rifle cartridge of the .30 caliber of the previous generation, the 7.62 NATO has higher accuracy, while the recoil is also reduced. A typical 127-178 gling warhead can deliver 800-3000 joules of power and is effective at distances of 500-1000 meters, but can still be lethal at long distances. It is suitable for such tasks as the fight against living targets and light vehicles. However, the high weight of the bullet limits the ammunition load, and it is currently limited to precision marksman weapons.
Since the beginning of the 21st century, the 7.62 NATO and its weapons matching system is still active around the world, especially in the Israeli army in the Middle East theater. It boasts a single-shot effectiveness of well over 5.56mm, making it one of the best options for precision defense strikes.
12号鹅毛径霰弹(12 gauge shotshell)
1. 12号鹅毛径霰弹(12 gauge shotshell)
The 12 gauge shotshell is a common high-powered shotgun that can be used with all types of shotguns. Its "No. 12" refers to the inner diameter of the bullet case equal to about 0.729 inches (the sum of the diameters of 12 lead balls), and the "goose feather diameter" comes from the early Xi practice of measuring the diameter of bullets by goose feathers.
Modern No. 12 goose feather diameter shotguns mainly include three categories: Slugs, Buck shots and Bird shots. The first two of these categories are dedicated to hunting large and medium-sized animals or for self-defense. The latter is equipped with a large number of tiny shot put, which are used for sports such as playing skeet and hitting small birds.
Unlike most bullets, the 12-gauge shotgun has a lethal effect by scattering multiple projectiles. The area covered by particles in close range is large, and the probability of defeating the enemy in one hit is high. Shotguns are simple and reliable, inexpensive, and easy to operate. Therefore, it can choose the nature of ammunition conversion according to needs, and is widely used in hunting, sports competition, self-defense and other fields.